A Systematic Approach to the Application of Soft Tissue Histopathology in Paleopathology
Identifieur interne : 000012 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000011; suivant : 000013A Systematic Approach to the Application of Soft Tissue Histopathology in Paleopathology
Auteurs : Christina Grove [Allemagne] ; Oliver Peschel [Allemagne] ; Andreas G. Nerlich [Allemagne]Source :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The application of histology to soft tissue remains offers an important technique to obtain diagnostically important information on various physiological and pathological conditions in paleopathology. In a series of 29 cases with mummified tissue ranging between 16 months and c. 5.200 years of postmortem time interval, we systematically investigated paleohistology and the preservation of various tissues. We established a reproducible histological ranking system for the evaluation of mummified tissue preservation. The application of this scheme to the series showed good tissue preservation of tissues with high connective tissue content but also fat tissue and connective tissue rich organs, such as lung tissue, while most other internal organs were less well preserved despite highly different postmortem time intervals. There are some organs with only poor conservation even in short term periods such as the kidneys and CNS. Artificial mummification does not provide better conservation than naturally mummified tissues; “cold” mummies may be much better conserved than those from desert areas. The identification of specific pathologies underlines the potential power of paleohistology.
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DOI: 10.1155/2015/631465
PubMed: 26346981
PubMed Central: 4543791
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A Systematic Approach to the Application of Soft Tissue Histopathology in Paleopathology</title><author><name sortKey="Grove, Christina" sort="Grove, Christina" uniqKey="Grove C" first="Christina" last="Grove">Christina Grove</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80336 Munich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peschel, Oliver" sort="Peschel, Oliver" uniqKey="Peschel O" first="Oliver" last="Peschel">Oliver Peschel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80336 Munich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nerlich, Andreas G" sort="Nerlich, Andreas G" uniqKey="Nerlich A" first="Andreas G." last="Nerlich">Andreas G. Nerlich</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Division of Paleopathology, Institute of Pathology, Academic Clinic Munich-Bogenhausen and Munich-Schwabing, 81925 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Paleopathology, Institute of Pathology, Academic Clinic Munich-Bogenhausen and Munich-Schwabing, 81925 Munich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26346981</idno><idno type="pmc">4543791</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4543791</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4543791</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2015/631465</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000012</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000012</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000012</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000012</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A Systematic Approach to the Application of Soft Tissue Histopathology in Paleopathology</title><author><name sortKey="Grove, Christina" sort="Grove, Christina" uniqKey="Grove C" first="Christina" last="Grove">Christina Grove</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80336 Munich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peschel, Oliver" sort="Peschel, Oliver" uniqKey="Peschel O" first="Oliver" last="Peschel">Oliver Peschel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80336 Munich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nerlich, Andreas G" sort="Nerlich, Andreas G" uniqKey="Nerlich A" first="Andreas G." last="Nerlich">Andreas G. Nerlich</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Division of Paleopathology, Institute of Pathology, Academic Clinic Munich-Bogenhausen and Munich-Schwabing, 81925 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Paleopathology, Institute of Pathology, Academic Clinic Munich-Bogenhausen and Munich-Schwabing, 81925 Munich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The application of histology to soft tissue remains offers an important technique to obtain diagnostically important information on various physiological and pathological conditions in paleopathology. In a series of 29 cases with mummified tissue ranging between 16 months and c. 5.200 years of postmortem time interval, we systematically investigated paleohistology and the preservation of various tissues. We established a reproducible histological ranking system for the evaluation of mummified tissue preservation. The application of this scheme to the series showed good tissue preservation of tissues with high connective tissue content but also fat tissue and connective tissue rich organs, such as lung tissue, while most other internal organs were less well preserved despite highly different postmortem time intervals. There are some organs with only poor conservation even in short term periods such as the kidneys and CNS. Artificial mummification does not provide better conservation than naturally mummified tissues; “cold” mummies may be much better conserved than those from desert areas. The identification of specific pathologies underlines the potential power of paleohistology.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aufderheide, A C" uniqKey="Aufderheide A">A. C. Aufderheide</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ruffer, M A" uniqKey="Ruffer M">M. A. Ruffer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="David, A R" uniqKey="David A">A. R. David</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cockburn, A" uniqKey="Cockburn A">A. Cockburn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barraco, R A" uniqKey="Barraco R">R. A. Barraco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reyman, T A" uniqKey="Reyman T">T. A. Reyman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peck, W H" uniqKey="Peck W">W. H. 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Bachmeier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zink, A" uniqKey="Zink A">A. Zink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thalhammer, S" uniqKey="Thalhammer S">S. Thalhammer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Egarter Vigl, E" uniqKey="Egarter Vigl E">E. Egarter-Vigl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nerlich, A G" uniqKey="Nerlich A">A. G. Nerlich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peschel, O" uniqKey="Peschel O">O. Peschel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Egarter Vigl, E" uniqKey="Egarter Vigl E">E. Egarter-Vigl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ruffer, M A" uniqKey="Ruffer M">M. A. Ruffer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sandison, A T" uniqKey="Sandison A">A. T. Sandison</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fulcheri, E" uniqKey="Fulcheri E">E. