Long bone fractures identified in the Joseon Dynasty human skeletons of Korea
Identifieur interne : 000325 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000324; suivant : 000326Long bone fractures identified in the Joseon Dynasty human skeletons of Korea
Auteurs : Deog Kyeom Kim ; Myeung Ju Kim ; Yi-Suk Kim ; Chang Seok Oh ; Sang-Seob Lee ; Sang Beom Lim ; Ho Chul Ki ; Dong Hoon ShinSource :
- Anatomy & Cell Biology [ 2093-3665 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Fracture is one of the pathological signs most frequently encountered in archaeologically obtained bones. To expand the paleopathological knowledge on traumatic injuries, it is desirable to secure data on long bone fractures from as wide a geographic and temporal range as possible. We present, for the first time, evidence of long bone fractures in a 16th-18th century Joseon skeletal series (n=96). In this study, we found 3 Colles' fractures of the radius in 2 individual cases. The pattern of fractures was unique. Although previous reports show that the ulna is broken more often than the radius, ulnar fracture associated with fending off a blunt attack was rare in our series (1/7 cases). Transverse fractures, typically caused by intentional violence, were also very rare (1/7 cases) in this study. These results may reflect the relatively tranquil lives of the Joseon people in 16th-18th century Korea. We also found post-fracture complications such as deformations, bone length shortening, and osteomyelitis. The present study would be of interest to medical scientists in related fields because it is one of the few studies conducted on long bone fractures among pre-modern societies in East Asian countries, thus far.
Url:
DOI: 10.5115/acb.2013.46.3.203
PubMed: 24179696
PubMed Central: 3811853
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3811853Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Long bone fractures identified in the Joseon Dynasty human skeletons of Korea</title><author><name sortKey="Kim, Deog Kyeom" sort="Kim, Deog Kyeom" uniqKey="Kim D" first="Deog Kyeom" last="Kim">Deog Kyeom Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Myeung Ju" sort="Kim, Myeung Ju" uniqKey="Kim M" first="Myeung Ju" last="Kim">Myeung Ju Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Anatomy, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Yi Suk" sort="Kim, Yi Suk" uniqKey="Kim Y" first="Yi-Suk" last="Kim">Yi-Suk Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Chang Seok" sort="Oh, Chang Seok" uniqKey="Oh C" first="Chang Seok" last="Oh">Chang Seok Oh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sang Seob" sort="Lee, Sang Seob" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sang-Seob" last="Lee">Sang-Seob Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Sang Beom" sort="Lim, Sang Beom" uniqKey="Lim S" first="Sang Beom" last="Lim">Sang Beom Lim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ki, Ho Chul" sort="Ki, Ho Chul" uniqKey="Ki H" first="Ho Chul" last="Ki">Ho Chul Ki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dong Hoon" sort="Shin, Dong Hoon" uniqKey="Shin D" first="Dong Hoon" last="Shin">Dong Hoon Shin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24179696</idno><idno type="pmc">3811853</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3811853</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3811853</idno><idno type="doi">10.5115/acb.2013.46.3.203</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000325</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000325</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Long bone fractures identified in the Joseon Dynasty human skeletons of Korea</title><author><name sortKey="Kim, Deog Kyeom" sort="Kim, Deog Kyeom" uniqKey="Kim D" first="Deog Kyeom" last="Kim">Deog Kyeom Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Myeung Ju" sort="Kim, Myeung Ju" uniqKey="Kim M" first="Myeung Ju" last="Kim">Myeung Ju Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Anatomy, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Yi Suk" sort="Kim, Yi Suk" uniqKey="Kim Y" first="Yi-Suk" last="Kim">Yi-Suk Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Chang Seok" sort="Oh, Chang Seok" uniqKey="Oh C" first="Chang Seok" last="Oh">Chang Seok Oh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sang Seob" sort="Lee, Sang Seob" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sang-Seob" last="Lee">Sang-Seob Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Sang Beom" sort="Lim, Sang Beom" uniqKey="Lim S" first="Sang Beom" last="Lim">Sang Beom Lim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ki, Ho Chul" sort="Ki, Ho Chul" uniqKey="Ki H" first="Ho Chul" last="Ki">Ho Chul Ki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dong Hoon" sort="Shin, Dong Hoon" uniqKey="Shin D" first="Dong Hoon" last="Shin">Dong Hoon Shin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Anatomy & Cell Biology</title><idno type="ISSN">2093-3665</idno><idno type="eISSN">2093-3673</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Fracture is one of the pathological signs most frequently encountered in archaeologically obtained bones. To expand the paleopathological knowledge on traumatic injuries, it is desirable to secure data on long bone fractures from as wide a geographic and temporal range as possible. We present, for the first time, evidence of long bone fractures in a 16th-18th century Joseon skeletal series (n=96). In this study, we found 3 Colles' fractures of the radius in 2 individual cases. The pattern of fractures was unique. Although previous reports show that the ulna is broken more often than the radius, ulnar fracture associated with fending off a blunt attack was rare in our series (1/7 cases). Transverse fractures, typically caused by intentional violence, were also very rare (1/7 cases) in this study. These results may reflect the relatively tranquil lives of the Joseon people in 16th-18th century Korea. We also found post-fracture complications such as deformations, bone length shortening, and osteomyelitis. The present study would be of interest to medical scientists in related fields because it is one of the few studies conducted on long bone fractures among pre-modern societies in East Asian countries, thus far.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kilgore, L" uniqKey="Kilgore L">L Kilgore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jurmain, R" uniqKey="Jurmain R">R Jurmain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Gerven, D" uniqKey="Van Gerven D">D Van Gerven</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lovell, Nc" uniqKey="Lovell N">NC Lovell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Judd, Ma" uniqKey="Judd M">MA Judd</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ortner, D" uniqKey="Ortner D">D Ortner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lovejoy, Co" uniqKey="Lovejoy C">CO Lovejoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heiple, Kg" uniqKey="Heiple K">KG Heiple</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Larsen, Cs" uniqKey="Larsen C">CS Larsen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grauer, Al" uniqKey="Grauer A">AL Grauer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Ca" uniqKey="Roberts C">CA Roberts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yoon, Hk" uniqKey="Yoon H">HK Yoon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, C" uniqKey="Park C">C Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jang, S" uniqKey="Jang S">S Jang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jang, S" uniqKey="Jang S">S