Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs
Identifieur interne : 000209 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000208; suivant : 000210Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs
Auteurs : Ewan D. S. Wolff [États-Unis] ; Steven W. Salisbury [Australie, États-Unis] ; John R. Horner [États-Unis] ; David J. Varricchio [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2009.
Abstract
We conducted an extensive survey of tyrannosaurid specimens and identified ten individuals with full-thickness erosive lesions. These lesions were described, measured and photographed for comparison with one another. We also conducted an extensive survey of related archosaurs for similar lesions. We show here that these lesions are consistent with those caused by an avian parasitic infection called trichomonosis, which causes similar abnormalities on the mandible of modern birds, in particular raptors.
This finding represents the first evidence for the ancient evolutionary origin of an avian transmissible disease in non-avian theropod dinosaurs. It also provides a valuable insight into the palaeobiology of these now extinct animals. Based on the frequency with which these lesions occur, we hypothesize that tyrannosaurids were commonly infected by a
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007288
PubMed: 19789646
PubMed Central: 2748709
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Links to Exploration step
PMC:2748709Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs</title><author><name sortKey="Wolff, Ewan D S" sort="Wolff, Ewan D S" uniqKey="Wolff E" first="Ewan D. S." last="Wolff">Ewan D. S. Wolff</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Wisconsin</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salisbury, Steven W" sort="Salisbury, Steven W" uniqKey="Salisbury S" first="Steven W." last="Salisbury">Steven W. Salisbury</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queensland</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horner, John R" sort="Horner, John R" uniqKey="Horner J" first="John R." last="Horner">John R. Horner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Montana</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varricchio, David J" sort="Varricchio, David J" uniqKey="Varricchio D" first="David J." last="Varricchio">David J. Varricchio</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Montana</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19789646</idno><idno type="pmc">2748709</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748709</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2748709</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0007288</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000387</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000387</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000387</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000387</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000209</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000209</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs</title><author><name sortKey="Wolff, Ewan D S" sort="Wolff, Ewan D S" uniqKey="Wolff E" first="Ewan D. S." last="Wolff">Ewan D. S. Wolff</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Wisconsin</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salisbury, Steven W" sort="Salisbury, Steven W" uniqKey="Salisbury S" first="Steven W." last="Salisbury">Steven W. Salisbury</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queensland</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horner, John R" sort="Horner, John R" uniqKey="Horner J" first="John R." last="Horner">John R. Horner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Montana</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varricchio, David J" sort="Varricchio, David J" uniqKey="Varricchio D" first="David J." last="Varricchio">David J. Varricchio</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Montana</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p><italic>Tyrannosaurus rex</italic> and other tyrannosaurid fossils often display multiple, smooth-edged full-thickness erosive lesions on the mandible, either unilaterally or bilaterally. The cause of these lesions in the <italic>Tyrannosaurus rex</italic> specimen FMNH PR2081 (known informally by the name ‘Sue’) has previously been attributed to actinomycosis, a bacterial bone infection, or bite wounds from other tyrannosaurids.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>We conducted an extensive survey of tyrannosaurid specimens and identified ten individuals with full-thickness erosive lesions. These lesions were described, measured and photographed for comparison with one another. We also conducted an extensive survey of related archosaurs for similar lesions. We show here that these lesions are consistent with those caused by an avian parasitic infection called trichomonosis, which causes similar abnormalities on the mandible of modern birds, in particular raptors.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title><p>This finding represents the first evidence for the ancient evolutionary origin of an avian transmissible disease in non-avian theropod dinosaurs. It also provides a valuable insight into the palaeobiology of these now extinct animals. Based on the frequency with which these lesions occur, we hypothesize that tyrannosaurids were commonly infected by a <italic>Trichomonas gallinae</italic>-like protozoan. For tyrannosaurid populations, the only non-avian dinosaur group that show trichomonosis-type lesions, it is likely that the disease became endemic and spread as a result of antagonistic intraspecific behavior, consumption of prey infected by a <italic>Trichomonas gallinae</italic>-like protozoan and possibly even cannibalism. The severity of trichomonosis-related lesions in specimens such as <italic>Tyrannosaurus rex</italic> FMNH PR2081 and <italic>Tyrannosaurus rex</italic> MOR 980, strongly suggests that these animals died as a direct result of this disease, mostly likely through starvation.