Medical and archaeological findings concerning an unusual lethal injury in an Ancient Egyptian. Part I: Medical aspect
Identifieur interne : 000E75 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000E74; suivant : 000E76Medical and archaeological findings concerning an unusual lethal injury in an Ancient Egyptian. Part I: Medical aspect
Auteurs : W. M. PahlSource :
- Journal of Human Evolution [ 0047-2484 ] ; 1983.
English descriptors
Abstract
The radiological examination of an Ancient Egyptian mummy head showed the presence of a foreign body in the left mastoid region. This body proved to be an iron projectile point—presumably an arrowhead—in a conical form, not common in Egypt. Signs of penetration, especially bone fractures, were not seen externally. Neither did conventional tomography nor modern radiodiagnostic techniques such as digital radiography and computed tomography (CT) reveal signs of penetration. Reconstruction tests indicate that the penetration must have taken place through the mouth. Ancient attempts to remove the foreign body were fruitless. Although the histological findings do not produce conclusive evidence it is assumed that the death ensued as a result of excessive bleeding. It is highly probable that the individual belongs chronologically to the Ptolemaic Period.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80026-8
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Medical and archaeological findings concerning an unusual lethal injury in an Ancient Egyptian. Part I: Medical aspect</title><author><name sortKey="Pahl, W M" sort="Pahl, W M" uniqKey="Pahl W" first="W. M." last="Pahl">W. M. Pahl</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Anthropology and Human Genetics, University of Tübingen Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Radiology, University of Tübingen Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:615FF06596CA813C522A83F0020502E34EB87207</idno><date when="1983" year="1983">1983</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80026-8</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/615FF06596CA813C522A83F0020502E34EB87207/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000E75</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000E75</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Medical and archaeological findings concerning an unusual lethal injury in an Ancient Egyptian. Part I: Medical aspect</title><author><name sortKey="Pahl, W M" sort="Pahl, W M" uniqKey="Pahl W" first="W. M." last="Pahl">W. M. Pahl</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Anthropology and Human Genetics, University of Tübingen Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Radiology, University of Tübingen Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Human Evolution</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">YJHEV</title><idno type="ISSN">0047-2484</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1983">1983</date><biblScope unit="volume">12</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="213">213</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="229">229</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0047-2484</idno></series><idno type="istex">615FF06596CA813C522A83F0020502E34EB87207</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80026-8</idno><idno type="PII">S0047-2484(83)80026-8</idno><idno type="ArticleID">83800268</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0047-2484</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Egyptian mummy</term><term>X-raying</term><term>bleeding as cause of death</term><term>computed tomography</term><term>histology</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The radiological examination of an Ancient Egyptian mummy head showed the presence of a foreign body in the left mastoid region. This body proved to be an iron projectile point—presumably an arrowhead—in a conical form, not common in Egypt. Signs of penetration, especially bone fractures, were not seen externally. Neither did conventional tomography nor modern radiodiagnostic techniques such as digital radiography and computed tomography (CT) reveal signs of penetration. Reconstruction tests indicate that the penetration must have taken place through the mouth. Ancient attempts to remove the foreign body were fruitless. Although the histological findings do not produce conclusive evidence it is assumed that the death ensued as a result of excessive bleeding. It is highly probable that the individual belongs chronologically to the Ptolemaic Period.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>W.M. Pahl</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute of Anthropology and Human Genetics, University of Tübingen Germany</json:string><json:string>Department of Radiology, University of Tübingen Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Egyptian mummy</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>X-raying</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>computed tomography</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>histology</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>bleeding as cause of death</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>83800268</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The radiological examination of an Ancient Egyptian mummy head showed the presence of a foreign body in the left mastoid region. This body proved to be an iron projectile point—presumably an arrowhead—in a conical form, not common in Egypt. Signs of penetration, especially bone fractures, were not seen externally. Neither did conventional tomography nor modern radiodiagnostic techniques such as digital radiography and computed tomography (CT) reveal signs of penetration. Reconstruction tests indicate that the penetration must have taken place through the mouth. Ancient attempts to remove the foreign body were fruitless. Although the histological findings do not produce conclusive evidence it is assumed that the death ensued as a result of excessive bleeding. It is highly probable that the individual belongs chronologically to the Ptolemaic Period.