Jang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Yk" uniqKey="Lee Y">YK Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ha, Yc" uniqKey="Ha Y">YC Ha</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weidenreich, F" uniqKey="Weidenreich F">F Weidenreich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Angel, Jl" uniqKey="Angel J">JL Angel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hooton, Ea" uniqKey="Hooton E">EA Hooton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hill, P" uniqKey="Hill P">P Hill</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Judd, Ma" uniqKey="Judd M">MA Judd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Ca" uniqKey="Roberts C">CA Roberts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Judd, Ma" uniqKey="Judd M">MA Judd</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Djuri, Mp" uniqKey="Djuri M">MP Djurić</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Ca" uniqKey="Roberts C">CA Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rakocevi, Zb" uniqKey="Rakocevi Z">ZB Rakocević</name></author><author><name sortKey="Djoni, Dd" uniqKey="Djoni D">DD Djonić</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lesi, Ar" uniqKey="Lesi A">AR Lesić</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, Mj" uniqKey="Kim M">MJ Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Cs" uniqKey="Oh C">CS Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Is" uniqKey="Lee I">IS Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Bh" uniqKey="Lee B">BH Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Jh" uniqKey="Choi J">JH Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Ds" uniqKey="Lim D">DS Lim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yi, Ys" uniqKey="Yi Y">YS Yi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Wj" uniqKey="Han W">WJ Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Ys" uniqKey="Kim Y">YS Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bok, Gd" uniqKey="Bok G">GD Bok</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sd" uniqKey="Lee S">SD Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dh" uniqKey="Shin D">DH Shin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Han, Ss" uniqKey="Han S">SS Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baek, Kw" uniqKey="Baek K">KW Baek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Mh" uniqKey="Shin M">MH Shin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, J" uniqKey="Kim J">J Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Cs" uniqKey="Oh C">CS Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sj" uniqKey="Lee S">SJ Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dh" uniqKey="Shin D">DH Shin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, Dk" uniqKey="Kim D">DK Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Is" uniqKey="Lee I">IS Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Wl" uniqKey="Kim W">WL Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Js" uniqKey="Lee J">JS Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koh, Bj" uniqKey="Koh B">BJ Koh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Mj" uniqKey="Kim M">MJ Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Youn, My" uniqKey="Youn M">MY Youn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Mh" uniqKey="Shin M">MH Shin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Ys" uniqKey="Kim Y">YS Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ss" uniqKey="Lee S">SS Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Cs" uniqKey="Oh C">CS Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dh" uniqKey="Shin D">DH Shin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, Ys" uniqKey="Kim Y">YS Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Cs" uniqKey="Oh C">CS Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sj" uniqKey="Lee S">SJ Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jb" uniqKey="Park J">JB Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Mj" uniqKey="Kim M">MJ Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dh" uniqKey="Shin D">DH Shin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dh" uniqKey="Shin D">DH Shin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Cs" uniqKey="Oh C">CS Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Ys" uniqKey="Kim Y">YS Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hwang, Yi" uniqKey="Hwang Y">YI Hwang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lovejoy, Co" uniqKey="Lovejoy C">CO Lovejoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meindl, Rs" uniqKey="Meindl R">RS Meindl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pryzbeck, Tr" uniqKey="Pryzbeck T">TR Pryzbeck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mensforth, Rp" uniqKey="Mensforth R">RP Mensforth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ubelaker, Dh" uniqKey="Ubelaker D">DH Ubelaker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adams, Bj" uniqKey="Adams B">BJ Adams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pratt, Ds" uniqKey="Pratt D">DS Pratt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marvel, Lh" uniqKey="Marvel L">LH Marvel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darrow, D" uniqKey="Darrow D">D Darrow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stallones, L" uniqKey="Stallones L">L Stallones</name></author><author><name sortKey="May, Jj" uniqKey="May J">JJ May</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jenkins, P" uniqKey="Jenkins P">P Jenkins</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stueland, Dt" uniqKey="Stueland D">DT Stueland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Bc" uniqKey="Lee B">BC Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nordstrom, Dl" uniqKey="Nordstrom D">DL Nordstrom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Layde, Pm" uniqKey="Layde P">PM Layde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wittman, Lm" uniqKey="Wittman L">LM Wittman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gunderson, Pd" uniqKey="Gunderson P">PD Gunderson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shin, Mh" uniqKey="Shin M">MH Shin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yi, Ys" uniqKey="Yi Y">YS Yi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bok, Gd" uniqKey="Bok G">GD Bok</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ej" uniqKey="Lee E">EJ Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spigelman, M" uniqKey="Spigelman M">M Spigelman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jb" uniqKey="Park J">JB Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Min, Sr" uniqKey="Min S">SR Min</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dh" uniqKey="Shin D">DH Shin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, Mj" uniqKey="Kim M">MJ Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Is" uniqKey="Lee I">IS Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Ys" uniqKey="Kim Y">YS Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Cs" uniqKey="Oh C">CS Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jb" uniqKey="Park J">JB Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Mh" uniqKey="Shin M">MH Shin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dh" uniqKey="Shin D">DH Shin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Judd, Ma" uniqKey="Judd M">MA Judd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Ca" uniqKey="Roberts C">CA Roberts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hamilton, Fh" uniqKey="Hamilton F">FH Hamilton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boardman, J" uniqKey="Boardman J">J Boardman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wood