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tanke, D" uniqKey="Tanke D">D Tanke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Currie, P" uniqKey="Currie P">P Currie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wolff, Eds" uniqKey="Wolff E">EDS Wolff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Varricchio, D" uniqKey="Varricchio D">D Varricchio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brochu, Ca" uniqKey="Brochu C">CA Brochu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rega, Ea" uniqKey="Rega E">EA Rega</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brochu, C" uniqKey="Brochu C">C Brochu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, J" uniqKey="Baker J">J Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brothwell, D" uniqKey="Brothwell D">D Brothwell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jacobsen, Er" uniqKey="Jacobsen E">ER Jacobsen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saif, Ym" uniqKey="Saif Y">YM Saif</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="K Lin, Ja" uniqKey="K Lin J">JA Kälin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cott, Hb" uniqKey="Cott H">HB Cott</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brazaitis, P" uniqKey="Brazaitis P">P Brazaitis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Webb, Gjw" uniqKey="Webb G">GJW Webb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manolis, P" uniqKey="Manolis P">P Manolis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Webb, Gjw" uniqKey="Webb G">GJW Webb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manolis, P" uniqKey="Manolis P">P Manolis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huchzermeyer, Fw" uniqKey="Huchzermeyer F">FW Huchzermeyer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huchzermeyer, Fw" uniqKey="Huchzermeyer F">FW Huchzermeyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Ja" uniqKey="Cooper J">JA Cooper</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ensley, Pk" uniqKey="Ensley P">PK Ensley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Mp" uniqKey="Anderson M">MP Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Subin, Dk" uniqKey="Subin D">DK Subin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janssen, D" uniqKey="Janssen D">D Janssen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hibberd, Ema" uniqKey="Hibberd E">EMA Hibberd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harrower, Km" uniqKey="Harrower K">KM Harrower</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heidenreich, M" uniqKey="Heidenreich M">M Heidenreich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Je" uniqKey="Cooper J">JE Cooper</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stabler, Rm" uniqKey="Stabler R">RM Stabler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Je" uniqKey="Cooper J">JE Cooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petty, Sj" uniqKey="Petty S">SJ Petty</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stabler, Rm" uniqKey="Stabler R">RM Stabler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stone, Wb" uniqKey="Stone W">WB Stone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janes, De" uniqKey="Janes D">DE Janes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Keymer, If" uniqKey="Keymer I">IF Keymer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Real, J" uniqKey="Real J">J Real</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manosa, S" uniqKey="Manosa S">S Manosa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munoz, J" uniqKey="Munoz J">J Munoz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krone, O" uniqKey="Krone O">O Krone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Altenkamp, R" uniqKey="Altenkamp R">R Altenkamp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kenntner, N" uniqKey="Kenntner N">N Kenntner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Levine, Nd" uniqKey="Levine N">ND Levine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boley, Le" uniqKey="Boley L">LE Boley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hester, Hr" uniqKey="Hester H">HR Hester</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lebninsky, Ng" uniqKey="Lebninsky N">NG Lebninsky</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Harmon, Bg" uniqKey="Harmon B">BG Harmon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weisbrode, Se" uniqKey="Weisbrode S">SE Weisbrode</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doige, Ce" uniqKey="Doige C">CE Doige</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schultz, Cwn" uniqKey="Schultz C">CWN Schultz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Varricchio, Dj" uniqKey="Varricchio D">DJ Varricchio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Erickson, Gm" uniqKey="Erickson G">GM Erickson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olson, Kh" uniqKey="Olson K">KH Olson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jacobsen, Ar" uniqKey="Jacobsen A">AR Jacobsen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tanke, Dh" uniqKey="Tanke D">DH Tanke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farke, Aa" uniqKey="Farke A">AA Farke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Loh, R" uniqKey="Loh R">R Loh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bergfeld, J" uniqKey="Bergfeld J">J Bergfeld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hayes, D" uniqKey="Hayes D">D Hayes</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Hara, A" uniqKey="O Hara A">A O'Hara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pyecroft, S" uniqKey="Pyecroft