The Epidemiology and Demographics of Hip Dysplasia
Identifieur interne : 000D56 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000D55; suivant : 000D57The Epidemiology and Demographics of Hip Dysplasia
Auteurs : Randall T. Loder [États-Unis] ; Elaine N. Skopelja [États-Unis]Source :
- ISRN Orthopedics [ 2090-6161 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
The etiology of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is unknown. There are many insights, however, from epidemiologic/demographic information. A systematic medical literature review regarding DDH was performed. There is a predominance of left-sided (64.0%) and unilateral disease (63.4%). The incidence per 1000 live births ranges from 0.06 in Africans in Africa to 76.1 in Native Americans. There is significant variability in incidence within each racial group by geographic location. The incidence of clinical neonatal hip instability at birth ranges from 0.4 in Africans to 61.7 in Polish Caucasians. Predictors of DDH are breech presentation, positive family history, and gender (female). Children born premature, with low birth weights, or to multifetal pregnancies are somewhat protected from DDH. Certain HLA A, B, and D types demonstrate an increase in DDH. Chromosome 17q21 is strongly associated with DDH. Ligamentous laxity and abnormalities in collagen metabolism, estrogen metabolism, and pregnancy-associated pelvic instability are well-described associations with DDH. Many studies demonstrate an increase of DDH in the winter, both in the northern and southern hemispheres. Swaddling is strongly associated with DDH. Amniocentesis, premature labor, and massive radiation exposure may increase the risk of DDH. Associated conditions are congenital muscular torticollis and congenital foot deformities. The opposite hip is frequently abnormal when using rigorous radiographic assessments. The role of acetabular dysplasia and adult hip osteoarthritis is complex. Archeological studies demonstrate that the epidemiology of DDH may be changing.
Url:
DOI: 10.5402/2011/238607
PubMed: 24977057
PubMed Central: 4063216
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PMC:4063216Le document en format XML
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The etiology of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is unknown. There are many insights, however, from epidemiologic/demographic information. A systematic medical literature review regarding DDH was performed. There is a predominance of left-sided (64.0%) and unilateral disease (63.4%). The incidence per 1000 live births ranges from 0.06 in Africans in Africa to 76.1 in Native Americans. There is significant variability in incidence within each racial group by geographic location. The incidence of clinical neonatal hip instability at birth ranges from 0.4 in Africans to 61.7 in Polish Caucasians. Predictors of DDH are breech presentation, positive family history, and gender (female). Children born premature, with low birth weights, or to multifetal pregnancies are somewhat protected from DDH. Certain HLA A, B, and D types demonstrate an increase in DDH. Chromosome 17q21 is strongly associated with DDH. Ligamentous laxity and abnormalities in collagen metabolism, estrogen metabolism, and pregnancy-associated pelvic instability are well-described associations with DDH. Many studies demonstrate an increase of DDH in the winter, both in the northern and southern hemispheres. Swaddling is strongly associated with DDH. Amniocentesis, premature labor, and massive radiation exposure may increase the risk of DDH. Associated conditions are congenital muscular torticollis and congenital foot deformities. The opposite hip is frequently abnormal when using rigorous radiographic assessments. The role of acetabular dysplasia and adult hip osteoarthritis is complex. Archeological studies demonstrate that the epidemiology of DDH may be changing.</p>
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<pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">ISRN Orthop</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">ISRN Orthop</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ISRN.ORTHOPEDICS</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>ISRN Orthopedics</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2090-6161</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2090-617X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>International Scholarly Research Network</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24977057</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4063216</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5402/2011/238607</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>The Epidemiology and Demographics of Hip Dysplasia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Loder</surname>
<given-names>Randall T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Skopelja</surname>
<given-names>Elaine N.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>
Section of Orthopedic Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children, ROC 4250, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA</aff>
<aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA</aff>
<aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>
Ruth Lilly Medical Library, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Randall T. Loder: <email>rloder@iupui.edu</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editors: S. Aldrian and T. Matsumoto</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2011</volume>
<elocation-id>238607</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2011 R. T. Loder and E. N. Skopelja.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2011</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>The etiology of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is unknown. There are many insights, however, from epidemiologic/demographic information. A systematic medical literature review regarding DDH was performed. There is a predominance of left-sided (64.0%) and unilateral disease (63.4%). The incidence per 1000 live births ranges from 0.06 in Africans in Africa to 76.1 in Native Americans. There is significant variability in incidence within each racial group by geographic location. The incidence of clinical neonatal hip instability at birth ranges from 0.4 in Africans to 61.7 in Polish Caucasians. Predictors of DDH are breech presentation, positive family history, and gender (female). Children born premature, with low birth weights, or to multifetal pregnancies are somewhat protected from DDH. Certain HLA A, B, and D types demonstrate an increase in DDH. Chromosome 17q21 is strongly associated with DDH. Ligamentous laxity and abnormalities in collagen metabolism, estrogen metabolism, and pregnancy-associated pelvic instability are well-described associations with DDH. Many studies demonstrate an increase of DDH in the winter, both in the northern and southern hemispheres. Swaddling is strongly associated with DDH. Amniocentesis, premature labor, and massive radiation exposure may increase the risk of DDH. Associated conditions are congenital muscular torticollis and congenital foot deformities. The opposite hip is frequently abnormal when using rigorous radiographic assessments. The role of acetabular dysplasia and adult hip osteoarthritis is complex. Archeological studies demonstrate that the epidemiology of DDH may be changing.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="fig1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Ultrasound neonatal hip examination. (a) A representative longitudinal ultrasound image of a normal neonatal hip. The ilium is marked by the asterisk, the bony acetabular roof by the large arrowhead, and the abductor muscles seen by the longitudinal white/gray alternating structures. (b) Measurement of the alpha (<italic>α</italic>
) and beta (<italic>β</italic>
) angles on ultrasound establish the Graf class. The baseline is first drawn and is the line along the ilium as it intersects the bony and cartilaginous portions of the acetabulum (solid black line). The <italic>α</italic>
angle is the angle between the baseline and the roof of the bony acetabulum; the <italic>β</italic>
angle is the angle between the baseline and the cartilaginous roof. (c) An example of a Graf IIc hip, with an <italic>α</italic>
angle of 43° and a <italic>β</italic>
angle of 49°. (d) An example of a Graf IV hip, irreducible dislocated hip, with an <italic>α</italic>
angle of 42°. Typically <italic>β</italic>
angles are not measured on dislocated hips, but in this example it would measure 99°.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ISRN.ORTHOPEDICS2011-238607.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>The incidence of DDH in various ethnic groups. (a) The incidence of DDH in indigenous populations. (b) DDH incidence in Indo-Mediterraneans. (c) DDH incidence in Indo-Malay peoples. (d) DDH incidence in all Caucasians. (e) DDH incidence in Eastern European Caucasians. (f) Incidence of DDH amongst all ethnic groups; note the <italic>y</italic>
-axis is logarithmic<sub>10</sub>
.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ISRN.ORTHOPEDICS2011-238607.002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>Variability in DDH demographics amongst ethnic groups. (a) Variability in gender amongst ethnic groups. (b) Variability in unilateral/bilateral involvement amongst ethnic groups. (c) Variability in right and left hip involvement amongst ethnic groups.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ISRN.ORTHOPEDICS2011-238607.003"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><p>(a) The prevalence of DDH in the late 1970's by age group in the Sámi living in northern Finland, Lake Inari region. The overall prevalence was 16.3; for those ≥60 years of age it was 60.2, and dropped to 3.5 for those 0–19 years of age. This has been attributed to a decrease in the practice of newborn swaddling using the gietka or komse. Data from Eriksson et al. [<xref rid="B272" ref-type="bibr">324</xref>
]. (b) The marked decrease in DDH incidence in Japan after introduction of a nationwide educational program for both neonatal hip instability and hip dislocation after 3 months of age. For neonatal hip instability the data was taken from [<xref rid="B278" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>
, <xref rid="B416" ref-type="bibr">325</xref>
] and for hip dislocation from [<xref rid="B240" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>
–<xref rid="B241" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>
].</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ISRN.ORTHOPEDICS2011-238607.004"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig5" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><p>The demographics of hip osteoarthritis in adults. (a) Radiographic prevalence of hip osteoarthritis by ethnicity and geographic location. Data from Lau et al. [<xref rid="B381" ref-type="bibr">472</xref>
]. (b1) Estimated rates of total hip replacements for primary coxarthrosis in San Francisco, 1984–1988, for men. Data from Hoaglund et al. [<xref rid="B382" ref-type="bibr">473</xref>
]. (b2) Estimated rates of total hip replacements for primary coxarthrosis in San Francisco, 1984–1988, for women. Data from Hoaglund et al. [<xref rid="B382" ref-type="bibr">473</xref>
]. (c) Differences in the etiology of adult hip arthritis between Japanese and Caucasian patients. Note the rarity of SCFE and Perthes' as a cause of adult hip arthritis. Data from Hoaglund et al. [<xref rid="B380" ref-type="bibr">474</xref>
].</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ISRN.ORTHOPEDICS2011-238607.005"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Graf's classification of hip dysplasia using ultrasound.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Graf's hip type</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Description</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>
angle (°)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>
angle (°)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>60</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><55</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Any</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IIa</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiologically immature</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50–60</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55–77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–12 wks</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IIb</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immature</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50–59</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55–77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>12 wks</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IIc</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acetabular deficiency</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43–49</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Any</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IId</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Everted labrum with subluxation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43–49</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Any</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">III</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Everted labrum with dislocation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><43</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Any</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IV</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dislocation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><43</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Any</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>As described by Graf [<xref rid="B420" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
], Roposch et al. [<xref rid="B421" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
], and Herring [<xref rid="B422" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>
].</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap-group id="tab2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Incidence of DDH in the clinical screening period era (1950s–1980s).</p>
</caption>