Jones, F" uniqKey="Wood Jones F">F Wood-Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mays, Sa" uniqKey="Mays S">SA Mays</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adams, Jc" uniqKey="Adams J">JC Adams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wesolowski, V" uniqKey="Wesolowski V">V Wesolowski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burrell, Ll" uniqKey="Burrell L">LL Burrell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mass, Mc" uniqKey="Mass M">MC Mass</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Gerven, Dp" uniqKey="Van Gerven D">DP Van Gerven</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Anat Cell Biol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Anat Cell Biol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ACB</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Anatomy & Cell Biology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2093-3665</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2093-3673</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Korean Association of Anatomists</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24179696</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3811853</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5115/acb.2013.46.3.203</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject><subj-group><subject>Applied Anatomy</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Long bone fractures identified in the Joseon Dynasty human skeletons of Korea</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Deog Kyeom</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Myeung Ju</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Yi-Suk</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>Chang Seok</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Sang-Seob</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lim</surname><given-names>Sang Beom</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ki</surname><given-names>Ho Chul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>Dong Hoon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Department of Anatomy, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Seoul, Korea.</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics, Seoul, Korea.</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Dong Hoon Shin. Laboratory of Anthropology and Paleopathology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea. Tel: +82-2-740-8203, Fax: +82-2-745-9528, <email>drdoogi@snu.ac.kr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>9</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>46</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>203</fpage><lpage>209</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>23</day><month>1</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>20</day><month>4</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>02</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013. Anatomy & Cell Biology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Fracture is one of the pathological signs most frequently encountered in archaeologically obtained bones. To expand the paleopathological knowledge on traumatic injuries, it is desirable to secure data on long bone fractures from as wide a geographic and temporal range as possible. We present, for the first time, evidence of long bone fractures in a 16th-18th century Joseon skeletal series (n=96). In this study, we found 3 Colles' fractures of the radius in 2 individual cases. The pattern of fractures was unique. Although previous reports show that the ulna is broken more often than the radius, ulnar fracture associated with fending off a blunt attack was rare in our series (1/7 cases). Transverse fractures, typically caused by intentional violence, were also very rare (1/7 cases) in this study. These results may reflect the relatively tranquil lives of the Joseon people in 16th-18th century Korea. We also found post-fracture complications such as deformations, bone length shortening, and osteomyelitis. The present study would be of interest to medical scientists in related fields because it is one of the few studies conducted on long bone fractures among pre-modern societies in East Asian countries, thus far.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Bone fracture</kwd><kwd>Wounds and injuries</kwd><kwd>Colles' fracture</kwd><kwd>Korea</kwd><kwd>Joseon Dynasty</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="KR">National Research Foundation of Korea</funding-source><award-id>2012-0002118</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Evidence of trauma is one of the most frequently observed medical signs in human skeletons from archaeological sites [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. Osteological studies on traumatic injuries have recently evolved from simple case reports to in-depth, population-level investigations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]. Some studies have extended this line of inquiry further, investigating trauma patterns in association with socioeconomic conditions. In the process, medical knowledge of long-bone fractures in history has become much more comprehensive [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]. Categories of traumatic injuries in historical skeleton samples include fracture, dislocation, and post-traumatic deformity. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. Long bone fractures have been studied over the past several decades. The earliest trauma samples discovered in archaeological sites are <italic>Homo erectus</italic> bones taken from a Choukoutien cave in China [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>], as well as <italic>Homo sapiens</italic> specimens dating to the Paleolithic through Neolithic periods [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>].</p><p>The historical literature suggests that fracture hazards are usually determined by cultural, environmental, and socioeconomic conditions prevailing in a given human society. The prevalence and distribution of fractures change with the culture and subsistence base of each human society [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]. Securing data from as wide a geographic and temporal range as possible is desirable to expand the paleopathological knowledge base on fractures. However, research on the variances in fracture prevalence relative to temporal and geographic conditions is inadequate. In East Asian countries, where industrialization was delayed until recently, no studies have been conducted on fractures in premodern societies yet.</p><p>Over the past several years, we attempted to build a human skeletal sample collection consisting of specimens obtained from 16th-18th century Joseon tombs in Korea. Our investigations of the collection have revealed important information concerning the health and disease status of pre-modern Joseon people [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]. We undertook osteological examinations of skeletons from the same collection to determine the prevalence and location of long bone fractures in premodern Korean specimens. The purpose of our study was to contribute to a better understanding of the fracture patterns prevailing in a premodern East Asian population.