The embalmed heart of Richard the Lionheart (1199 A.D.): a biological and anthropological analysis
Identifieur interne : 000C47 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000C46; suivant : 000C48The embalmed heart of Richard the Lionheart (1199 A.D.): a biological and anthropological analysis
Auteurs : Philippe Charlier [France] ; Joël Poupon [France] ; Gaël-François Jeannel [France] ; Dominique Favier [France] ; Speranta-Maria Popescu [France] ; Raphaël Weil [France] ; Christophe Moulherat [France] ; Isabelle Huynh-Charlier [France] ; Caroline Dorion-Peyronnet [France] ; Ana-Maria Lazar [France] ; Christian Hervé [France] ; Geoffroy Lorin De La Grandmaison [France]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
During the Middle Ages, the partition of the cadaver of the elite members was a current practice, with highly technical treatment given to symbolic organs such as the heart. Considered mostly from a theoretical point of view, this notion of dilaceratio corporis has never been biologically explored. To assess the exact kind of embalming reserved to the heart, we performed a full biomedical analysis of the mummified heart of the English King Richard I (1199 A.D.). Here we show among other aspects, that the organ has been embalmed using substances inspired by Biblical texts and practical necessities of desiccation. We found that the heart was deposed in linen, associated with myrtle, daisy, mint, frankincense, creosote, mercury and, possibly, lime. Furthermore, the goal of using such preservation materials was to allow long-term conservation of the tissues, and good-smelling similar to the one of the Christ (comparable to the odor of sanctity).
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DOI: 10.1038/srep01296
PubMed: 23448897
PubMed Central: 3584573
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Consulting</institution>, 385 route du Mas Rillier, 69140 Rillieux la Pape, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 385 route du Mas Rillier, 69140 Rillieux la Pape</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Rillieux la Pape</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weil, Raphael" sort="Weil, Raphael" uniqKey="Weil R" first="Raphaël" last="Weil">Raphaël Weil</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Laboratory of Solid-state Physics (CNRS, UMR 8502), Paris Sud University</institution>, Orsay, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, Orsay</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Orsay</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moulherat, Christophe" sort="Moulherat, Christophe" uniqKey="Moulherat C" first="Christophe" last="Moulherat">Christophe Moulherat</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Quai Branly Museum</institution>, 283 rue de l'université, 75007 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 283 rue de l'université, 75007 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huynh Charlier, Isabelle" sort="Huynh Charlier, Isabelle" uniqKey="Huynh Charlier I" first="Isabelle" last="Huynh-Charlier">Isabelle Huynh-Charlier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Department of Radiology, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP)</institution>, 75013 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dorion Peyronnet, Caroline" sort="Dorion Peyronnet, Caroline" uniqKey="Dorion Peyronnet C" first="Caroline" last="Dorion-Peyronnet">Caroline Dorion-Peyronnet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Departemental Museum of Antiquities, 198 rue Beauvoisine</institution>, 76000 Rouen, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 76000 Rouen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Haute-Normandie</region><settlement type="city">Rouen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lazar, Ana Maria" sort="Lazar, Ana Maria" uniqKey="Lazar A" first="Ana-Maria" last="Lazar">Ana-Maria Lazar</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>National French Library (BNF), Quai François Mauriac</institution>, 75013 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 75013 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herve, Christian" sort="Herve, Christian" uniqKey="Herve C" first="Christian" last="Hervé">Christian Hervé</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine Paris 5</institution>, 75005 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 75005 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De La Grandmaison, Geoffroy Lorin" sort="De La Grandmaison, Geoffroy Lorin" uniqKey="De La Grandmaison G" first="Geoffroy Lorin" last="De La Grandmaison">Geoffroy Lorin De La Grandmaison</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, University Hospital R. Poincaré (AP-HP, UVSQ)</institution>, 92380 Garches, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>, 92380 Garches</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Garches</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>During the Middle Ages, the partition of the cadaver of the elite members was a current practice, with highly technical treatment given to symbolic organs such as the heart. Considered mostly from a theoretical point of view, this notion of dilaceratio corporis has never been biologically explored. To assess the exact kind of embalming reserved to the heart, we performed a full biomedical analysis of the mummified heart of the English King Richard I (1199 A.D.). Here we show among other aspects, that the organ has been embalmed using substances inspired by Biblical texts and practical necessities of desiccation. We found that the heart was deposed in linen, associated with myrtle, daisy, mint, frankincense, creosote, mercury and, possibly, lime. Furthermore, the goal of using such preservation materials was to allow long-term conservation of the tissues, and good-smelling similar to the one of the Christ (comparable to the odor of sanctity).</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arbellot, J" uniqKey="Arbellot J">J. Arbellot</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Charlier, P" uniqKey="Charlier P">P. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23448897</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3584573</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep01296</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep01296</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The embalmed heart of Richard the Lionheart (1199 A.D.): a biological and anthropological analysis</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Charlier</surname><given-names>Philippe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Poupon</surname><given-names>Joël</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jeannel</surname><given-names>Gaël-François</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Favier</surname><given-names>Dominique</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Popescu</surname><given-names>Speranta-Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weil</surname><given-names>Raphaël</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moulherat</surname><given-names>Christophe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huynh-Charlier</surname><given-names>Isabelle</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dorion-Peyronnet</surname><given-names>Caroline</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lazar</surname><given-names>Ana-Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hervé</surname><given-names>Christian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de la Grandmaison</surname><given-names>Geoffroy Lorin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, University Hospital R. Poincaré (AP-HP, UVSQ)</institution>, 92380 Garches, France</aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Department of Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine Paris 5</institution>, 75005 Paris, France</aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Department of Biological Toxicology, University Lariboisière Hospital (AP-HP)</institution>, 75010 Paris, France</aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>International Flavors and Fragrancies (IFF)</institution>, 61 rue de Villiers, 92523 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France</aff><aff id="a5"><label>5</label><institution>GeoBioStratData. Consulting</institution>, 385 route du Mas Rillier, 69140 Rillieux la Pape, France</aff><aff id="a6"><label>6</label><institution>Laboratory of Solid-state Physics (CNRS, UMR 8502), Paris Sud University</institution>, Orsay, France</aff><aff id="a7"><label>7</label><institution>Quai Branly Museum</institution>, 283 rue de l'université, 75007 Paris, France</aff><aff id="a8"><label>8</label><institution>Department of Radiology, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP)</institution>, 75013 Paris, France</aff><aff id="a9"><label>9</label><institution>Departemental Museum of Antiquities, 198 rue Beauvoisine</institution>, 76000 Rouen, France</aff><aff id="a10"><label>10</label><institution>National French Library (BNF), Quai François Mauriac</institution>, 75013 Paris, France</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>ph_charlier@yahoo.fr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><elocation-id>1296</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>01</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013, Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>During the Middle Ages, the partition of the cadaver of the elite members was a current practice, with highly technical treatment given to symbolic organs such as the heart. Considered mostly from a theoretical point of view, this notion of dilaceratio corporis has never been biologically explored. To assess the exact kind of embalming reserved to the heart, we performed a full biomedical analysis of the mummified heart of the English King Richard I (1199 A.D.). Here we show among other aspects, that the organ has been embalmed using substances inspired by Biblical texts and practical necessities of desiccation. We found that the heart was deposed in linen, associated with myrtle, daisy, mint, frankincense, creosote, mercury and, possibly, lime. Furthermore, the goal of using such preservation materials was to allow long-term conservation of the tissues, and good-smelling similar to the one of the Christ (comparable to the odor of sanctity).</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The heart box of Richard I (photo credit: Musée départemental des Antiquités © Yohann Deslandes/CG76) (A). Actual aspect of the crystal box containing the remains of the mummified heart of Richard I (picture by Philippe Charlier) (B).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep01296-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Detail of the textile fragments and whitish organic powder under binocular lenses (picture by Joël Poupon) (A).Surface view and optical section of a pollen of <italic>Mentha sp.</italic> Lamiaceae under optical microscope (magnification x1000) (picture by Speranta-Maria Popescu) (B). Detail of a group of bacteria (<italic>Bacillus sp</italic>.) within the embalming matter of the mummified heart (SEM, magnification x4840) (picture by Raphaël Weil) (C). General view of the post-mortem development of fungi (<italic>Aspergillus sp</italic>.) within the embalming matter of the mummified heart (SEM, magnification x50) (picture by Raphaël Weil) (D).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep01296-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Chromatogram from the direct desorption of the white matter sample (A) and dark matter sample (B) from the heart's fragment of King Richard the Lionheart.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep01296-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Oleanane type structure (alpha-boswellic acid) and its mass-spectra.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep01296-f4"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Results of palynological analyses on the sample of the white powder from the heart of Richard I</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="justify" valign="top" charoff="50">Identified taxa (family, genus and species when possible)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Number of pollen grains</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">State of preservation of pollen grains</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Period of pollination of referred plants</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Present-day geographic distribution of referred plants</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pinus</italic>, Pinaceae</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Poor</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">May-June</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">(<italic>Pinus silvestris</italic> (Scots pine), only one specie spontaneous in the north-western Massif Central</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Quercus ilex</italic> (holm oak), Fagaceae</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Moderate</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">April-May</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Common in the Mediterranean region, but also distributed in Western France up to Brittany</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Plantago</italic> (plantain), Plantaginaceae</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Moderate</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">> April</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Plantago</italic> species widely distributed in western France</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Campanulaceae</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Good</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">> April</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Several genera (<italic>Campanula i</italic>.