<table-wrap id="tab2a" position="anchor"><caption><p>(a) Indigenous peoples</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Location</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethnicity</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dx</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Pts</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. DDH</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incidence (per 1000)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Native Americans</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Corrigan and Segal [<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1950</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Island Lake, Manitoba</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cree-Ojibwa</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Documented DDH</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1253</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walker [<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1977</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Island Lake, Manitoba</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cree-Ojibwa</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All DDH</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1248</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">420</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">336.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dislocation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">243</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">194.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dysplasia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Houston and Buhr [<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1966</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern Saskatchewan</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cree</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All DDH</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4453</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Likely DDH</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1253</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Salter [<xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1968</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ontario, Canada</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All DDH</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Used cradleboard</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2032</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No cradleboard</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1347</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rabin et al. [<xref rid="B242" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1965</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Many Farms District, AZ</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Navajo</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Adults—All</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dislocation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dysplasia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Children—All</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">548</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dislocation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dysplasia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Adults and Children—All</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">818</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dislocation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dysplasia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pratt et al. [<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1982</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Many Farms District, AZ</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Navajo</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Children</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All DDH</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">548</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dislocation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dysplasia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Adults</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All DDH</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">330</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dislocation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">259</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dysplasia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coleman [<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1968</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fort Defiance, Ship Rock, Gallup</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Navajo</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All DDH ≤ 3 months old</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1155</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kraus and Schwartzman [<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1957</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fort Apache</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apache</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dislocation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3500</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Weighted avg.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All DDH</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14553</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1108</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sámi and Australian Aboriginals</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bower et al. [<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1987</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western Australia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australian Aboriginals</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All DDH</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Getz [<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1955</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sámpi (Circumpolar Europe)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sámi</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All DDH</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mellbin [<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1962</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sámi</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All DDH</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">813</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2b" position="anchor"><caption><p>(b) Africans, Indo-Mediterranean, and mixed peoples</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Location</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethnicity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Pts</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. DDH</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incidence (per 1000)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Africans—Blacks</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edelsetin [<xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1966</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bantu</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16678</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roper [<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1976</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bantu</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pompe van Meerdervoort [<xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1977</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Weighted avg.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66678</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Burke et al. [<xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1985</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">United States</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28261*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Finley et al. [<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1994</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jefferson County, Alabama, USA</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9654</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Weighted avg.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37915</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Indo- Mediterranean</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Kulshrestha et al. [<xref rid="B56" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1983</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ballabhgarh, India</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2409</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singh and Sharma [<xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1980</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Delhi, India</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7274</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Boo and Rajaram [<xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1984</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kuala Lumpur</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8109</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.23</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gupta et al. [<xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1992</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Delhi, India</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6209</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.65</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ang et al. [<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singapore</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2810</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kaushal et al. [<xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1976</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chandigarh, Northern India</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2500</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Şahin et al. [<xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ankara, Turkey</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Turkish</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5798</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kutlu et al. [<xref rid="B267" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1992</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Konya, Turkey</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Turkish</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4173</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doğruel [<xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ankara, Turkey</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Turkish</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3541</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">167</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkalay [<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1972</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tamra, Galilee, Israel</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arabic</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">450</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkalay [<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1972</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western Galilee, Israel</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arabic/Druze</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3625</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moosa et al. [<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dubai, UAE</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arabic</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3786</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.17</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mirdad [<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aseer, Saudi Arabia</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saudi</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79548</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Danielsson [<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malmö, Sweden</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iraqi/Iranian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1604</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mamouri et al. [<xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mashhad, Iran</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iranian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6576</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abdinejad et al. [<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1996</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shiraz, Iran</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iranian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8024</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pashapour and Golmaham- madlou [<xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Urmia, Iran</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iranian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1100</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paterson [<xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1976</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western Australia</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Mediterra- nean, not otherwise specified</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2964</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Weighted avg.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>All</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150500</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">811</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Indian</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29311</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arabic</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118225</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">732</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Mixed/ Unknown—All Geographic Locations</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rao and Thurston [<xref rid="B423" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1986</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wellington, New Zealand</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not specified</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15174</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lowry et al. [<xref rid="B424" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1989</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alberta, Canada</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">813<sup>@</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30347</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.68</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not specified</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34956</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">342</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medalie et al. [<xref rid="B244" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1966</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jerusalem, Israel</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Dislocation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Subluxation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">235</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Harlap et al. [<xref rid="B425" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1971</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jerusalem, Israel</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jewish/Arabic</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18017</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>@</sup>