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>We examined the long bones of Joseon Dynasty skeletons, maintained at Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea, to identify osteological evidence of fractures. Archaeological evidence and carbon dating results confirmed that every skeleton in this study belonged to 16th-18th century Korean people. Although the cases examined in this series were collected from different cemeteries of Joseon period, the tombs that contained these skeletons were of the same type, <italic>Hoegwakmyo</italic>. This type of Joseon tomb was surrounded by a fortified barrier made of a lime-soil mixture that successfully reduced grave intrusion and robbery.</p><p>The long bones examined (n=96) included the humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, and clavicle. Since 61 bone elements (4.5%) were lost or severely damaged, the total number of elements examined was 1,283. We determined the sex of the individuals by the shape of the sciatic notch or mastoid process. We estimated the age at death following the method of Lovejoy et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]. Briefly, individuals were classified into adolescent (12-20 years), young adult (20-35 years), middle aged (35-50 years), and old (>50 years) groups using osteological indicators such as the degrees of transverse organization, granularity, apical activity, retroauricular activity, and articular surface porosity.</p><p>Genuine fractures were differentiated from post-mortem damage after interment by suggestive clues such as the surface coloration in the fracture site distinct from other parts [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. Affected and unaffected sides of long bones were always compared in the same individual because rotation or abnormal deviation of the bone could not be easily identified in the cases that exhibited other pathologies such as infections [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. We also determined the type of long bone fractures. Direct trauma causes penetrating, comminuted, transverse, and crush type fractures, while indirect trauma causes spiral, oblique, torus, impacted, burst, and avulsion fractures [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. Of these, transverse and oblique fractures are especially significant, because transverse fractures are known to result from intentional violence, whereas oblique fractures are mainly sustained in accidents [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. The position of fracture in the shaft of the long bone, i.e., proximal, middle or distal third, was recorded following the method of Grauer and Roberts [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]. Rotational or linear deformity, healed fracture alignment, bone shortening, presence of osteomyelitis, and callus formation were also examined and described.</p><p>In some disputed cases, the pattern of fracture was confirmed by radiographic analysis. Following gross inspection, simple radiographs of the fracture were obtained in standard anteroposterior and lateral views. Radiographs in the mediolateral or tangential views were also obtained if necessary. Percentage of fracture was calculated for each element and individual. Multiple fractures were defined by presence of ≥2 fractures, and were calculated for each individual.</p><p>To presume the good reasons for arm fractures of Joseon people, we also searched for information in <italic>The Diaries of the Royal Secretariat</italic> (Seungjeongwon Ilgi), the historical literature of the Joseon Dynasty [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>].</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>The study population included 96 individuals: 56 men (58.3%) and 40 women (41.7%). Of these, 5 individuals (cases nos. 33, 41, 65, 98, and 100) showed fractures (5.2%). The number of bone elements fractured was 7 (0.55%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>). All of them exhibited signs of healed fractures, but none had evidence of post-mortem changes after interment. Four fractures were found in the upper extremity bone elements, while 3 fractures were identified in the lower extremity elements (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>). Fractures were identified in middle-aged (cases nos. 33, 98, and 100) and old (cases nos. 41 and 65) individuals. Four fractures were identified in men (cases nos. 41, 65, 98, and 100) and only 1 in women (case no. 33). Oblique fractures were observed in 6 elements (cases nos. 33, 65, 41, and 100), while a transverse fracture was found only in the left ulna of case 98 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>).</p><p>In case no. 33 (middle-aged woman), an oblique fracture was identified in the middle of the left femoral shaft. Marked deformity, axial deviation, and rotation were associated with shortening of the bone length after fracture (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1A</xref>). The marked changes observed on gross examination of the femur suggested that the healing process was atypical. Radiography showed bony irregularities in the medullary cavity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1B, C</xref>). We also found an opening in the posterior part of the left femur, possibly representing a cloaca penetrating into the marrow space (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1D</xref>). A bony fragment, possibly healed in a malaligned position, was identified on its anterior surface (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1E, F</xref>). All these signs suggest that the individual might have had osteomyelitis as a complication after femur fracture.</p><p>Case no. 41 (old man) showed a Colles' fracture in the distal right radius; fracture type was oblique. We observed radial shortening on gross examination (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2A, B</xref>) with dorsal and proximal displacement of the distal fracture fragment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2A, D</xref>). The distal radius also showed radial angulation with cortical disruption and a sharp edge on the volar side, suggesting that healing occurred without proper reduction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2C, E</xref>). Callus formation, dorsal tilt, and shortening of the bone were prominent radiographic features in the right radius (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2F</xref>). Case no. 41 probably experienced significantly limited range of motion and loss of function because of the severe angulation and bone length shortening.</p><p>Case no. 65 (old man) had fractures in the distal left fibula and tibia, with bony thickening in the distal tibia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3A</xref>). An oblique fracture line was observed on radiographs of the tibia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3B, C</xref>). The distal left fibula was also thickened and rotated, and radiographic examination revealed a radiolucent fracture line and cortical thickening (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3D, G</xref>). In case no. 98 (middle-aged man), a transverse fracture was noted in the mid-shaft of the left ulna (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4A, C</xref>), most likely caused by direct intentional force. The lower left ulnar shaft was widened without shortening of the length (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4A, B</xref>). Radiographs showed the radiolucent fracture line and callus formation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4B, E</xref>). No evidence of malalignment or rotation of the ulnar axis was observed.