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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Chronic alcohol intake abolishes the relationship between dopamine synthesis capacity and learning signals in ventral striatum</title>
<author><name sortKey="Deserno, Lorenz" sort="Deserno, Lorenz" uniqKey="Deserno L" first="Lorenz" last="Deserno">Lorenz Deserno</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beck, Anne" sort="Beck, Anne" uniqKey="Beck A" first="Anne" last="Beck">Anne Beck</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huys, Quentin Jm" sort="Huys, Quentin Jm" uniqKey="Huys Q" first="Quentin Jm" last="Huys">Quentin Jm Huys</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Department of Biological Engineering, ETH and University Zurich</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lorenz, Robert C" sort="Lorenz, Robert C" uniqKey="Lorenz R" first="Robert C." last="Lorenz">Robert C. Lorenz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchert, Ralph" sort="Buchert, Ralph" uniqKey="Buchert R" first="Ralph" last="Buchert">Ralph Buchert</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5"> Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchholz, Hans Georg" sort="Buchholz, Hans Georg" uniqKey="Buchholz H" first="Hans-Georg" last="Buchholz">Hans-Georg Buchholz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6"> Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Plotkin, Michail" sort="Plotkin, Michail" uniqKey="Plotkin M" first="Michail" last="Plotkin">Michail Plotkin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5"> Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12"> Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET/CT, Vivantes Hospitals Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumakara, Yoshitaka" sort="Kumakara, Yoshitaka" uniqKey="Kumakara Y" first="Yoshitaka" last="Kumakara">Yoshitaka Kumakara</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7"> Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Kanto-Rosai Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cumming, Paul" sort="Cumming, Paul" uniqKey="Cumming P" first="Paul" last="Cumming">Paul Cumming</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8"> Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friederich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heinze, Hans Jochen" sort="Heinze, Hans Jochen" uniqKey="Heinze H" first="Hans-Jochen" last="Heinze">Hans-Jochen Heinze</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9"> Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10"> Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grace, Anthony A" sort="Grace, Anthony A" uniqKey="Grace A" first="Anthony A." last="Grace">Anthony A. Grace</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13"> Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rapp, Michael A" sort="Rapp, Michael A" uniqKey="Rapp M" first="Michael A." last="Rapp">Michael A. Rapp</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11"> Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schlagenhauf, Florian" sort="Schlagenhauf, Florian" uniqKey="Schlagenhauf F" first="Florian" last="Schlagenhauf">Florian Schlagenhauf</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heinz, Andreas" sort="Heinz, Andreas" uniqKey="Heinz A" first="Andreas" last="Heinz">Andreas Heinz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14"> Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">25546072</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4455879</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455879</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4455879</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1111/ejn.12802</idno>
<date when="2014">2014</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001739</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Chronic alcohol intake abolishes the relationship between dopamine synthesis capacity and learning signals in ventral striatum</title>
<author><name sortKey="Deserno, Lorenz" sort="Deserno, Lorenz" uniqKey="Deserno L" first="Lorenz" last="Deserno">Lorenz Deserno</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beck, Anne" sort="Beck, Anne" uniqKey="Beck A" first="Anne" last="Beck">Anne Beck</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huys, Quentin Jm" sort="Huys, Quentin Jm" uniqKey="Huys Q" first="Quentin Jm" last="Huys">Quentin Jm Huys</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Department of Biological Engineering, ETH and University Zurich</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lorenz, Robert C" sort="Lorenz, Robert C" uniqKey="Lorenz R" first="Robert C." last="Lorenz">Robert C. Lorenz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchert, Ralph" sort="Buchert, Ralph" uniqKey="Buchert R" first="Ralph" last="Buchert">Ralph Buchert</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5"> Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchholz, Hans Georg" sort="Buchholz, Hans Georg" uniqKey="Buchholz H" first="Hans-Georg" last="Buchholz">Hans-Georg Buchholz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6"> Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Plotkin, Michail" sort="Plotkin, Michail" uniqKey="Plotkin M" first="Michail" last="Plotkin">Michail Plotkin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5"> Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12"> Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET/CT, Vivantes Hospitals Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumakara, Yoshitaka" sort="Kumakara, Yoshitaka" uniqKey="Kumakara Y" first="Yoshitaka" last="Kumakara">Yoshitaka Kumakara</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7"> Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Kanto-Rosai Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cumming, Paul" sort="Cumming, Paul" uniqKey="Cumming P" first="Paul" last="Cumming">Paul Cumming</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8"> Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friederich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heinze, Hans Jochen" sort="Heinze, Hans Jochen" uniqKey="Heinze H" first="Hans-Jochen" last="Heinze">Hans-Jochen Heinze</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9"> Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10"> Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grace, Anthony A" sort="Grace, Anthony A" uniqKey="Grace A" first="Anthony A." last="Grace">Anthony A. Grace</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13"> Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rapp, Michael A" sort="Rapp, Michael A" uniqKey="Rapp M" first="Michael A." last="Rapp">Michael A. Rapp</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11"> Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schlagenhauf, Florian" sort="Schlagenhauf, Florian" uniqKey="Schlagenhauf F" first="Florian" last="Schlagenhauf">Florian Schlagenhauf</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heinz, Andreas" sort="Heinz, Andreas" uniqKey="Heinz A" first="Andreas" last="Heinz">Andreas Heinz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14"> Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">The European journal of neuroscience</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0953-816X</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1460-9568</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014">2014</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P2">Drugs of abuse elicit dopamine release in the ventral striatum, possibly biasing dopamine-driven reinforcement learning towards drug-related reward at the expense of non-drug related reward. Indeed, reactivity in dopaminergic target areas of patients with alcohol dependence is shifted from non-drug related stimuli towards drug-related stimuli. Such ‘hijacked‘ dopamine signals may impair flexible learning from non-drug related rewards and thus promote craving for the drug of abuse.</p>