S">S Pyecroft</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19789646</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2748709</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">09-PONE-RA-09186R1</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0007288</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline"><subject>Evolutionary Biology</subject><subject>Pathology</subject><subject>Ecology/Behavioral Ecology</subject><subject>Ecology/Ecosystem Ecology</subject><subject>Evolutionary Biology/Animal Behavior</subject><subject>Evolutionary Biology/Evolutionary Ecology</subject><subject>Evolutionary Biology/Paleontology</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases/Protozoal Infections</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Tyrannosaur Infectious Disease</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wolff</surname><given-names>Ewan D. S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salisbury</surname><given-names>Steven W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Horner</surname><given-names>John R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Varricchio</surname><given-names>David J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><addr-line>Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Hansen</surname><given-names>Dennis Marinus</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1">Stanford University, United States of America</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>ewolff@wisc.edu</email> (EDSW); <email>s.salisbury@uq.edu.au</email> (SWS)</corresp><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: EDSW SWS. Performed the experiments: EDSW SWS. Analyzed the data: EDSW SWS JH DJV. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EDSW SWS JH. Wrote the paper: EDSW SWS JH DJV.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>9</issue><elocation-id>e7288</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day><month>3</month><year>2009</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>8</month><year>2009</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Wolff et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</copyright-statement></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p><italic>Tyrannosaurus rex</italic> and other tyrannosaurid fossils often display multiple, smooth-edged full-thickness erosive lesions on the mandible, either unilaterally or bilaterally. The cause of these lesions in the <italic>Tyrannosaurus rex</italic> specimen FMNH PR2081 (known informally by the name ‘Sue’) has previously been attributed to actinomycosis, a bacterial bone infection, or bite wounds from other tyrannosaurids.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>We conducted an extensive survey of tyrannosaurid specimens and identified ten individuals with full-thickness erosive lesions. These lesions were described, measured and photographed for comparison with one another. We also conducted an extensive survey of related archosaurs for similar lesions. We show here that these lesions are consistent with those caused by an avian parasitic infection called trichomonosis, which causes similar abnormalities on the mandible of modern birds, in particular raptors.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title><p>This finding represents the first evidence for the ancient evolutionary origin of an avian transmissible disease in non-avian theropod dinosaurs. It also provides a valuable insight into the palaeobiology of these now extinct animals. Based on the frequency with which these lesions occur, we hypothesize that tyrannosaurids were commonly infected by a <italic>Trichomonas gallinae</italic>-like protozoan. For tyrannosaurid populations, the only non-avian dinosaur group that show trichomonosis-type lesions, it is likely that the disease became endemic and spread as a result of antagonistic intraspecific behavior, consumption of prey infected by a <italic>Trichomonas gallinae</italic>-like protozoan and possibly even cannibalism. The severity of trichomonosis-related lesions in specimens such as <italic>Tyrannosaurus rex</italic> FMNH PR2081 and <italic>Tyrannosaurus rex</italic> MOR 980, strongly suggests that these animals died as a direct result of this disease, mostly likely through starvation.</p></sec></abstract><counts><page-count count="7"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Montana</li><li>Pennsylvanie</li><li>Wisconsin</li></region></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Wisconsin"><name sortKey="Wolff, Ewan D S" sort="Wolff, Ewan D S" uniqKey="Wolff E" first="Ewan D. S." last="Wolff">Ewan D. S. Wolff</name></region><name sortKey="Horner, John R" sort="Horner, John R" uniqKey="Horner J" first="John R." last="Horner">John R. Horner</name><name sortKey="Salisbury, Steven W" sort="Salisbury, Steven W" uniqKey="Salisbury S" first="Steven W." last="Salisbury">Steven W. Salisbury</name><name sortKey="Varricchio, David J" sort="Varricchio, David J" uniqKey="Varricchio D" first="David J." last="Varricchio">David J. Varricchio</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Salisbury, Steven W" sort="Salisbury, Steven W" uniqKey="Salisbury S" first="Steven W." last="Salisbury">Steven W. Salisbury</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Archeologie/explor/PaleopathV1/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000209 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd -nk 000209 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Archeologie
|area= PaleopathV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Checkpoint
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:2748709
|texte= Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:19789646" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a PaleopathV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.27. |  |