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>6.08</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>504 x 720 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>5</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>859</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>4568</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>22843</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>17</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>126</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Medical and archaeological findings concerning an unusual lethal injury in an Ancient Egyptian. Part I: Medical aspect</title><pii><json:string>S0047-2484(83)80026-8</json:string></pii><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>A.M. Blackman</name></json:item></author><host><volume>10</volume><pages><last>53</last><first>27</first></pages><author></author><title>Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</title></host><title>The rite of opening the mouth in Ancient Egypt</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>E.A. Budge</name></json:item></author><host><author></author><title>Reprint Edition 1980</title></host><serie><author></author><title>Reprint Edition 1980</title></serie><title>The Book of Opening the Mouth</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>D.E. Derry</name></json:item></author><host><volume>41</volume><pages><last>265</last><first>240</first></pages><author></author><title>Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Egypte</title></host><title>On mummification methods practised at different periods</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>P.H.K. Gray</name></json:item></author><host><volume>47</volume><pages><last>30</last><first>1</first></pages><author></author><title>Oudheidkundige Mededelingen Gen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden</title></host><title>Radiological aspects of the mummies of Ancient Egyptians in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>P.H.K. Gray</name></json:item></author><host><volume>56</volume><pages><last>134</last><first>132</first></pages><author></author><title>Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</title></host><title>An account of a mummy in the County Museum and Art Gallery, Truro</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>P.H.K. Gray</name></json:item><json:item><name>W.R. Dawson</name></json:item></author><host><author></author><title>Mummies and Human Remains</title></host><title>Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>P.H.K. Gray</name></json:item><json:item><name>D. Slow</name></json:item></author><host><volume>15</volume><pages><last>74</last><first>1</first></pages><author></author><title>Liverpool Museum Bulletin</title></host><title>Egyptian mummies in the City of Liverpool Museum</title></json:item><json:item><host><author></author><title>An X-Ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies</title></host></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>K.-H. Hübener</name></json:item><json:item><name>W.M. Pahl</name></json:item></author><host><volume>135</volume><pages><last>219</last><first>213</first></pages><author></author><title>Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und Nuklearmedizin (RöFo)</title></host><title>Computertomographische Untersuchungen an altägyptischen Mumien</title></json:item><json:item><host><author></author><title>Das ägyptische Mundöffnungsritual. Teil II. Ägyptologische Abhandlungen</title></host></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>W.M. Pahl</name></json:item></author><host><author></author><title>OSSA. Int. Journal of Skeletal Research</title></host><serie><author></author><title>Report given on the 2nd European Meeting of the Paleopathology Association Turin 1978</title></serie><title>Computed tomograhy. A new radiodiagnostical technique applied to medico-archaeological investigation of Egyptian mummies</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>W.M. Pahl</name></json:item></author><host><volume>XIII</volume><pages><last>356</last><first>343</first></pages><author></author><title>Bulletin et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris</title></host><title>La tomographie par ordinateur appliquée aux momies égyptiennes. Aperçu de l'état actuel des recherches</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>W.M. Pahl</name></json:item></author><host><volume>10</volume><pages><last>164</last><first>163</first></pages><author></author><title>Journal of Human Evolution</title></host><title>Computed tomography in naturally preserved human bodies</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>W.M. Pahl</name></json:item></author><host><author></author><title>Proceedings of the 3rd European Meeting of the Paleopathology Association</title></host><title>CT-Survey Radiography (Digital Radiography). A further new technique applicated in mummy research</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>G.E. Smith</name></json:item></author><host><volume>1</volume><pages><last>196</last><first>189</first></pages><author></author><title>Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</title></host><title>Egyptian mummies</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>E. Strouhal</name></json:item><json:item><name>L. Vyhnanek</name></json:item></author><host><volume>XXXV B</volume><pages><last>4</last><first>1</first></pages><author></author><title>Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae</title></host><title>Egyptian mummies in the Czechoslovak Collections</title></json:item></refBibs><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><serie><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Reprint Edition 1980</title></serie><host><volume>12</volume><pii><json:string>S0047-2484(83)X8019-5</json:string></pii><pages><last>229</last><first>213</first></pages><issn><json:string>0047-2484</json:string></issn><issue>2</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Journal of Human Evolution</title><publicationDate>1983</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>social science</json:string><json:string>anthropology</json:string><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>evolutionary biology</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>arts & humanities</json:string><json:string>historical studies</json:string><json:string>anthropology</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>1983</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1983</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80026-8</json:string></doi><id>615FF06596CA813C522A83F0020502E34EB87207</id><score>0.2514462</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/615FF06596CA813C522A83F0020502E34EB87207/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/615FF06596CA813C522A83F0020502E34EB87207/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/615FF06596CA813C522A83F0020502E34EB87207/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Medical and archaeological findings concerning an unusual lethal injury in an Ancient Egyptian. Part I: Medical aspect</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>©1983 Academic Press Inc. (London) Limited</p></availability><date>1983</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note>A preliminary report was presented at the “2e Congrès International des Égyptologues”, Grenoble 1979.