Occupational Mobility in 19th Century Rural England: The Interpretation of Entheseal Changes
Identifieur interne : 001839 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001838; suivant : 001840Occupational Mobility in 19th Century Rural England: The Interpretation of Entheseal Changes
Auteurs : C. Y. Henderson ; D. D. Craps ; A. C. Caffell ; A. R. Millard ; R. GowlandSource :
- International Journal of Osteoarchaeology [ 1047-482X ] ; 2013-03.
Abstract
Identified skeletal collections have been widely used to test methods for recording entheseal changes (EC). These studies have all used the occupation provided with the death certificate or equivalent as the occupation during life. However, the variety of tasks undertaken within occupations, the range of occupational tasks and how these changed over the life course is rarely discussed. The aim of this paper is to highlight the value of using historical data to improve the interpretation of skeletal data. Materials and methods: Identified adult skeletons (n = 18) from the churchyard of St. Michael and St. Lawrence, Fewston, North Yorkshire, England, were recorded for EC and degenerative joint changes (DJC). The individuals were born and died between 1791 and 1921 (only one individual was buried after the churchyard's closure in 1896). All individuals have at least one census record that includes their occupation. Published sections of a diary coinciding with the cemetery's use and written by the son of two of the identified individuals were used to record the frequency and range of activities. Results: Men (54.5% of them) and women (29% of them) changed their occupations, and those who changed occupation were found to be older than those who did not. The latter were found to have a lower frequency of DJC and EC, but this is likely due to the difference in age profile between the two groups. However, the detailed pattern of EC did not match that of DJC for the three occupation categories used. The diary demonstrated that a stonemason undertook a wide variety of occupational tasks as well as enjoying hobbies. Discussion: The results demonstrate that occupations in 19th century rural England were not stable and demonstrated a wide variety of everyday and infrequent activities. This demonstrates that using occupation listed at death does not provide sufficiently detailed information for testing methods of recording EC or for interpreting the relationship between occupation and health. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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DOI: 10.1002/oa.2286
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Occupational Mobility in 19th Century Rural England: The Interpretation of Entheseal Changes</title><author><name sortKey="Henderson, C Y" sort="Henderson, C Y" uniqKey="Henderson C" first="C. Y." last="Henderson">C. Y. Henderson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>CIAS‐Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Correspondence to: C. Y. Henderson, CIAS‐Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.e‐mail:</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: c.y.henderson@uc.pt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craps, D D" sort="Craps, D D" uniqKey="Craps D" first="D. D." last="Craps">D. D. Craps</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caffell, A C" sort="Caffell, A C" uniqKey="Caffell A" first="A. C." last="Caffell">A. C. Caffell</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>York Osteoarchaeology Ltd., York, Bishop Wilton, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Millard, A R" sort="Millard, A R" uniqKey="Millard A" first="A. R." last="Millard">A. R. Millard</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gowland, R" sort="Gowland, R" uniqKey="Gowland R" first="R." last="Gowland">R. Gowland</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:EFE1C4D812CBE801BF9D4F7BBB82CB3FB23251C7</idno><date when="2013" year="2013">2013</date><idno type="doi">10.1002/oa.2286</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/EFE1C4D812CBE801BF9D4F7BBB82CB3FB23251C7/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001839</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001839</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Occupational Mobility in 19th Century Rural England: The Interpretation of Entheseal Changes</title><author><name sortKey="Henderson, C Y" sort="Henderson, C Y" uniqKey="Henderson C" first="C. Y." last="Henderson">C. Y. Henderson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>CIAS‐Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Correspondence to: C. Y. Henderson, CIAS‐Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.e‐mail:</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: c.y.henderson@uc.pt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craps, D D" sort="Craps, D D" uniqKey="Craps D" first="D. D." last="Craps">D. D. Craps</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caffell, A C" sort="Caffell, A C" uniqKey="Caffell A" first="A. C." last="Caffell">A. C. Caffell</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>York Osteoarchaeology Ltd., York, Bishop Wilton, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Millard, A R" sort="Millard, A R" uniqKey="Millard A" first="A. R." last="Millard">A. R. Millard</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gowland, R" sort="Gowland, R" uniqKey="Gowland R" first="R." last="Gowland">R. Gowland</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">International Journal of Osteoarchaeology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Int. J. Osteoarchaeol.