calculated from the given incidence and total number of births.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2c" position="anchor"><caption><p>(c) Indo-Malay peoples</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Location</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethnicity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Pts</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. DDH</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incidence (per 1000)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huang et al. [<xref rid="B426" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1988</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chinese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9884</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chang et al. [<xref rid="B427" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chinese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hoaglund et al. [<xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1981</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hong Kong</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chinese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">557683</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Boo and Rajaram [<xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1984</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kuala Lumpur</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chinese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12115</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limpaphayom [<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>
, <xref rid="B428" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1975</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thai</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33433</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ang et al. [<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singapore</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malay</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7439</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Boo and Rajaram [<xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1984</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kuala Lumpur</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malay</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29695</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Japanese—before Educational/ Prevention Campaigns</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naito [<xref rid="B429" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1958</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Akabayashi [<xref rid="B430" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1958</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Miyagi, Japan</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tsuji [<xref rid="B431" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1964</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tokyo, Japan</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kashiwagi and Kagawa [<xref rid="B432" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1965</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kobe, Japan</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">929</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Haginomori [<xref rid="B184" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1966</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kochi, Japan</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3323</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tanabe et al. [<xref rid="B433" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1972</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Okayama, Japan</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2756</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dislocation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subluxation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wada et al. [<xref rid="B240" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tokushima Prefecture,</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ishida [<xref rid="B278" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aichi</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.2*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ishida [<xref rid="B278" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fukushima</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ishida [<xref rid="B278" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Osaka</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ishida [<xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kyoto</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kikuike et al. [<xref rid="B418" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Takayama/Gifu</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2289</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gotoh et al. [<xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asahikawa</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15944</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saito [<xref rid="B417" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sapporo</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shinohara [<xref rid="B419" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Matsudo</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.1*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iwasaki and Takahashi [<xref rid="B241" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nagasaki</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Japanese—Seminal Study on Effects of Extension Diapering/Swaddling</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ishida [<xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1977</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kyoto, Japan</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Swaddled</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3778</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not swaddled</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3047</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Japanese— after Educational/Prevention Campaigns</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Higuchi [<xref rid="B434" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1984</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tokyo and Ibaragi Prefecture</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13379</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wada et al. [<xref rid="B240" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tokushima Prefecture,</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17224</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ishida [<xref rid="B278" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aichi</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ishida [<xref rid="B278" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fukushima</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ishida [<xref rid="B278" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Osaka</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ishida [<xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kyoto</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kikuike et al. [<xref rid="B418" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Takayama/Gifu</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1749</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gotoh et al. [<xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asahikawa</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9471</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saito [<xref rid="B417" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sapporo</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shinohara [<xref rid="B419" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Matsudo</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iwasaki and Takahashi [<xref rid="B241" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nagasaki</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>All</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">714254</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">769</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chinese</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57962</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Weighted avg.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malay</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37134</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Japanese</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> Before</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25241</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">340</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> After</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41823</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>∧</sup>
Incidence from [<xref rid="B433" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>
]. </p>
</fn>
<fn><p>*Only the incidence was given and could not be included in the weighted averages.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2d" position="anchor"><caption><p>(d) Caucasians</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Location</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Pts</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. DDH</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incidence (per 1000)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Scandinavia</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Severin [<xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1956</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">566142</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">497</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">von Rosen [<xref rid="B435" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1962</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malmö, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24000</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">von Rosen [<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1968</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malmö, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31304</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">171</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.46</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fredensborg [<xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1976</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malmö, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58579</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">548</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.33</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Danielsson [<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malmö, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15189</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.57</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beckman et al. [<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1977</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40419</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">295</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.30</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Finley et al. [<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1984</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uppsala, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62879*</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">193</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bjerkeim [<xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>
–<xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1974, 1976</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southeastern Norway</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">*</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">*</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Finne et al. [<xref rid="B436" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oslo, Norway</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19820</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Melve and Skjaerven [<xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All Norway</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">519266</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2509</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.83</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Heikkilä [<xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1984</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southern Finland</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151924</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1035</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.81</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clausen and Nielsen [<xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1988</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Randers, Denmark</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13589</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Weighted avg.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1510007</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5713</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Western Europe</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mitchell [<xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1972</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edinburgh, Scotland</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31961</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MacKenzie and Wilson [<xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1981</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aberdeen, Scotland</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53033</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1606</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bertol et al. [<xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1982</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edinburgh, Scotland</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44953</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">299</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Record and Edwards [<xref rid="B250" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1958</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birmingham, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">226038</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leck et al. [<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1968</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birmingham, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94474</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wilkinson [<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1972</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southampton, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6272</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jones [<xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1977</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hertfordshire, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29366</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Noble et al. [<xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1978</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Newcastle upon Tyne, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25921</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">271</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Catford