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26346981</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4543791</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/631465</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A Systematic Approach to the Application of Soft Tissue Histopathology in Paleopathology</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grove</surname><given-names>Christina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peschel</surname><given-names>Oliver</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nerlich</surname><given-names>Andreas G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Division of Paleopathology, Institute of Pathology, Academic Clinic Munich-Bogenhausen and Munich-Schwabing, 81925 Munich, Germany</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Andreas G. Nerlich: <email>andreas.nerlich@extern.lrz-muenchen.de</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Paolo Fogagnolo</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>6</day><month>8</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>2015</volume><elocation-id>631465</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>12</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Christina Grove et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The application of histology to soft tissue remains offers an important technique to obtain diagnostically important information on various physiological and pathological conditions in paleopathology. In a series of 29 cases with mummified tissue ranging between 16 months and c. 5.200 years of postmortem time interval, we systematically investigated paleohistology and the preservation of various tissues. We established a reproducible histological ranking system for the evaluation of mummified tissue preservation. The application of this scheme to the series showed good tissue preservation of tissues with high connective tissue content but also fat tissue and connective tissue rich organs, such as lung tissue, while most other internal organs were less well preserved despite highly different postmortem time intervals. There are some organs with only poor conservation even in short term periods such as the kidneys and CNS. Artificial mummification does not provide better conservation than naturally mummified tissues; “cold” mummies may be much better conserved than those from desert areas. The identification of specific pathologies underlines the potential power of paleohistology.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Histological features of mummified tissue from individuals with a postmortem time interval between 16 months and c. 5 yrs. (a) Fat and connective tissue (subcutis) from mummy 3 (17 months) showing good conservation of tissue structures despite the loss of cell nuclei. Note the similarly well-preserved small blood vessel. (b) Lung tissue from mummy 7 (18 months). The alveoli are distended, and in the interstitium small deposits of anthracosis pigment prove the pulmonary origin. (c) Liver tissue from mummy 12 (5 yrs.) showing severe postmortem diagenesis of the hepatocytes but retained tissue structure with small portal fields. Note the pigment that proved to be the results of postmortem oxidation products. (d) CNS tissue from mummy 12 (5 yrs.). The structure of the parenchyma has gone lost; on the right side a small sheath of connective tissue indicates the meninges (all examples: original magnification ×200, staining: H&E).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2015-631465.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Liver tissue from the (natural) crypt mummy 12 (36 yrs.). Despite significant diagnosis here again the liver structure is retained by the presence of portal fields. In the center a nodular formation indicates the remnants of a tumor nodule (diagnosis: metastatic carcinoma) (original magnification ×100, H&E).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2015-631465.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>(a) A natural mummy from a German crypt of AD 1851 (14, 163 yrs.). The soft tissue is in a very well conservation status with fat cell residues and a small arteriolar blood vessel (center). (b) Lung tissue from mummy 14 with collapse of the air spaces, abundant anthracosis pigment, and small residues of a proteinaceous exudate (obviously remnants of a lung edema). (c) The artificially mummified infant 17 (198 yrs.) shows extremely well-preserved tissue structures of the lung, again with extensive residues of a (terminal) pulmonary edema. Here, the artificial conservation even has retained cell structures! (d) A section of kidney tissue from mummy 17 again with excellently preserved tissue structures as visible from glomeruli and residues of tubuli (original magnification ×200; ((a)–(d)) H&E).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2015-631465.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Soft tissue from the mummy skull 21 (c. 1.650 yrs.) showing a broad connective tissue plate (left) and fat tissue (right) with central extensions of a fresh perimortal bleeding (original magnification ×200, H&E).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2015-631465.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Ancient Egyptian mummy 23 (c. 2.900 yrs.) soft tissue histology. (a) Lung tissue sample showing a major blood vessel (upper part) and collapsed alveoli (lower part). Between the alveoli small deposits are seen that proved to be older bleeding residues due to a parasitic pulmonary infection. (b) Liver tissue from mummy 23 with excellently preserved portal fields (center) and the residues of the surrounding parenchyma (original magnification: (a) ×100, (b) ×200; (a) H&E; (b) van Gieson connective tissue stain).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2015-631465.005"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Ancient Egyptian mummy tissue from case 24 (c. 2.900 yrs.). (a) A small coronary artery shows significant intimal arteriosclerotic thickening. Note the excellently preserved internal elastic lamina. (b) Myocardial tissue with tiny connective tissue sheaths between the residues of the cardiomyocytes (original magnification: ×200; Elastica-van Gieson stain).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2015-631465.006"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Subcutaneous tissue from the Iceman “Ötzi.” (a) The well-preserved fat tissue is separated by a fresh bleeding zone. (b) More on detail, the bleeding zone shows on special staining (Prussian blue) the remnants of haemosiderin-positive macrophages (blue) indicating a survival period of several days ante mortem (original magnification: (a) ×150; (b) ×300; (a): H&E; (b): Prussian blue stain).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2015-631465.007"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Cases studied and results.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No.