</title><idno type="ISSN">1047-482X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1099-1212</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2013-03">2013-03</date><biblScope unit="volume">23</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="197">197</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="210">210</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1047-482X</idno></series><idno type="istex">EFE1C4D812CBE801BF9D4F7BBB82CB3FB23251C7</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/oa.2286</idno><idno type="ArticleID">OA2286</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1047-482X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Identified skeletal collections have been widely used to test methods for recording entheseal changes (EC). These studies have all used the occupation provided with the death certificate or equivalent as the occupation during life. However, the variety of tasks undertaken within occupations, the range of occupational tasks and how these changed over the life course is rarely discussed. The aim of this paper is to highlight the value of using historical data to improve the interpretation of skeletal data. Materials and methods: Identified adult skeletons (n = 18) from the churchyard of St. Michael and St. Lawrence, Fewston, North Yorkshire, England, were recorded for EC and degenerative joint changes (DJC). The individuals were born and died between 1791 and 1921 (only one individual was buried after the churchyard's closure in 1896). All individuals have at least one census record that includes their occupation. Published sections of a diary coinciding with the cemetery's use and written by the son of two of the identified individuals were used to record the frequency and range of activities. Results: Men (54.5% of them) and women (29% of them) changed their occupations, and those who changed occupation were found to be older than those who did not. The latter were found to have a lower frequency of DJC and EC, but this is likely due to the difference in age profile between the two groups. However, the detailed pattern of EC did not match that of DJC for the three occupation categories used. The diary demonstrated that a stonemason undertook a wide variety of occupational tasks as well as enjoying hobbies. Discussion: The results demonstrate that occupations in 19th century rural England were not stable and demonstrated a wide variety of everyday and infrequent activities. This demonstrates that using occupation listed at death does not provide sufficiently detailed information for testing methods of recording EC or for interpreting the relationship between occupation and health. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>C. Y. Henderson</name><affiliations><json:string>CIAS‐Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal</json:string><json:string>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</json:string><json:string>Correspondence to: C. Y. Henderson, CIAS‐Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.e‐mail:</json:string><json:string>E-mail: c.y.henderson@uc.pt</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>D. D. Craps</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>A. C. Caffell</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</json:string><json:string>York Osteoarchaeology Ltd., York, Bishop Wilton, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>A. R. Millard</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>R. Gowland</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>census</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>degenerative joint changes (DJC)</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>degenerative joint disease (DJD)</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>diary</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>farming</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Fewston, North Yorkshire</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>historical evidence</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM)</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>OA2286</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Identified skeletal collections have been widely used to test methods for recording entheseal changes (EC). These studies have all used the occupation provided with the death certificate or equivalent as the occupation during life. However, the variety of tasks undertaken within occupations, the range of occupational tasks and how these changed over the life course is rarely discussed. The aim of this paper is to highlight the value of using historical data to improve the interpretation of skeletal data. Materials and methods: Identified adult skeletons (n = 18) from the churchyard of St. Michael and St. Lawrence, Fewston, North Yorkshire, England, were recorded for EC and degenerative joint changes (DJC). The individuals were born and died between 1791 and 1921 (only one individual was buried after the churchyard's closure in 1896). All individuals have at least one census record that includes their occupation. Published sections of a diary coinciding with the cemetery's use and written by the son of two of the identified individuals were used to record the frequency and range of activities. Results: Men (54.5% of them) and women (29% of them) changed their occupations, and those who changed occupation were found to be older than those who did not. The latter were found to have a lower frequency of DJC and EC, but this is likely due to the difference in age profile between the two groups. However, the detailed pattern of EC did not match that of DJC for the three occupation categories used. The diary demonstrated that a stonemason undertook a wide variety of occupational tasks as well as enjoying hobbies. Discussion: The results demonstrate that occupations in 19th century rural England were not stable and demonstrated a wide variety of everyday and infrequent activities. This demonstrates that using occupation listed at death does not provide sufficiently detailed information for testing methods of recording EC or for interpreting the relationship between occupation and health. 