et al. [<xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1982</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southampton, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76724</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">178</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.32</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knox et al. [<xref rid="B437" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1987</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birmingham, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">144246</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Williamson [<xref rid="B438" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1972</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern Ireland</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34840</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.78</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patterson et al. [<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1995</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belfast, Northern Ireland</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">138600</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">243</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reerink [<xref rid="B439" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leiden, Netherlands</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2092</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Judet and Tanzy [<xref rid="B440" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1966</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Creuse, France (only girls)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1326</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Valdivieso Garcia et al. [<xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1989</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Córdoba, Spain</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33000</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">323</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.79</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Padilla-Esteban et al. [<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1990</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Madrid, Spain</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40243</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1747</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dislocation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.21</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subluxation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.99</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dysplasia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1587</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sanz et al. [<xref rid="B441" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1991</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Salamanca, Spain</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6135</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Giannakopoulou et al. [<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crete</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6140</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Di Bella et al. [<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sicily</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>All</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">996038</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5509</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Weighted avg.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>United Kingdom</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">906428</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3232</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mediterranean/ Spain</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87518</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2240</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Eastern Europe</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Srakar [<xref rid="B442" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1986</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ljubljana, Yugoslavia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5000</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50<sup>@</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kepeski et al. [<xref rid="B443" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1969</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skoplje, Macedonia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9149</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">302<sup>@</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maričević [<xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1885–1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lastovo Island, Croatia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3676</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Krolo et al. [<xref rid="B444" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1968–88</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zagreb, Croatia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7168</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stipanicev [<xref rid="B445" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1985</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Šibenik, Croatia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26227</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2203<sup>@</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Darmonov [<xref rid="B446" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1996</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stara Zagora, Bulgaria</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20417</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Samborska and Lembrych [<xref rid="B302" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1973</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Opole, Poland</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14500</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">159</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polívka [<xref rid="B104" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1973</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">West Bohemia, Czech Republic</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28471</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3223</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Košek [<xref rid="B252" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1973</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dêčín and Česká Lípa, Czech Republic</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23580</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1048</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poul et al. [<xref rid="B151" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1992</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brno, Czechoslovakia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35550</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">656</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vencálková and Janata [<xref rid="B263" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liberec, Czech Republic</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12944</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">335</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drimal [<xref rid="B326" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1959</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Martin, Slovakia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9510</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomáš [<xref rid="B260" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1989</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bardejov, Slovakia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7208</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">323</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Czéizel et al. [<xref rid="B157" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1974</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Békéscsaba, Hungary</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18219</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">523</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Csató and Benkó[<xref rid="B447" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1963</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Miskole, Hungary</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5513</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.44</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pap [<xref rid="B251" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1956</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Debrecen, Hungary</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11933</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">217</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Czeizel et al. [<xref rid="B167" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1972</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Budapest, Hungary</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108966</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3000</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Weighted avg.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">348031</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12452</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Australia and New Zealand</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paterson [<xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1976</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Australia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4445</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yiv et al. [<xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1977</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Australia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19622</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">206</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bower et al. [<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1987</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western Australia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62879<sup>∧</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">415</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chan et al. [<xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">144</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1999</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adelaide, Australia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118379</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">916</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.74</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Howie and Phillips [<xref rid="B110" ref-type="bibr">145</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1970</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Auckland, New Zealand</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16103</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.54</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doig and Shannon [<xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">146</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1975</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canterbury, New Zealand</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23443</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.65</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dykes [<xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1975</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southland, New Zealand</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47064</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.19</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hadlow [<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1988</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Plymouth, New Zealand</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20657</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">331</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Weighted avg.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312592</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2121</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Americas</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lehmann and Street [<xref rid="B448" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1981</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vancouver, British, Columbia, Canada</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">116808</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tijmes et al. [<xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1971</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Llanquihue, Chile</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30000</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">137</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hazel and Beals [<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1989</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Portland, Oregon</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39429</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Finley et al. [<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1994</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jefferson County, Alabama</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17907</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Weighted avg.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174144</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">186</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*The incidence and either the numerator/denominator were given; appropriate values calculated when possible. </p>
</fn>
<fn><p><sup>@</sup>
calculated from the given incidence and total number of births.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</table-wrap-group>