</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Medical and archaeological findings concerning an unusual lethal injury in an Ancient Egyptian. Part I: Medical aspect</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">W.M.</forename><surname>Pahl</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute of Anthropology and Human Genetics, University of Tübingen Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Radiology, University of Tübingen Germany</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Human Evolution</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">YJHEV</title><idno type="pISSN">0047-2484</idno><idno type="PII">S0047-2484(83)X8019-5</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1983"></date><biblScope unit="volume">12</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="213">213</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="229">229</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">615FF06596CA813C522A83F0020502E34EB87207</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80026-8</idno><idno type="PII">S0047-2484(83)80026-8</idno><idno type="ArticleID">83800268</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1983</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The radiological examination of an Ancient Egyptian mummy head showed the presence of a foreign body in the left mastoid region. This body proved to be an iron projectile point—presumably an arrowhead—in a conical form, not common in Egypt. Signs of penetration, especially bone fractures, were not seen externally. Neither did conventional tomography nor modern radiodiagnostic techniques such as digital radiography and computed tomography (CT) reveal signs of penetration. Reconstruction tests indicate that the penetration must have taken place through the mouth. Ancient attempts to remove the foreign body were fruitless. Although the histological findings do not produce conclusive evidence it is assumed that the death ensued as a result of excessive bleeding. It is highly probable that the individual belongs chronologically to the Ptolemaic Period.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Egyptian mummy</term></item><item><term>X-raying</term></item><item><term>computed tomography</term></item><item><term>histology</term></item><item><term>bleeding as cause of death</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1983">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/615FF06596CA813C522A83F0020502E34EB87207/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier doc found" wicri:toSee="Elsevier, no converted or simple article"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 5.0.1//EN//XML" URI="art501.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article version="5.0" xml:lang="en" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>YJHEV</jid><aid>83800268</aid><ce:pii>S0047-2484(83)80026-8</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80026-8</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="unknown" year="1983">Academic Press Inc. (London) Limited</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:article-footnote><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:note-para>A preliminary report was presented at the “2e Congrès International des Égyptologues”, Grenoble 1979.</ce:note-para></ce:article-footnote><ce:title>Medical and archaeological findings concerning an unusual lethal injury in an Ancient Egyptian. Part I: Medical aspect</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>W.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Pahl</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="aff1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="aff2"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="aff1"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>Institute of Anthropology and Human Genetics, University of Tübingen Germany</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="aff2"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>Department of Radiology, University of Tübingen Germany</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="1" month="10" year="1982"></ce:date-received><ce:date-accepted day="15" month="11" year="1982"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract id="ab1" class="author" xml:lang="en"><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>The radiological examination of an Ancient Egyptian mummy head showed the presence of a foreign body in the left mastoid region. This body proved to be an iron projectile point—presumably an arrowhead—in a conical form, not common in Egypt. Signs of penetration, especially bone fractures, were not seen externally. Neither did conventional tomography nor modern radiodiagnostic techniques such as digital radiography and computed tomography (CT) reveal signs of penetration. Reconstruction tests indicate that the penetration must have taken place through the mouth. Ancient attempts to remove the foreign body were fruitless. Although the histological findings do not produce conclusive evidence it is assumed that the death ensued as a result of excessive bleeding. It is highly probable that the individual belongs chronologically to the Ptolemaic Period.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword" xml:lang="en"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Egyptian mummy</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>X-raying</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>computed tomography</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>histology</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>bleeding as cause of death</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head><tail><ce:bibliography><ce:section-title>References</ce:section-title><ce:bibliography-sec><ce:bib-reference id="bib1"><ce:label>Blackman, 1924</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:surname>Blackman</ce:surname><ce:given-name>A.M.