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Alves Cardoso</name></json:item></editor><publisherId><json:string>OA</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>14</total><last>210</last><first>197</first></pages><issn><json:string>1047-482X</json:string></issn><issue>2</issue><subject><json:item><value>Special Issue Paper</value></json:item></subject><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1099-1212</json:string></eissn><title>International Journal of Osteoarchaeology</title><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1212</json:string></doi></host><categories><wos><json:string>social science</json:string><json:string>anthropology</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>arts & humanities</json:string><json:string>historical studies</json:string><json:string>archaeology</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2013</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2013</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1002/oa.2286</json:string></doi><id>EFE1C4D812CBE801BF9D4F7BBB82CB3FB23251C7</id><score>0.0997054</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/EFE1C4D812CBE801BF9D4F7BBB82CB3FB23251C7/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/EFE1C4D812CBE801BF9D4F7BBB82CB3FB23251C7/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/EFE1C4D812CBE801BF9D4F7BBB82CB3FB23251C7/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Occupational Mobility in 19th Century Rural England: The Interpretation of Entheseal Changes</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><p>Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p></availability><date>2012-10-25</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Occupational Mobility in 19th Century Rural England: The Interpretation of Entheseal Changes</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">C. Y.</forename><surname>Henderson</surname></persName><email>c.y.henderson@uc.pt</email><affiliation>CIAS‐Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence to: C. Y. Henderson, CIAS‐Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.e‐mail:</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">D. D.</forename><surname>Craps</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">A. C.</forename><surname>Caffell</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</affiliation><affiliation>York Osteoarchaeology Ltd., York, Bishop Wilton, UK</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">A. R.</forename><surname>Millard</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">R.</forename><surname>Gowland</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">International Journal of Osteoarchaeology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Int. J. Osteoarchaeol.</title><idno type="pISSN">1047-482X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1099-1212</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1212</idno><editor><persName><forename type="first">C. Y.</forename><surname>Henderson</surname></persName></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">F.</forename><surname>Alves Cardoso</surname></persName></editor><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2013-03"></date><biblScope unit="volume">23</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="197">197</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="210">210</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">EFE1C4D812CBE801BF9D4F7BBB82CB3FB23251C7</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/oa.2286</idno><idno type="ArticleID">OA2286</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2012-10-25</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>Identified skeletal collections have been widely used to test methods for recording entheseal changes (EC). These studies have all used the occupation provided with the death certificate or equivalent as the occupation during life. However, the variety of tasks undertaken within occupations, the range of occupational tasks and how these changed over the life course is rarely discussed. The aim of this paper is to highlight the value of using historical data to improve the interpretation of skeletal data. Materials and methods: Identified adult skeletons (n = 18) from the churchyard of St. Michael and St. Lawrence, Fewston, North Yorkshire, England, were recorded for EC and degenerative joint changes (DJC). The individuals were born and died between 1791 and 1921 (only one individual was buried after the churchyard's closure in 1896). All individuals have at least one census record that includes their occupation. Published sections of a diary coinciding with the cemetery's use and written by the son of two of the identified individuals were used to record the frequency and range of activities. Results: Men (54.5% of them) and women (29% of them) changed their occupations, and those who changed occupation were found to be older than those who did not. The latter were found to have a lower frequency of DJC and EC, but this is likely due to the difference in age profile between the two groups. However, the detailed pattern of EC did not match that of DJC for the three occupation categories used. The diary demonstrated that a stonemason undertook a wide variety of occupational tasks as well as enjoying hobbies. Discussion: The results demonstrate that occupations in 19th century rural England were not stable and demonstrated a wide variety of everyday and infrequent activities. This demonstrates that using occupation listed at death does not provide sufficiently detailed information for testing methods of recording EC or for interpreting the relationship between occupation and health. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>census</term></item><item><term>degenerative joint changes (DJC)</term></item><item><term>degenerative joint disease (DJD)</term></item><item><term>diary</term></item><item><term>farming</term></item><item><term>Fewston, North Yorkshire</term></item><item><term>historical evidence</term></item><item><term>musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM)</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>article-category</head><item><term>Special Issue Paper</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2012-07-31">Received</change><change when="2012-10-09">Registration</change><change when="2012-10-25">Created</change><change when="2013-03">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/EFE1C4D812CBE801BF9D4F7BBB82CB3FB23251C7/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="oa2286"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1212</doi><issn type="print">1047-482X</issn><issn type="electronic">1099-1212</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="OA"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY">International Journal of Osteoarchaeology</title><title type="short">Int. 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Y. Henderson, CIAS‐Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.</line><line>e‐mail: <email>c.y.henderson@uc.pt</email></line></lineatedText></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:OA.OA2286.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><titleGroup><title type="main">Occupational Mobility in 19th Century Rural England: The Interpretation of Entheseal Changes</title><title type="short">Occupational Mobility</title><title type="shortAuthors">C. Y. Henderson et al.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="oa2286-cr-0003" affiliationRef="#oa2286-aff-0001 #oa2286-aff-0002" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>C. Y.</givenNames><familyName>Henderson</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="oa2286-cr-0004" affiliationRef="#oa2286-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>D. D.</givenNames><familyName>Craps</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="oa2286-cr-0005" affiliationRef="#oa2286-aff-0002 #oa2286-aff-0003"><personName><givenNames>A. C.</givenNames><familyName>Caffell</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="oa2286-cr-0006" affiliationRef="#oa2286-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>A. R.</givenNames><familyName>Millard</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="oa2286-cr-00075" affiliationRef="#oa2286-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>R.</givenNames><familyName>Gowland</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="PT" type="organization" xml:id="oa2286-aff-0001"><orgDiv>CIAS‐Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde</orgDiv><orgName>Universidade de Coimbra</orgName><address><city>Coimbra</city><country>Portugal</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="GB" type="organization" xml:id="oa2286-aff-0002"><orgDiv>Department of Archaeology</orgDiv><orgName>Durham University</orgName><address><city>Durham</city><country>UK</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="GB" type="organization" xml:id="oa2286-aff-0003"><orgName>York Osteoarchaeology Ltd.</orgName><address><city>Bishop Wilton</city><countryPart>York</countryPart><country>UK</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="oa2286-kwd-0001">census</keyword><keyword xml:id="oa2286-kwd-0002">degenerative joint changes (DJC)</keyword><keyword xml:id="oa2286-kwd-0003">degenerative joint disease (DJD)</keyword><keyword xml:id="oa2286-kwd-0004">diary</keyword><keyword xml:id="oa2286-kwd-0005">farming</keyword><keyword xml:id="oa2286-kwd-0006">Fewston, North Yorkshire</keyword><keyword xml:id="oa2286-kwd-0007">historical evidence</keyword><keyword xml:id="oa2286-kwd-0008">musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM)</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><title type="main">ABSTRACT</title><p>Identified skeletal collections have been widely used to test methods for recording entheseal changes (EC). These studies have all used the occupation provided with the death certificate or equivalent as the occupation during life. However, the variety of tasks undertaken within occupations, the range of occupational tasks and how these changed over the life course is rarely discussed. The aim of this paper is to highlight the value of using historical data to improve the interpretation of skeletal data.