<table-wrap id="tab3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Incidence of neonatal hip instability by screening physical examination.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Location</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Pts</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. DDH</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incidence (per 1000)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Africans</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Robinson and Buse [<xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">166</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1979</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kampala, Uganda</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gross et al. [<xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">167</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1982</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2686</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artz et al. [<xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">168</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1975</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New York City</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4286</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Indo-Mediterranean</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abdel-Kader and Booz [<xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">169</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1968</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kuwait</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al-Umran et al. [<xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">170</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1988</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dammam, Saudi Arabia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12733</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Khan and Benjamin [<xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">171</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1992</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abha, Saudi Arabia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2222</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amerindian</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hernández-Arriaga et al. [<xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">172</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1991</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guanajuato, México</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16987</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.47</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Indo-Malay</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Morito [<xref rid="B216" ref-type="bibr">173</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1983</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Okayama, Japan</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4824*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chen [<xref rid="B128" ref-type="bibr">174</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1967</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taipei, Taiwan</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2257</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hsieh et al. [<xref rid="B127" ref-type="bibr">175</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taichung, Taiwan</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3345</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Caucasians—Scandinavia</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Andrén [<xref rid="B171" ref-type="bibr">176</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1962</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malmö, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28292</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.26</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">von Rosen [<xref rid="B449" ref-type="bibr">177</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1970</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malmö, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34520</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">171</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.94</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palmén [<xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">178</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1961</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Falköping, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12394</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.65</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hinderaker et al. [<xref rid="B169" ref-type="bibr">179</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1994</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All Norway</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">959412</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9483</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.88</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beckman et al. [<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1970–73</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Västerbotten County, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11613</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Almby and Rehnberg [<xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">180</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1977</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uppsala, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29339</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">298</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hiertonn and James [<xref rid="B134" ref-type="bibr">181</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1968</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uppsala, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11868</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">242</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medbö [<xref rid="B450" ref-type="bibr">182</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1961</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ålesund, Norway</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3242</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyvín [<xref rid="B451" ref-type="bibr">183</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1977</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trondheim, Norway</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6509</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">146</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Caucasians—Western Europe</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Dickson [<xref rid="B193" ref-type="bibr">184</xref>
] </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1912</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paris, France</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1502</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rennes, France</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">220</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jones [<xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1977</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Norwich, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29366</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.58</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Finlay et al. [<xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">161</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1967</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uxbridge, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14594</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">O'Brien and McGill [<xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">185</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1970</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dublin, Ireland</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10081</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Barlow [<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1962</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Salford, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9289</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">139</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wilkinson [<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1972</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southampton, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6272</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Galasko et al. [<xref rid="B452" ref-type="bibr">186</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1980</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Salford, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11980</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">179</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dunn et al. [<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">187</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1985</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bristol, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23002</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">445</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lennox et al. [<xref rid="B136" ref-type="bibr">188</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aberdeen, Scotland</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67093</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3354</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mitchell [<xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1972</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edinburgh, Scotland</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31961</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">226</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drescher [<xref rid="B135" ref-type="bibr">189</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1957</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leipzig, Germany</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5098</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">164</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vertex</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4953</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Breech</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">145</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Caucasians—Eastern Europe</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Szulc [<xref rid="B137" ref-type="bibr">190</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1961–66</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poland</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2608</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Caucasians—Australia and New Zealand</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phillips [<xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">191</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1968</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Auckland, New Zealand</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43025</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bower et al. [<xref rid="B138" ref-type="bibr">192</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1989</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western Australia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67757</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">450</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chaitow and Lillystone [<xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">193</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1984</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sydney, Australia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">450</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Goss [<xref rid="B140" ref-type="bibr">194</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Victoria, Australia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5166</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Caucasians—North America</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coleman [<xref rid="B142" ref-type="bibr">195</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1956</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Salt Lake City, Utah</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3500</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ponseti [<xref rid="B141" ref-type="bibr">196</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1978</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iowa City, Iowa</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51359</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gross et al. [<xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">167</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1982</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7490</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lehmann and Street [<xref rid="B448" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1981</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23234</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">132</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tredwell and Bell [<xref rid="B145" ref-type="bibr">197</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1981</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32480</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">321</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ritter [<xref rid="B143" ref-type="bibr">198</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1973</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indianapolis, Indiana</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3278</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artz et al. [<xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">168</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1975</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New York, New York</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19020</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">291</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>All</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1528069</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16452</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scandinavia</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1085576</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10524</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Caucasian's weighted avg.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Australia/New Zealand</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">116398</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">701</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Western Europe</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">185734</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4312</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>North America</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140361</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">915</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mixed/Unknown—All Geographic Locations</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ein [<xref rid="B453" ref-type="bibr">199</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1957</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Newark, New Jersey</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4597</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stanisavljevic [<xref rid="B454" ref-type="bibr">200</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1962</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Detroit, Michigan</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5125</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weissman and Salama [<xref rid="B254" ref-type="bibr">201</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1969</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tel Aviv, Israel</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6841</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Klingberg et al. [<xref rid="B261" ref-type="bibr">202</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1976</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rehovot, Israel</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12150</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">172</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6204</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5946</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Khrouf et al. [<xref rid="B455" ref-type="bibr">203</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1986</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tunis, Tunisia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*The incidence and either the numerator/denominator were given; appropriate values calculated when possible.