</p><p>Case no. 100 was a middle-aged man with oblique Colles' fractures in both radii. The left radius was shortened (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4F</xref>). Radiographs showed prominent osteosclerotic change in the right radial metaphysis, suggesting recent fracture (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4G, H</xref>). Dorsal angulation was also confirmed by the presence of volar tilt on the lateral view, measured as the angle created by articular surface of distal radius and a line drawn perpendicular to the long axis of the radius (Electronic <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Fig. 1</xref>). The distal angulation between the long axis of the radial bone and the distal end of the radius was more prominent in the left radius. Although the fractured area was covered by remodeled bone, significant proximal displacement was not evident (Electronic <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Fig. 1C, D</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>In this study, among the many factors possibly influencing fracture frequency, we first considered age and sex. All of our long bone fracture samples were from middle-aged or old individuals. This is understandable, since the long bones from older individuals are likely to be more fragile and prone to injury by even low-energy impacts. Senile osteoporosis is known to significantly increase the vulnerability of bones to trauma [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. We also observed that long bone fractures were much more common in men than in women. As noted in studies on other human populations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>], this male preponderance might be associated with typical sex-related differences in physical activity. Joseon men typically performed more strenuous work than women, and so would have sustained a higher frequency of fractures.</p><p>We also considered the social and economic status of the individuals in our interpretation of the current results. Most skeletons examined in this study were collected from <italic>Hoegwakmyo</italic>, a unique burial system of the Joseon Dynasty. The people of Joseon society regarded <italic>Hoegwakmyo</italic> as an ideal tomb because this manner of constructing tombs was highly recommended by Chu Hsi, the grandmaster of Confucianism [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. Nevertheless, the tomb was only adopted by the rich Joseon elites because its construction was too expensive for lower-class individuals. Therefore, when archaeologists in Korea found <italic>Hoegwakmyo</italic> tombs in archaeological fields, they assumed that the human remains in these tombs must be from the upper class of Joseon society [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]. Most of the individuals represented in the present study are much more likely to have been landowners than farmers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>].</p><p>The fracture type and location, also known to vary by population [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>], were also considered in this study. Although a number of investigators have reported a high frequency of clavicular involvement in fractures [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>], we could not identify any clavicle fractures in our Joseon skeletal series (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>). The pattern of forearm fracture in the present study was unique. In most previous studies, a very high percentage of fractures occurred in the forearm bones, with the ulna broken more often than the radius [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]. One such example is the Monteggia fracture, a fracture of the proximal third of ulna with dislocation of the radius head. Paleopathologists consider the finding of a large number of Monteggia fractures in a skeletal series important because they may have been incurred while fending off a blunt attack, implying that the people lived in an environment where violence was rampant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]. Although forearm fractures were commonly observed in the present study, each 1 involved the radius, with the exception of 1 element (case no. 98, possibly a Monteggia fracture). We discovered 3 Colles' fractures of different severity in 2 individuals (cases nos. 41 and 100) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>).</p><p>The Colles' fracture is generally associated with indirect, accidental falls on the hand (e.g., a short fall caused by a shift in body weight), resulting in angulation, proximal displacement of the distal fragment, and bone length shortening [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>]. Similarly, accidents can be considered the cause of the Colles' fractures in this study. The high-class, elite Joseon individuals buried in <italic>Hoegwakmyo</italic> would naturally have fewer incidents of hard-labor-related accidents that could have caused bone breakage. Some, although not all, Colles' fractures in this study might have been caused by accidents characteristic only of the upper classes in Joseon society. Our search for contemporary articles on fractures in historical documents of Joseon society (<italic>Seungjeongwon Ilgi</italic>) interestingly showed that many arm injuries of the Joseon elite were caused by accidents such as a fall from a horse (Electronic <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">Supplementary Table 1</xref>).</p><p>The fracture types also indicate a rarity of injuries possibly induced by intentional violence in our series. Most of the fractured elements were of the oblique type (6/7, 85.7%), suggesting indirect, accidental forces acting from a distance [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]. Transverse fracture, typically associated with intentional violence [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>], was identified in only 1 individual (case no. 98). This supports the conclusion that the Joseon individuals examined in this study might not have been commonly subjected to blunt trauma in a violent setting. We can assume that the Joseon elite spent tranquil lives.</p><p>Post-fracture complications include infection, tissue necrosis, abnormal or non-union, and bone deformity. Deformations can develop or worsen because individuals living with fractures compensate for their injuries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. We observed a variety of fracture-induced complications in this study, for example malalignment (cases nos. 41, 98, and 100) caused by incomplete reduction of the injury. In case no. 33, post-fracture infection appeared to have extended to the medullary space, and this is particularly interesting because although osteomyelitis was a common disorder in centuries prior to the use of antibiotics, it has rarely been traced in archaeological samples [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]. Because of the difficulty in diagnosing osteomyelitis by bone examination alone, researchers worldwide hesitate to definitively declare lesions to be osteomyelitis without very clear, incontrovertible supporting evidence [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. Our case no. 33 may be 1 such rare example, in which we confirmed the most typical osteological signs of osteomyelitis, including bony proliferation, cloaca opening, and bone marrow involvement.