</ce:given-name></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The rite of opening the mouth in Ancient Egypt</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>10</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1924</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>27</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>53</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib2"><ce:label>Budge, 1909</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:comment>Reprint Edition 1980</sb:comment><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:surname>Budge</ce:surname><ce:given-name>E.A.</ce:given-name></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The Book of Opening the Mouth</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1909</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Arno Press</sb:name><sb:location>New York</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib3"><ce:label>Derry, 1942</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:surname>Derry</ce:surname><ce:given-name>D.E.</ce:given-name></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>On mummification methods practised at different periods</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Egypte</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>41</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1942</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>240</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>265</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib4"><ce:label>Gray, 1966</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:surname>Gray</ce:surname><ce:given-name>P.H.K.</ce:given-name></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Radiological aspects of the mummies of Ancient Egyptians in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Oudheidkundige Mededelingen Gen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>47</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1966</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>1</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>30</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib5"><ce:label>Gray, 1970</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:surname>Gray</ce:surname><ce:given-name>P.H.K.</ce:given-name></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>An account of a mummy in the County Museum and Art Gallery, Truro</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>56</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1970</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>132</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>134</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib6"><ce:label>Gray and Dawson, 1968</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:comment>Mummies and Human Remains</sb:comment><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:surname>Gray</ce:surname><ce:given-name>P.H.K.</ce:given-name></sb:author><sb:author><ce:surname>Dawson</ce:surname><ce:given-name>W.R.</ce:given-name></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:date>1968</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>British 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Part I: Medical aspect</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Medical and archaeological findings concerning an unusual lethal injury in an Ancient Egyptian. Part I: Medical aspect</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">W.M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Pahl</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Anthropology and Human Genetics, University of Tübingen Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Radiology, University of Tübingen Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1983</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1983</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The radiological examination of an Ancient Egyptian mummy head showed the presence of a foreign body in the left mastoid region. This body proved to be an iron projectile point—presumably an arrowhead—in a conical form, not common in Egypt. Signs of penetration, especially bone fractures, were not seen externally. Neither did conventional tomography nor modern radiodiagnostic techniques such as digital radiography and computed tomography (CT) reveal signs of penetration. Reconstruction tests indicate that the penetration must have taken place through the mouth. Ancient attempts to remove the foreign body were fruitless. Although the histological findings do not produce conclusive evidence it is assumed that the death ensued as a result of excessive bleeding. It is highly probable that the individual belongs chronologically to the Ptolemaic Period.</abstract><note>A preliminary report was presented at the “2e Congrès International des Égyptologues”, Grenoble 1979.</note><subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Egyptian mummy</topic><topic>X-raying</topic><topic>computed tomography</topic><topic>histology</topic><topic>bleeding as cause of death</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Human Evolution</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>YJHEV</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">198302</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0047-2484</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0047-2484(83)X8019-5</identifier><part><date>198302</date><detail type="volume"><number>12</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>2</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>145</start><end>231</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>213</start><end>229</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">615FF06596CA813C522A83F0020502E34EB87207</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80026-8</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0047-2484(83)80026-8</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">83800268</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©1983 Academic Press Inc. 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