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>Incidence of DDH in the ultrasound screening period era (1980s–present)*.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Location</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethnicity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Time</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Pts</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. DDH</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incid.</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> Graf IIa</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incid. > Graf IIa</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>At birth—2 weeks</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eidelman et al. [<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethiopia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black Jews</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">768</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poul et al. [<xref rid="B146" ref-type="bibr">208</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1998</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">London, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">185</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chang et al. [<xref rid="B427" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Malay (Chinese)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Danielsson [<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malmö, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med. (Iraqi/Iranian)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1604</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Danielsson [<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malmö, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15189</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treiber et al. [<xref rid="B456" ref-type="bibr">209</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maribor, Slovenia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17393</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">324</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">369</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vencálková and Janata [<xref rid="B263" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liberec, Czech Republic</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16678</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">212</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosendahl et al. [<xref rid="B457" ref-type="bibr">210</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1996</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bergen, Norway</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3613</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1613</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">446.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bache et al. [<xref rid="B458" ref-type="bibr">211</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coventry, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29323</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3866</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2340</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Szöke et al. [<xref rid="B459" ref-type="bibr">212</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1988</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cologne, Germany</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">524</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">524.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tönnis et al. [<xref rid="B460" ref-type="bibr">213</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1990</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dortmund, Germany</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2587</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1877</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">725.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">137</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rühmann et al. [<xref rid="B461" ref-type="bibr">214</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1998</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hanover, Germany</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6617</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">436</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">217</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parten- heimer et al. [<xref rid="B172" ref-type="bibr">215</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2006</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Greifswald, Germany</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4–10 days</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2256</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exner [<xref rid="B147" ref-type="bibr">216</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1988</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zurich, Switzerland</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">615</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">521</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">847.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peled et al. [<xref rid="B462" ref-type="bibr">217</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Haifa, Israel</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45497</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2137</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Giannako- poulou et al. [<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crete</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 wks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6140</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ballerini et al. [<xref rid="B463" ref-type="bibr">218</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1990</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Milan, Italy</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2842</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">778</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">273.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Riboni et al. [<xref rid="B464" ref-type="bibr">219</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1991</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Milan, Italy</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1507</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">508</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">337.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Franchin et al. [<xref rid="B465" ref-type="bibr">220</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1992</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bari, Italy</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">959</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">319.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">309</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Baronciani et al. [<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lecco, Italy</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4648</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1186</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">255.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">267</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Riboni et al. [<xref rid="B466" ref-type="bibr">221</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Milan, Italy</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8896</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yiv et al. [<xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Australia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19622</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">206</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Weighted average (Caucasians)</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">187423</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14986</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6445</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>At 4 to 6 weeks</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eidelman et al. [<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethiopia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black Jews</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 wks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">768</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doğruel et al. [<xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ankara, Turkey</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Turkish)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 wks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3541</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">167</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">208</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bache et al. [<xref rid="B458" ref-type="bibr">211</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coventry, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 wks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29323</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roovers et al. [<xref rid="B467" ref-type="bibr">222</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enschede, Netherlands</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 wks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4473</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1697</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">379.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">132</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Weighted average (Caucasians)</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33796</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1789</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">132</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>At 4 to 6 Months</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Krolo et al. [<xref rid="B444" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1989–2001</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zagreb, Croatia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 months</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Akman et al. [<xref rid="B268" ref-type="bibr">223</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ankara, Turkey</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 months</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">403</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*The data for the last two columns those having > Graf IIa instability are for all hips, while the previous columns are for children.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab5" position="float"><label>Table 5</label>
<caption><p>General demographics of childhood hip dysplasia.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Location</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethnicity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. DDH</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%M</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%F</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%Bil.</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%Unil.</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%R</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%L</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%RU</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%LU</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ang et al. [<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singapore</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Malay (mixed)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chai and Sivanan- tham [<xref rid="B468" ref-type="bibr">224</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1990</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Malay (mixed)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wada et al. [<xref rid="B240" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tokushima, Japan</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Malay (Japanese)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kaushal et al. [<xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1976</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chandigarh, India</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Indian)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mamouri et al. [<xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mashhad, Iran</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Iranian)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pashapour and Golmaham- madlou [<xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Urmia, Iran</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Iranian)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abdinejad et al. [<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1996</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shriz, Iran</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Iranian)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mirdad [<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aseer, Saudi Arabia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Saudi)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">236</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">149</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kremli et al. [<xref rid="B150" ref-type="bibr">225</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Saudi)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">600</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">513</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">218</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">382</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">223</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">159</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mufti [<xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">226</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1988</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Saudi) and others</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dğruel [<xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ankara, Turkey</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Turkish)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">167</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kutlu et al. [<xref rid="B267" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1992</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Konya, Turkey</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Turkish)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kraus and Schwartzman [<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1957</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fort Apache, Arizona</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nat. Am.