</p><p>The unique points of our study were not limited to fracture type and location. Skeletal series in most countries have revealed fracture rates of 15.1-32.9% (person fracture rates) and 2.4-11.7% (total % of fractured elements). However, the long bone fractures rates in our Joseon sample were only 5.2% (person fracture rate) and 0.55% (total % of fractured elements) (Electronic <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S3">Supplementary Table 2</xref>). The fact that the samples in our skeletal series were collected only from the upper and ruling classes of the Kingdom and not from all strata of Joseon society, may explain the relatively low fracture prevalence observed in this study. The low fracture rate might well have reflected the less strenuous physical labor of the Joseon individuals examined, since performance of heavy physical labor is closely associated with fracture frequency [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]. However, the comparison of disease signs in different skeletal series must be approached discreetly if the research methods used have not been sufficiently standardized [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. Definitive conclusions cannot be derived while the technical limitations inherent in non-standardized studies on skeletal series persist under different conditions.</p><p>Despite its shortcomings, the present study is of interest to scientists in related medical fields. The skeletal series of East Asian societies might manifest unique fracture patterns because of the distinctive lifestyle that they have maintained for many millennia. However, few simple descriptive studies have been conducted on skeletons collected from archaeological fields in Korea or other East Asian countries until now. Our study involves long bone fracture cases evidently representing a 16th-18th century Joseon skeletal series. We have presented the first description of some unique points of fractures observed in these 16th-18th century Joseon skeletons. Further research focusing on different social strata and populations is nevertheless required to gain a clearer understanding of trauma in historic Asian populations.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>This study was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (2012-0002118).</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kilgore</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Jurmain</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Gerven</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Palaeoepidemiological patterns of trauma in a medieval Nubian skeletal population</article-title><source>Int J Osteoarchaeol</source><year>1997</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>103</fpage><lpage>114</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lovell</surname><given-names>NC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Trauma analysis in paleopathology</article-title><source>Am J Phys Anthropol</source><year>1997</year><volume>104</volume><issue>Suppl 25</issue><fpage>139</fpage><lpage>170</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Judd</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Comparison of long bone trauma recording methods</article-title><source>J Archaeol Sci</source><year>2002</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>1255</fpage><lpage>1265</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ortner</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><source>Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains</source><edition>2nd ed</edition><publisher-loc>San Diego</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name><year>2003</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lovejoy</surname><given-names>CO</given-names></name><name><surname>Heiple</surname><given-names>KG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Analysis of fractures in skeletal populations with an example form the Libben site, Ottawa County, Ohio</article-title><source>Am J Phys Anthropol</source><year>1981</year><volume>55</volume><fpage>529</fpage><lpage>541</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Larsen</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name></person-group><source>Bioarchaelolgy: interpreting behavior form the human skeleton</source><publisher-loc>Cambridge</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name><year>1997</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Grauer</surname><given-names>AL</given-names></name><name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Paleoepidemiology, healing, and possible treatment of trauma in the medieval cemetery population of St. Helen-on-the-Walls, York, England</article-title><source>Am J Phys Anthropol</source><year>1996</year><volume>100</volume><fpage>531</fpage><lpage>544</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8842326</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yoon</surname><given-names>HK</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Jang</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Jang</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>YK</given-names></name><name><surname>Ha</surname><given-names>YC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Incidence and mortality following hip fracture in Korea</article-title><source>J Korean Med Sci</source><year>2011</year><volume>26</volume><fpage>1087</fpage><lpage>1092</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21860561</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Weidenreich</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The duration of life of fossil man in China and the pathological lesions found in his skeleton</article-title><source>Chin Med J</source><year>1939</year><volume>55</volume><fpage>34</fpage><lpage>44</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Angel</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Patterns of fractures from neolithic to modern times</article-title><source>Anthropol Kozl</source><year>1974</year><volume>18</volume><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>18</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hooton</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name></person-group><source>The Indians of Pecos pueblo: a study of their skeletal remains</source><publisher-loc>New Haven</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Yale University Press</publisher-name><year>1930</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hill</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><source>Whithorn and St. Ninian: the excavation of a monastic town 1984-1991</source><publisher-loc>Stroud</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Sutton Publishing</publisher-name><year>1997</year><fpage>519</fpage><lpage>562</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Judd</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Fracture patterns at the Medieval Leper Hospital in Chichester</article-title><source>Am J Phys Anthropol</source><year>1998</year><volume>105</volume><fpage>43</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9537927</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Judd</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name></person-group><source>Trauma and interpersonal violence in ancient Nubia during the Kerma period (ca. 2500-1500 BC)</source><publisher-loc>Edmonon, Alberta</publisher-loc><publisher-name>University of Alberta</publisher-name><year>2000</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Djurić</surname><given-names>MP</given-names></name><name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Rakocević</surname><given-names>ZB</given-names></name><name><surname>Djonić</surname><given-names>DD</given-names></name><name><surname>Lesić</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Fractures in late medieval skeletal populations from Serbia</article-title><source>Am J Phys