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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Neutral molecular cluster formation of sulfuric acid–dimethylamine observed in real time under atmospheric conditions</title><author><name sortKey="Kurten, Andreas" sort="Kurten, Andreas" uniqKey="Kurten A" first="Andreas" last="Kürten">Andreas Kürten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jokinen, Tuija" sort="Jokinen, Tuija" uniqKey="Jokinen T" first="Tuija" last="Jokinen">Tuija Jokinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon, Mario" sort="Simon, Mario" uniqKey="Simon M" first="Mario" last="Simon">Mario Simon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sipil, Mikko" sort="Sipil, Mikko" uniqKey="Sipil M" first="Mikko" last="Sipil">Mikko Sipil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Helsinki Institute of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarnela, Nina" sort="Sarnela, Nina" uniqKey="Sarnela N" first="Nina" last="Sarnela">Nina Sarnela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Junninen, Heikki" sort="Junninen, Heikki" uniqKey="Junninen H" first="Heikki" last="Junninen">Heikki Junninen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adamov, Alexey" sort="Adamov, Alexey" uniqKey="Adamov A" first="Alexey" last="Adamov">Alexey Adamov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Almeida, Joao" sort="Almeida, Joao" uniqKey="Almeida J" first="João" last="Almeida">João Almeida</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>European Organization for Nuclear Research</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim, Antonio" sort="Amorim, Antonio" uniqKey="Amorim A" first="Antonio" last="Amorim">Antonio Amorim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Laboratory for Systems, Instrumentation and Modeling for Space and the Environment,<institution>University of Lisbon and University of Beira Interior</institution>, 1749-016 Lisbon,<country>Portugal</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bianchi, Federico" sort="Bianchi, Federico" uniqKey="Bianchi F" first="Federico" last="Bianchi">Federico Bianchi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry,<institution>Paul Scherrer Institute</institution>, 5232 Villigen,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Breitenlechner, Martin" sort="Breitenlechner, Martin" uniqKey="Breitenlechner M" first="Martin" last="Breitenlechner">Martin Breitenlechner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Ionicon Analytik GmbH</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics,<institution>University of Innsbruck</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dommen, Josef" sort="Dommen, Josef" uniqKey="Dommen J" first="Josef" last="Dommen">Josef Dommen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry,<institution>Paul Scherrer Institute</institution>, 5232 Villigen,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Donahue, Neil M" sort="Donahue, Neil M" uniqKey="Donahue N" first="Neil M." last="Donahue">Neil M. Donahue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies,<institution>Carnegie Mellon University</institution>, Pittsburgh,<addr-line>PA</addr-line> 15213;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duplissy, Jonathan" sort="Duplissy, Jonathan" uniqKey="Duplissy J" first="Jonathan" last="Duplissy">Jonathan Duplissy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Helsinki Institute of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>European Organization for Nuclear Research</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ehrhart, Sebastian" sort="Ehrhart, Sebastian" uniqKey="Ehrhart S" first="Sebastian" last="Ehrhart">Sebastian Ehrhart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>European Organization for Nuclear Research</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flagan, Richard C" sort="Flagan, Richard C" uniqKey="Flagan R" first="Richard C." last="Flagan">Richard C. Flagan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,<institution>California Institute of Technology</institution>, Pasadena,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 91125;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franchin, Alessandro" sort="Franchin, Alessandro" uniqKey="Franchin A" first="Alessandro" last="Franchin">Alessandro Franchin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakala, Jani" sort="Hakala, Jani" uniqKey="Hakala J" first="Jani" last="Hakala">Jani Hakala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansel, Armin" sort="Hansel, Armin" uniqKey="Hansel A" first="Armin" last="Hansel">Armin Hansel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Ionicon Analytik GmbH</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics,<institution>University of Innsbruck</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinritzi, Martin" sort="Heinritzi, Martin" uniqKey="Heinritzi M" first="Martin" last="Heinritzi">Martin Heinritzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics,<institution>University of Innsbruck</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutterli, Manuel" sort="Hutterli, Manuel" uniqKey="Hutterli M" first="Manuel" last="Hutterli">Manuel Hutterli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>Tofwerk AG</institution>, 3600 Thun,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kangasluoma, Juha" sort="Kangasluoma, Juha" uniqKey="Kangasluoma J" first="Juha" last="Kangasluoma">Juha Kangasluoma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirkby, Jasper" sort="Kirkby, Jasper" uniqKey="Kirkby J" first="Jasper" last="Kirkby">Jasper Kirkby</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>European Organization for Nuclear Research</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laaksonen, Ari" sort="Laaksonen, Ari" uniqKey="Laaksonen A" first="Ari" last="Laaksonen">Ari Laaksonen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Applied Physics,<institution>University of Eastern Finland</institution>, 70211 Kuopio,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><institution>Finnish Meteorological Institute</institution>, 00101 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehtipalo, Katrianne" sort="Lehtipalo, Katrianne" uniqKey="Lehtipalo K" first="Katrianne" last="Lehtipalo">Katrianne Lehtipalo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>Airmodus Ltd.