</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coleman [<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1968</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fort Defiance AZ, Shiprock NM, Gallup NM</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nat. Am.</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walker [<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1977</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Island Lake, Manitoba</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nat. Am.</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">420</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">145</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">275</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">231</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rabin et al. [<xref rid="B242" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1965</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Many Farms District, Navajo Indian Reservation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nat. Am.</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MacKenzie et al. [<xref rid="B469" ref-type="bibr">227</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1960</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aberdeen and London, UK</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">134</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wilkinson and Carter [<xref rid="B470" ref-type="bibr">228</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1960</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">London, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">149</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">132</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Noble et al. [<xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1978</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Newcastle upon Tyne, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">271</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">211</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">168</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wray and Muddu [<xref rid="B162" ref-type="bibr">229</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1978</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stockport, England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Heikkilä [<xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1984</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southern Finland</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1035</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">208</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">827</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">342</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">693</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">559</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fredens- borg [<xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1976</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malmö, Sweden</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">548</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">430</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">314</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">234</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">143</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Darmonov [<xref rid="B446" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1996</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stara Zagora, Bulgaria</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomáš [<xref rid="B260" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1989</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bardejov, Slovakia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">323</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">242</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Czéizel et al. [<xref rid="B157" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1974</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Békéscsaba, Hungary</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">523</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">446</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poul et al. [<xref rid="B151" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1992</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brno, Czechoslo- vakia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">656</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">197</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">459</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">537</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">449</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vencálková and Janata [<xref rid="B263" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liberec, Czech</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">452</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">339</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">208</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Di Bella et al. [<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sicily, Italy</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Padilla-Esteban et al. [<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1990</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Madrid, Spain</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1747</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">607</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1140</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">648</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1099</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">413</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">686</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Romero et al. [<xref rid="B158" ref-type="bibr">230</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1989</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chile</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tijmes et al. [<xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1971</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Llanquihue, Chile</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">137</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Robinson [<xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">231</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1968</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New York State</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">339</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">271</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">249</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">168</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hazel and Beals [<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1989</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Portland, Oregon, USA</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hadlow [<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1988</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Plymouth, New Zealand</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">172</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">162</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doig and Shannon [<xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">146</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1975</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Christchurch, New Zealand</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paterson [<xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1976</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Australia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian and others</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yiv et al. [<xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Australia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian and others</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">206</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bower et al. [<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1987</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western Australia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian and others</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">437</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">101</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">336</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">165</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">223</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weighted Averages</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>9717</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2373</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>24.5</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>7317</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>75.5</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2989</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>36.6</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>5169</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>63.4</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1814</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>22.2</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3229</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>39.6</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>36.0</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>64.0</bold>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab6" position="float"><label>Table 6</label>
<caption><p>Prevalence of adult acetabular dysplasia amongst different racial groups.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Male</td>
<td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Female</td>
<td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Male and female</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">CEA*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethnicity</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Location</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Dysp.</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Hips</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Dysp.</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Hips</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Dysp.</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Hips.</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="14" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ali-Gombe et al. [<xref rid="B386" ref-type="bibr">382</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1996</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nigeria</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Msamati et al. [<xref rid="B471" ref-type="bibr">383</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malawi</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skirving [<xref rid="B472" ref-type="bibr">384</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1981</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">162</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Average—Black</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>26</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>342</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>7.6</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yoshimura et al. [<xref rid="B379" ref-type="bibr">385</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1998</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Britain</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1303</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">195</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1498</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Croft et al. [<xref rid="B377" ref-type="bibr">386</xref>
] </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1991</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Britain</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2604</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><20°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1991</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Britain</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2604</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Smith et al. [<xref rid="B378" ref-type="bibr">387</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1995</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Britain</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">393</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">393</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lane et al. [<xref rid="B391" ref-type="bibr">388</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><30°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jacobsen [<xref rid="B473" ref-type="bibr">389</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Denmark</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1352</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2215</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">242</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3567</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><20°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inoue et al. [<xref rid="B384" ref-type="bibr">390</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">France</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">549</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">234</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">783</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skirving [<xref rid="B472" ref-type="bibr">384</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1981</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caucasian</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">England</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Average—Caucasian</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>302</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>5161</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>5.9</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Lau et al. [<xref rid="B383" ref-type="bibr">391</xref>
] </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1995</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Malay (Chinese)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hong Kong</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">999</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">999</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1995</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Malay (Chinese)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hong Kong</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">999</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">999</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><20°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Hoaglund et al. [<xref rid="B474" ref-type="bibr">392</xref>