Anthropol</source><year>2006</year><volume>130</volume><fpage>167</fpage><lpage>178</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16365855</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>IS</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>BH</given-names></name><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name><name><surname>Lim</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name><name><surname>Yi</surname><given-names>YS</given-names></name><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>YS</given-names></name><name><surname>Bok</surname><given-names>GD</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Human mummified brain from a medieval tomb with lime-soil mixture barrier of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea</article-title><source>Int J Osteoarchaeol</source><year>2008</year><volume>18</volume><fpage>614</fpage><lpage>623</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name><name><surname>Baek</surname><given-names>KW</given-names></name><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dental caries prevalence of medieval Korean people</article-title><source>Arch Oral Biol</source><year>2010</year><volume>55</volume><fpage>535</fpage><lpage>540</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20444441</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>DK</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>IS</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>WL</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Koh</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Youn</surname><given-names>MY</given-names></name><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>YS</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Possible rheumatoid arthritis found in the human skeleton collected from the tomb of Joseon Dynasty, Korea, dating back to the 1700s AD</article-title><source>Int J Osteoarchaeol</source><year>2011</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>136</fpage><lpage>149</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>YS</given-names></name><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Sex determination of Joseon people skeletons based on anatomical, cultural and molecular biological clues</article-title><source>Ann Anat</source><year>2011</year><volume>193</volume><fpage>539</fpage><lpage>543</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21889322</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>YS</given-names></name><name><surname>Hwang</surname><given-names>YI</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Ancient-to-modern secular changes in Korean stature</article-title><source>Am J Phys Anthropol</source><year>2012</year><volume>147</volume><fpage>433</fpage><lpage>442</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22270697</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lovejoy</surname><given-names>CO</given-names></name><name><surname>Meindl</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name><name><surname>Pryzbeck</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name><name><surname>Mensforth</surname><given-names>RP</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: a new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death</article-title><source>Am J Phys Anthropol</source><year>1985</year><volume>68</volume><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">4061599</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ubelaker</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name><name><surname>Adams</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Differentiation of perimortem and postmortem trauma using taphonomic indicators</article-title><source>J Forensic Sci</source><year>1995</year><volume>40</volume><fpage>509</fpage><lpage>512</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7782760</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Royal Secretariat</collab><source>The daily records of the Royal Secretariat of Chosun Dynasty (1623-1894)</source><publisher-loc>Seoul</publisher-loc><publisher-name>National Institute of Korean History</publisher-name><year>1970</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pratt</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name><name><surname>Marvel</surname><given-names>LH</given-names></name><name><surname>Darrow</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Stallones</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>May</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Jenkins</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The dangers of dairy farming: the injury experience of 600 workers followed for two years</article-title><source>Am J Ind Med</source><year>1992</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>637</fpage><lpage>650</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1609811</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stueland</surname><given-names>DT</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>BC</given-names></name><name><surname>Nordstrom</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></name><name><surname>Layde</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name><name><surname>Wittman</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></name><name><surname>Gunderson</surname><given-names>PD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Case-control study of agricultural injuries to women in central Wisconsin</article-title><source>Women Health</source><year>1997</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>91</fpage><lpage>103</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9302731</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Yi</surname><given-names>YS</given-names></name><name><surname>Bok</surname><given-names>GD</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Spigelman</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Min</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></name><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name></person-group><chapter-title>How did mummification occur in bodies buried in tombs with a lime soil mixture barrier during the Joseon Dynasty in Korea</chapter-title><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Peña</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>CR</given-names></name><name><surname>Rodríguez</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name></person-group><source>Mummies and Science: World Mummies Research</source><publisher-loc>Santa Cruz de Tenerife</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Academia Canaria de la Historia</publisher-name><year>2008</year><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>113</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>IS</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>YS</given-names></name><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis cases found in Joseon Dynasty human sample collection of Korea</article-title><source>Int J Osteoarchaeol</source><year>2012</year><volume>22</volume><fpage>235</fpage><lpage>244</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Judd</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Fracture trauma in a medieval British farming village</article-title><source>Am J Phys Anthropol</source><year>1999</year><volume>109</volume><fpage>229</fpage><lpage>243</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10378460</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hamilton</surname><given-names>FH</given-names></name><name><surname>Boardman</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><source>Fracture tables, with a supplement compiled from Dr. Hamilton's notes by John Boardman comprising in all an analysis of 461 cases of fractures</source><publisher-loc>Buffalo</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Jewett, Thomas & Co.