<italic>e</italic>. bellflower, <italic>Jasione</italic>, <italic>Phyteuma</italic>, etc.) widely distributed in France</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Myrtus communis</italic> (myrtle), Myrtaceae</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Good</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">May-July</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sweet-smelling plant endemic of the Mediterranean region</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Asteraceae Asteroideae (chrysanthemums, maybe the species <italic>Leucanthemum vulgare</italic> (daisy) according to the small size of the pollen grains (<20 μm)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Good</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">May-August</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Widely distributed in France</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Lamiaceae (<italic>Mentha</italic> (mint), according to the ornamentation of exine)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Good</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">July-October</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Mentha</italic> (mint) displays several species living in Western France such as <italic>M</italic>. <italic>silvestris</italic> (sweet-smelling plant; blooming July-September), <italic>M</italic>. <italic>viridis</italic> (August-October), <italic>M</italic>. <italic>aquatica</italic> (July-September), <italic>M</italic>. <italic>arvensis</italic> (strong-smelling plant: July-October), and <italic>M</italic>. <italic>Pulegium</italic> (strong-smelling plant: July-October)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Populus</italic> (poplar), Salicaceae</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Good</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">March-April</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Three species of <italic>Populus</italic> (<italic>P</italic>. <italic>alba</italic>, <italic>P</italic>. <italic>tremula</italic>, <italic>P</italic>. <italic>nigra</italic>) widely distributed in France</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Results of elemental analyses on the white powder from the heart of Richard I</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="justify" valign="top" charoff="50">Weight (mg)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Pb (μg/g)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Sn (μg/g)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Sb (μg/g)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Cu (μg/g)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Bi (μg/g)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Hg (μg/g)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Fe (μg/g)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Ca (μg/g)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Al (μg/g)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="justify" valign="top" charoff="50">0.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">183,148</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4,280</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">102</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">150</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3,580</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">59,420</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">700</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>France</li></country><region><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Haute-Normandie</li><li>Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Région Normandie</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Garches</li><li>Neuilly-sur-Seine</li><li>Orsay</li><li>Paris</li><li>Rillieux la Pape</li><li>Rouen</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Charlier, Philippe" sort="Charlier, Philippe" uniqKey="Charlier P" first="Philippe" last="Charlier">Philippe Charlier</name></region><name sortKey="Charlier, Philippe" sort="Charlier, Philippe" uniqKey="Charlier P" first="Philippe" last="Charlier">Philippe Charlier</name><name sortKey="De La Grandmaison, Geoffroy Lorin" sort="De La Grandmaison, Geoffroy Lorin" uniqKey="De La Grandmaison G" first="Geoffroy Lorin" last="De La Grandmaison">Geoffroy Lorin De La Grandmaison</name><name sortKey="Dorion Peyronnet, Caroline" sort="Dorion Peyronnet, Caroline" uniqKey="Dorion Peyronnet C" first="Caroline" last="Dorion-Peyronnet">Caroline Dorion-Peyronnet</name><name sortKey="Favier, Dominique" sort="Favier, Dominique" uniqKey="Favier D" first="Dominique" last="Favier">Dominique Favier</name><name sortKey="Herve, Christian" sort="Herve, Christian" uniqKey="Herve C" first="Christian" last="Hervé">Christian Hervé</name><name sortKey="Huynh Charlier, Isabelle" sort="Huynh Charlier, Isabelle" uniqKey="Huynh Charlier I" first="Isabelle" last="Huynh-Charlier">Isabelle Huynh-Charlier</name><name sortKey="Jeannel, Gael Francois" sort="Jeannel, Gael Francois" uniqKey="Jeannel G" first="Gaël-François" last="Jeannel">Gaël-François Jeannel</name><name sortKey="Lazar, Ana Maria" sort="Lazar, Ana Maria" uniqKey="Lazar A" first="Ana-Maria" last="Lazar">Ana-Maria Lazar</name><name sortKey="Moulherat, Christophe" sort="Moulherat, Christophe" uniqKey="Moulherat C" first="Christophe" last="Moulherat">Christophe Moulherat</name><name sortKey="Popescu, Speranta Maria" sort="Popescu, Speranta Maria" uniqKey="Popescu S" first="Speranta-Maria" last="Popescu">Speranta-Maria Popescu</name><name sortKey="Poupon, Joel" sort="Poupon, Joel" uniqKey="Poupon J" first="Joël" last="Poupon">Joël Poupon</name><name sortKey="Weil, Raphael" sort="Weil, Raphael" uniqKey="Weil R" first="Raphaël" last="Weil">Raphaël Weil</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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