Uncovering the Neural Mechanisms Underlying Learning from Tests
Identifieur interne : 001C78 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001C77; suivant : 001C79Uncovering the Neural Mechanisms Underlying Learning from Tests
Auteurs : Xiaonan L. Liu [États-Unis] ; Peipeng Liang [République populaire de Chine] ; Kuncheng Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Lynne M. Reder [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
People learn better when re-study opportunities are replaced with tests. While researchers have begun to speculate on why testing is superior to study, few studies have directly examined the neural underpinnings of this effect. In this fMRI study, participants engaged in a study phase to learn arbitrary word pairs, followed by a cued recall test (recall second half of pair when cued with first word of pair), re-study of each pair, and finally another cycle of cued recall tests. Brain activation patterns during the first test (recall) of the studied pairs predicts performance on the second test. Importantly, while subsequent memory analyses of encoding trials also predict later accuracy, the brain regions involved in predicting later memory success are more extensive for activity during retrieval (testing) than during encoding (study). Those additional regions that predict subsequent memory based on their activation at test but not at encoding may be key to understanding the basis of the testing effect.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092025
PubMed: 24647122
PubMed Central: 3960161
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Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, Peipeng" sort="Liang, Peipeng" uniqKey="Liang P" first="Peipeng" last="Liang">Peipeng Liang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Beijing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Beijing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Kuncheng" sort="Li, Kuncheng" uniqKey="Li K" first="Kuncheng" last="Li">Kuncheng Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Beijing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Beijing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reder, Lynne M" sort="Reder, Lynne M" uniqKey="Reder L" first="Lynne M." last="Reder">Lynne M. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24647122</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3960161</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-13-41503</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0092025</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neuroscience</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognitive Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognition</subject><subj-group><subject>Memory</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Cognitive Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Learning</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Neuroimaging</subject><subj-group><subject>Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Neuropsychology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Computer and Information Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neural Networks</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Mental Health and Psychiatry</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Neurology</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Radiology and Imaging</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Social Sciences</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Uncovering the Neural Mechanisms Underlying Learning from Tests</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Brain Correlates of Testing Effect</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Xiaonan L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>Peipeng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Kuncheng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reder</surname><given-names>Lynne M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Beijing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Rao</surname><given-names>Hengyi</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>University of Pennsylvania, United States of America</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>reder@cmu.edu</email> (LR); <email>lkc1955@gmail.com</email> (KL)</corresp><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: LR. Performed the experiments: XL PL KL. Analyzed the data: XL PL. Wrote the paper: XL PL KL LR.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>3</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>e92025</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Liu et al</copyright-holder><license><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>People learn better when re-study opportunities are replaced with tests. While researchers have begun to speculate on why testing is superior to study, few studies have directly examined the neural underpinnings of this effect. In this fMRI study, participants engaged in a study phase to learn arbitrary word pairs, followed by a cued recall test (recall second half of pair when cued with first word of pair), re-study of each pair, and finally another cycle of cued recall tests. Brain activation patterns during the first test (recall) of the studied pairs predicts performance on the second test. Importantly, while subsequent memory analyses of encoding trials also predict later accuracy, the brain regions involved in predicting later memory success are more extensive for activity during retrieval (testing) than during encoding (study). Those additional regions that predict subsequent memory based on their activation at test but not at encoding may be key to understanding the basis of the testing effect.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>This work was supported by the grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61105118), Beijing Nova Program (No. Z12111000250000) and the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning (CNKOPZD1001). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><page-count count="7"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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