</publisher-name><year>1853</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wood-Jones</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><chapter-title>Fractured bone and dislocations</chapter-title><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Eliot-Smith</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Wood-Jones</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><source>The Archaeological Survey of Nubia for 1907-1908. Vol. II. Report on the Human Remains</source><publisher-loc>Cairo</publisher-loc><publisher-name>National Printing Department</publisher-name><year>1910</year><fpage>293</fpage><lpage>342</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mays</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A palaeopathological study of Colles' fracture</article-title><source>Int J Osteoarchaeol</source><year>2006</year><volume>16</volume><fpage>415</fpage><lpage>428</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Adams</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name></person-group><source>Adam's outline of fractures: including joint injuries</source><publisher-loc>Edinburgh</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Churchill Livingstone</publisher-name><year>1983</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wesolowski</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Caries prevalence in skeletal series: is it possible to compare?</article-title><source>Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz</source><year>2006</year><volume>101</volume><issue>Suppl 2</issue><fpage>139</fpage><lpage>145</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17308821</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Burrell</surname><given-names>LL</given-names></name><name><surname>Mass</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Gerven</surname><given-names>DP</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Patterns of long-bone fracture in two Nubian cementeries</article-title><source>Hum Evol</source><year>1986</year><volume>1</volume><fpage>495</fpage><lpage>506</lpage></element-citation></ref></ref-list><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Electronic Supplementary Materials</title><p>Supplementary data including two tables and one figure can be found with this article online at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.acbjournal.org/src/sm/acb-46-203-s001.pdf">http://www.acbjournal.org/src/sm/acb-46-203-s001.pdf</ext-link>.</p><supplementary-material content-type="loca-data" id="S1"><caption><title>Supplementary Fig. 1</title><p>Colles' fracture of both radii from tomb no. 100. (A, B) Dorsal angulation was also confirmed by measuring volar tilt on lateral view, from angle created between line perpendicular to articular surface of distal radius and long axis of radius. (C, D) In the left-sided radius, distal angulation between long axis of radial bone and distal end of radius was more prominent. Fractured area was covered with remodeled bone (indicated by asterisk).</p></caption><media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="acb-46-203-s001.pdf" orientation="portrait" id="d35e1745" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="loca-data" id="S2"><caption><title>Supplementary Table 1</title><p>Arm fractures described in Seungjeongwon Ilgi, the historical literature of Joseon Dynasty</p></caption><media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="acb-46-203-s002.pdf" orientation="portrait" id="d35e1752" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="loca-data" id="S3"><caption><title>Supplementary Table 2</title><p>Fracture rate and commonly affected long bone in various skeletal series including present study</p></caption><media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="acb-46-203-s003.pdf" orientation="portrait" id="d35e1759" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material></sec></back><floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Left femur shaft fracture from tomb of case no. 33. (A) Marked deformity consisting of axial deviation and some rotation, resulting in shortening as compared with counterpart right femur. (B) Radiographs also show bony irregularity and deformation. (C) Marked irregularity, possibly in the medullary cavities, probably caused by inflammatory change accompanied by complicated infection (arrows). (D) An opening in the posterior cortical bone of the femur possibly representing cloaca penetration into the marrow space. (E, F) Bone fragment (indicated by arrow or asterisk) possibly created in the process of femur fracture.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="acb-46-203-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>(A) Colles' fracture in right radius from tomb of case no. 41. (B) Radiographic features. (C) Magnified image of healed fracture site. An arrow in panel (A) indicates the sharp fractured edge on volar side. (D, E) Proximal displacement and radial deviation of distal fracture fragment. The healed fracture site is covered with callus. (F) Lateral radiograph showing fracture line, proximally displaced distal fragment, and prominent callus overlying the fracture site.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="acb-46-203-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p>(A) Fractures of the left tibia and fibula from tomb of case no. 65. (B) Lateral radiograph. Mid-shaft of left tibia is thickened. (C) Magnified image of panel (B). Possible fracture line indicated by arrow. (D-G) Distal segment of right and left fibulae. (D, E) Right fibula. (F, G) Left fibula. (G) Radiograph of left fibula showing radiolucent fracture line (open arrows) and cortical thickening (filled arrow).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="acb-46-203-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><p>(A-E) Left ulnar fracture from tomb of case no. 98. Lower shaft of left ulna was widened without shortening of the total length. Panels (B) and (E) are radiographs of panels (A) and (D). The typical radiolucent fracture line (filled arrow) and callus (asterisk) formation overlying cortical bone (blank arrows) are shown. (D) Magnified image of fracture-affected area in panel (C). No evidence of a malalignment or rotation in axis of ulna. (F-H) Colles' fracture of both radii from tomb no. 100. (F) The length of left radius is shortened. (G, H) Radiographs of the right radius show prominent osteosclerotic change in the metaphyseal area (filled arrows) suggesting recent fracture.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="acb-46-203-g004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Long bone fractures in Joseon skeletal series (n=96)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="acb-46-203-i001"></graphic><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>S/N, serial number in our skeleton collection; F, female; M, male.</p><p><sup>*</sup>For archaeological sites where the samples were collected: SN, Sinnae; WG, Waegwan; EP, Eunpyung.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Archeologie/explor/PaleopathV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000325 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000325 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Archeologie
|area= PaleopathV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:3811853
|texte= Long bone fractures identified in the Joseon Dynasty human skeletons of Korea
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:24179696" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a PaleopathV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.27. |  |