</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ID</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Origin</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Time</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conn</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bl v</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fat t</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lung</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Heart</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liver</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kidney</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CNS</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RM-1691</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RM-1479</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RM-1689</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RM-1815</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RM-1480</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.5 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RM-1687</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.5 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RM-1485</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RM-1813</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RM-1811</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.5 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RM-1484</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RM-2418</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Path-12036</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wack-5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wack-4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">163 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wack-3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">164 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wack-2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">173 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="15" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gr. I</td><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Mean value</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="15" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">2SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="15" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wack-1<sup>∗</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">198 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="15" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BSAM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">370–560 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LT-15-465</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30–40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c. 1.650 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CAH-331</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60–70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c. 1.650 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CAH-427</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c. 1.650 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TT-95-2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egypt</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50–60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c. 2.700 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ÄS-12d</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egypt</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c. 2.900 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DAN-95-21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egypt</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c. 2.900 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TT-95-22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egypt</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c. 3.000 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TT-183-4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egypt</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c. 3.200 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TT-84-18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egypt</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c. 3.200 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DAN-02-5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egypt</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c. 3.900 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ötzi</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alps</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35–45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c. 5.200 yrs.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="15" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gr. II</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean value</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="15" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>nd: not determined.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>∗</sup>Artificially mummified mummy; this case was not included in the statistical calculations of groups I and II.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Evaluation criteria.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Points</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tissue overall structure (integrity)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Presence of specific (sub)structures</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Presence of artefacts</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Staining properties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Strong fragmentation, less than 25% of tissue intact</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No substructures present/identifiable</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Presence of numerous artefact foci (e.g., >10 crystal deposits >10 per HPF<sup>∗</sup>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No specific staining (only nonspecific staining)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26–50% of tissue intact</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Few substructures present (in 1–3 HPF<sup>∗</sup>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Many artefact foci (5–10 artefacts per HPF<sup>∗</sup>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weak staining of specific structures</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51–75% of tissue intact </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Occasional substructures present (in 4–10 HPF<sup>∗</sup>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Occasional artefact foci (1–4 artefact foci per HPF<sup>∗</sup>) </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate staining of specific structures</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76–90% of tissue intact</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Many substructures present (in 10–20 HPF<sup>∗</sup>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No artefact foci</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Good staining of specific structures</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tissue completely intact (91–100%)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abundant substructures present (in >20 HPF<sup>∗</sup>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>∗</sup>HPF: high power field (visual field at magnification ×400).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Scoring table.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Points</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Score</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4–6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7–9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10–12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13-14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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