] </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1973</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Malay (Chinese)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hong Kong</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">248</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">252</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><20°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1973</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Malay (Chinese)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hong Kong</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">248</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">252</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yoshimura et al. [<xref rid="B379" ref-type="bibr">385</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1998</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Malay (Japanese)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">198</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inoue et al. [<xref rid="B384" ref-type="bibr">390</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Malay (Japanese)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">820</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">718</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1538</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Han et al. [<xref rid="B475" ref-type="bibr">393</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1998</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Malay (Korean)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Korea</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">319</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">272</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">591</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><20°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Moussa and Alomran [<xref rid="B392" ref-type="bibr">394</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Saudi)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saudi Arabia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">208</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Saudi)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saudi Arabia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">208</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><20°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Goker et al. [<xref rid="B385" ref-type="bibr">395</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Turkish)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Turkey</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">184</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Turkish)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Turkey</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">184</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><20°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aktas et al. [<xref rid="B476" ref-type="bibr">396</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indo-Med (Turkish)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Turkey</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">202</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">293</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">495</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≤22.5°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Umer et al. [<xref rid="B477" ref-type="bibr">397</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2006</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixed—not stated</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singapore</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">522</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><20°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Average—Indo-Malay</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>327</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>4122</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>7.9</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">°</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>57</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3004</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1.9</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><20°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Johnsen et al. [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sámi</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Norway</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">165</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">315</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>17.8</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><20°</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sámi</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Norway</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">165</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">315</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>21.0</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><25°</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*CEA = center-edge angle of Wiberg [<xref rid="B374" ref-type="bibr">398</xref>
].</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab7" position="float"><label>Table 7</label>
<caption><p>Archeological studies of hip dysplasia.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Archeological location</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Era</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. DDH</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Skeletons</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prevalence</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>European peoples</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blondiaux and Millot [<xref rid="B393" ref-type="bibr">408</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1991</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North and Eastern France</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4th–13th century</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">700</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mafart et al. [<xref rid="B394" ref-type="bibr">409</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southern France</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8th–17th century</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">900</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mitchell and Redfern [<xref rid="B395" ref-type="bibr">410</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spitalfields, London, UK</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1100–1530</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3290</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hawkes and Wells [<xref rid="B478" ref-type="bibr">411</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1983</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Worthy Park, Hampshire, South England</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5th–7th century</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eng et al. [<xref rid="B397" ref-type="bibr">412</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Transylvania, Romania</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1550–1700</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Masnicová and Beňuš [<xref rid="B398" ref-type="bibr">413</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Devín, Slovakia</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9th–12th century</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">327</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maat et al. [<xref rid="B396" ref-type="bibr">414</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1995</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dordrecht, Netherlands</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1375–1572</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lieverse [<xref rid="B399" ref-type="bibr">415</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cis-Baikal, Siberia</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6800–1000 BC</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">271</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bourbou [<xref rid="B402" ref-type="bibr">416</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southern Greece</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6th–7th century</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lieverse [<xref rid="B401" ref-type="bibr">417</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Padova, Italy</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">213</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bisel [<xref rid="B400" ref-type="bibr">418</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1991</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herculaneum, Italy</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79 AD</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">139</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mid-Eastern/ Egyptian peoples</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Goldstein et al. [<xref rid="B404" ref-type="bibr">419</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1976</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tel Sheva, Negev</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 BC</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ortner [<xref rid="B403" ref-type="bibr">420</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1979</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bâb edh-Dhrâ, Jordan</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Early Bronze Age (3150–2200 BC)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mathieson et al. [<xref rid="B405" ref-type="bibr">421</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gisr el-Mudir, Saqqara, Egypt</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2890–2650 BC</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Indigenous peoples</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lahr and Bowan [<xref rid="B413" ref-type="bibr">422</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1992</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kechipawan, New Mexico</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1300–1600</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pfeiffer [<xref rid="B410" ref-type="bibr">423</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1984</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uxbridge, Ontario</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1490</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312<sup>∧</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clabeaux [<xref rid="B411" ref-type="bibr">424</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1977</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fort Erie, Niagara River, Ontario</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pre- colonization</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">286</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wakefield et al. [<xref rid="B408" ref-type="bibr">425</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1937</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eastern Arkansas</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pre- colonization</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gregg et al. [<xref rid="B412" ref-type="bibr">426</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1981</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crow Creek, South Dakota</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14th century</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">486</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Miles [<xref rid="B479" ref-type="bibr">427</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1975</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesa Verde, Colorado</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">750–1300 AD</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">179</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Goldstein [<xref rid="B480" ref-type="bibr">428</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1957</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Texas</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">800–1700 AD</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">146</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Loveland et al. [<xref rid="B409" ref-type="bibr">429</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1985</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Red River County, Texas</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1100–1800 AD</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wheeler [<xref rid="B414" ref-type="bibr">430</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">El Morro Valley, New Mexico</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13th Century</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Merbs and Vestergaard [<xref rid="B415" ref-type="bibr">431</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1985</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sundown, Prescott, Arizona</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1100–1200 AD</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drusini et al. [<xref rid="B407" ref-type="bibr">432</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1987</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maguana, Santo Domingo</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">late 15th century</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western Europe</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5089</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eastern Europe</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">668</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mediterra- nean</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">577</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Middle East</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indigenous</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1798</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8321</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>∧</sup>
The skeletal remains derived from an ossuary make it impossible to reconstruct each individual from the commingled bones; the minimal number of individual skeletons is given. This results in a prevalence that cannot exceed the number calculated but may be less if there were more individuals represented in the ossuary.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Indiana</li>
</region>
</list>
<tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Indiana"><name sortKey="Loder, Randall T" sort="Loder, Randall T" uniqKey="Loder R" first="Randall T." last="Loder">Randall T. Loder</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Loder, Randall T" sort="Loder, Randall T" uniqKey="Loder R" first="Randall T." last="Loder">Randall T. Loder</name>
<name sortKey="Skopelja, Elaine N" sort="Skopelja, Elaine N" uniqKey="Skopelja E" first="Elaine N." last="Skopelja">Elaine N. Skopelja</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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