<p id="P3">Here, we used fMRI to measure ventral striatal activation by reward prediction errors (RPEs) during a probabilistic reversal learning task in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and healthy controls (N=27). The same subjects also underwent FDOPA PET to assess ventral striatal dopamine synthesis capacity.</p>
<p id="P4">Neither ventral striatal activation by RPEs, nor striatal dopamine synthesis capacity differed between patients and controls. However, the ventral striatal coding of RPEs was negatively correlated with craving in patients. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between ventral striatal coding of RPEs and dopamine synthesis capacity in healthy controls, but not in alcohol-dependent patients. Moderator analyses showed that the magnitude of the association between RPE coding and dopamine synthesis capacity depended on the amount of chronic-habitual alcohol intake.</p>
<p id="P5">Using a multimodal imaging approach, this study suggests that dopaminergic modulation of neural learning signals is disrupted in alcohol dependence and this is linked to long-term alcohol intake of patients. Drug intake may thus perpetuate itself by interfering with dopaminergic modulation of neural learning signals in the ventral striatum, thus increasing craving for habitual drug intake.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">8918110</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">2607</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Eur J Neurosci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Eur. J. Neurosci.</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>The European journal of neuroscience</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0953-816X</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1460-9568</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25546072</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4455879</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/ejn.12802</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS695133</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Chronic alcohol intake abolishes the relationship between dopamine synthesis capacity and learning signals in ventral striatum</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deserno</surname>
<given-names>Lorenz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Beck</surname>
<given-names>Anne</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huys</surname>
<given-names>Quentin JM</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lorenz</surname>
<given-names>Robert C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Buchert</surname>
<given-names>Ralph</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Buchholz</surname>
<given-names>Hans-Georg</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Plotkin</surname>
<given-names>Michail</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12">12</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kumakara</surname>
<given-names>Yoshitaka</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cumming</surname>
<given-names>Paul</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Heinze</surname>
<given-names>Hans-Jochen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10">10</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grace</surname>
<given-names>Anthony A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rapp</surname>
<given-names>Michael A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schlagenhauf</surname>
<given-names>Florian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Heinz</surname>
<given-names>Andreas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A14">14</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1"><label>1</label>
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>2</label>
Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A3"><label>3</label>
Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Department of Biological Engineering, ETH and University Zurich</aff>
<aff id="A4"><label>4</label>
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich</aff>
<aff id="A5"><label>5</label>
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A6"><label>6</label>
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Mainz, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A7"><label>7</label>
Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Kanto-Rosai Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan</aff>
<aff id="A8"><label>8</label>
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friederich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg</aff>
<aff id="A9"><label>9</label>
Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A10"><label>10</label>
Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A11"><label>11</label>
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A12"><label>12</label>
Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET/CT, Vivantes Hospitals Berlin, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A13"><label>13</label>
Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</aff>
<aff id="A14"><label>14</label>
Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="CR1"><underline>Corresponding author:</underline>
Lorenz Deserno, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany, Tel. +49-30-450 517106, Fax. +49-30-450 517944, <email>lorenz.deserno@charite.de</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="equal" id="FN1"><label>*</label>
<p id="P1">These authors contributed equally</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>30</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>2</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>01</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>41</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>477</fpage>
<lpage>486</lpage>
<pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1111/ejn.12802</pmc-comment>
<abstract><p id="P2">Drugs of abuse elicit dopamine release in the ventral striatum, possibly biasing dopamine-driven reinforcement learning towards drug-related reward at the expense of non-drug related reward. Indeed, reactivity in dopaminergic target areas of patients with alcohol dependence is shifted from non-drug related stimuli towards drug-related stimuli. Such ‘hijacked‘ dopamine signals may impair flexible learning from non-drug related rewards and thus promote craving for the drug of abuse.</p>
<p id="P3">Here, we used fMRI to measure ventral striatal activation by reward prediction errors (RPEs) during a probabilistic reversal learning task in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and healthy controls (N=27). The same subjects also underwent FDOPA PET to assess ventral striatal dopamine synthesis capacity.</p>
<p id="P4">Neither ventral striatal activation by RPEs, nor striatal dopamine synthesis capacity differed between patients and controls. However, the ventral striatal coding of RPEs was negatively correlated with craving in patients. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between ventral striatal coding of RPEs and dopamine synthesis capacity in healthy controls, but not in alcohol-dependent patients. Moderator analyses showed that the magnitude of the association between RPE coding and dopamine synthesis capacity depended on the amount of chronic-habitual alcohol intake.</p>
<p id="P5">Using a multimodal imaging approach, this study suggests that dopaminergic modulation of neural learning signals is disrupted in alcohol dependence and this is linked to long-term alcohol intake of patients. Drug intake may thus perpetuate itself by interfering with dopaminergic modulation of neural learning signals in the ventral striatum, thus increasing craving for habitual drug intake.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>fMRI</kwd>
<kwd>PET</kwd>
<kwd>dopamine</kwd>
<kwd>alcohol dependence</kwd>
<kwd>prediction error</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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