</p><p>Materials and methods: Identified adult skeletons (<i>n</i> = 18) from the churchyard of St. Michael and St. Lawrence, Fewston, North Yorkshire, England, were recorded for EC and degenerative joint changes (DJC). The individuals were born and died between 1791 and 1921 (only one individual was buried after the churchyard's closure in 1896). All individuals have at least one census record that includes their occupation. Published sections of a diary coinciding with the cemetery's use and written by the son of two of the identified individuals were used to record the frequency and range of activities.</p><p>Results: Men (54.5% of them) and women (29% of them) changed their occupations, and those who changed occupation were found to be older than those who did not. The latter were found to have a lower frequency of DJC and EC, but this is likely due to the difference in age profile between the two groups. However, the detailed pattern of EC did not match that of DJC for the three occupation categories used. The diary demonstrated that a stonemason undertook a wide variety of occupational tasks as well as enjoying hobbies.</p><p>Discussion: The results demonstrate that occupations in 19th century rural England were not stable and demonstrated a wide variety of everyday and infrequent activities. This demonstrates that using occupation listed at death does not provide sufficiently detailed information for testing methods of recording EC or for interpreting the relationship between occupation and health. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Occupational Mobility in 19th Century Rural England: The Interpretation of Entheseal Changes</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Occupational Mobility</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Occupational Mobility in 19th Century Rural England: The Interpretation of Entheseal Changes</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C. Y.</namePart><namePart type="family">Henderson</namePart><affiliation>CIAS‐Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence to: C. Y. Henderson, CIAS‐Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.e‐mail:</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: c.y.henderson@uc.pt</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D. D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Craps</namePart><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A. C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Caffell</namePart><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</affiliation><affiliation>York Osteoarchaeology Ltd., York, Bishop Wilton, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A. R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Millard</namePart><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Gowland</namePart><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2013-03</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2012-10-25</dateCreated><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2012-07-31</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2012-10-09</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2013</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Identified skeletal collections have been widely used to test methods for recording entheseal changes (EC). These studies have all used the occupation provided with the death certificate or equivalent as the occupation during life. However, the variety of tasks undertaken within occupations, the range of occupational tasks and how these changed over the life course is rarely discussed. The aim of this paper is to highlight the value of using historical data to improve the interpretation of skeletal data. Materials and methods: Identified adult skeletons (n = 18) from the churchyard of St. Michael and St. Lawrence, Fewston, North Yorkshire, England, were recorded for EC and degenerative joint changes (DJC). The individuals were born and died between 1791 and 1921 (only one individual was buried after the churchyard's closure in 1896). All individuals have at least one census record that includes their occupation. Published sections of a diary coinciding with the cemetery's use and written by the son of two of the identified individuals were used to record the frequency and range of activities. Results: Men (54.5% of them) and women (29% of them) changed their occupations, and those who changed occupation were found to be older than those who did not. The latter were found to have a lower frequency of DJC and EC, but this is likely due to the difference in age profile between the two groups. However, the detailed pattern of EC did not match that of DJC for the three occupation categories used. The diary demonstrated that a stonemason undertook a wide variety of occupational tasks as well as enjoying hobbies. Discussion: The results demonstrate that occupations in 19th century rural England were not stable and demonstrated a wide variety of everyday and infrequent activities. This demonstrates that using occupation listed at death does not provide sufficiently detailed information for testing methods of recording EC or for interpreting the relationship between occupation and health. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>census</topic><topic>degenerative joint changes (DJC)</topic><topic>degenerative joint disease (DJD)</topic><topic>diary</topic><topic>farming</topic><topic>Fewston, North Yorkshire</topic><topic>historical evidence</topic><topic>musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM)</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>International Journal of Osteoarchaeology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Int. J. Osteoarchaeol.</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C. 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