</institution>, 00560 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leiminger, Markus" sort="Leiminger, Markus" uniqKey="Leiminger M" first="Markus" last="Leiminger">Markus Leiminger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Makhmutov, Vladimir" sort="Makhmutov, Vladimir" uniqKey="Makhmutov V" first="Vladimir" last="Makhmutov">Vladimir Makhmutov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Solar and Cosmic Ray Research Laboratory,<institution>Lebedev Physical Institute</institution>, 119991 Moscow,<country>Russia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathot, Serge" sort="Mathot, Serge" uniqKey="Mathot S" first="Serge" last="Mathot">Serge Mathot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>European Organization for Nuclear Research</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Onnela, Antti" sort="Onnela, Antti" uniqKey="Onnela A" first="Antti" last="Onnela">Antti Onnela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>European Organization for Nuclear Research</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pet J, Tuukka" sort="Pet J, Tuukka" uniqKey="Pet J T" first="Tuukka" last="Pet J">Tuukka Pet J</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Praplan, Arnaud P" sort="Praplan, Arnaud P" uniqKey="Praplan A" first="Arnaud P." last="Praplan">Arnaud P. Praplan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riccobono, Francesco" sort="Riccobono, Francesco" uniqKey="Riccobono F" first="Francesco" last="Riccobono">Francesco Riccobono</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry,<institution>Paul Scherrer Institute</institution>, 5232 Villigen,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rissanen, Matti P" sort="Rissanen, Matti P" uniqKey="Rissanen M" first="Matti P." last="Rissanen">Matti P. Rissanen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rondo, Linda" sort="Rondo, Linda" uniqKey="Rondo L" first="Linda" last="Rondo">Linda Rondo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schobesberger, Siegfried" sort="Schobesberger, Siegfried" uniqKey="Schobesberger S" first="Siegfried" last="Schobesberger">Siegfried Schobesberger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seinfeld, John H" sort="Seinfeld, John H" uniqKey="Seinfeld J" first="John H." last="Seinfeld">John H. Seinfeld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,<institution>California Institute of Technology</institution>, Pasadena,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 91125;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steiner, Gerhard" sort="Steiner, Gerhard" uniqKey="Steiner G" first="Gerhard" last="Steiner">Gerhard Steiner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics,<institution>University of Innsbruck</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tome, Ant Nio" sort="Tome, Ant Nio" uniqKey="Tome A" first="Ant Nio" last="Tomé">Ant Nio Tomé</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Laboratory for Systems, Instrumentation and Modeling for Space and the Environment,<institution>University of Lisbon and University of Beira Interior</institution>, 1749-016 Lisbon,<country>Portugal</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trostl, Jasmin" sort="Trostl, Jasmin" uniqKey="Trostl J" first="Jasmin" last="Tröstl">Jasmin Tröstl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry,<institution>Paul Scherrer Institute</institution>, 5232 Villigen,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winkler, Paul M" sort="Winkler, Paul M" uniqKey="Winkler P" first="Paul M." last="Winkler">Paul M. Winkler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Faculty of Physics,<institution>University of Vienna</institution>, 1090 Vienna,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williamson, Christina" sort="Williamson, Christina" uniqKey="Williamson C" first="Christina" last="Williamson">Christina Williamson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wimmer, Daniela" sort="Wimmer, Daniela" uniqKey="Wimmer D" first="Daniela" last="Wimmer">Daniela Wimmer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Penglin" sort="Ye, Penglin" uniqKey="Ye P" first="Penglin" last="Ye">Penglin Ye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies,<institution>Carnegie Mellon University</institution>, Pittsburgh,<addr-line>PA</addr-line> 15213;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baltensperger, Urs" sort="Baltensperger, Urs" uniqKey="Baltensperger U" first="Urs" last="Baltensperger">Urs Baltensperger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry,<institution>Paul Scherrer Institute</institution>, 5232 Villigen,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carslaw, Kenneth S" sort="Carslaw, Kenneth S" uniqKey="Carslaw K" first="Kenneth S." last="Carslaw">Kenneth S. Carslaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff17">School of Earth and Environment,<institution>University of Leeds</institution>, Leeds LS2 9JT,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kulmala, Markku" sort="Kulmala, Markku" uniqKey="Kulmala M" first="Markku" last="Kulmala">Markku Kulmala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Helsinki Institute of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Worsnop, Douglas R" sort="Worsnop, Douglas R" uniqKey="Worsnop D" first="Douglas R." last="Worsnop">Douglas R. Worsnop</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><institution>Aerodyne Research Inc.</institution>, Billerica,<addr-line>MA</addr-line> 01821</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Curtius, Joachim" sort="Curtius, Joachim" uniqKey="Curtius J" first="Joachim" last="Curtius">Joachim Curtius</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25288761</idno><idno type="pmc">4210346</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4210346</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4210346</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1404853111</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000C15</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000C15</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Neutral molecular cluster formation of sulfuric acid–dimethylamine observed in real time under atmospheric conditions</title><author><name sortKey="Kurten, Andreas" sort="Kurten, Andreas" uniqKey="Kurten A" first="Andreas" last="Kürten">Andreas Kürten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jokinen, Tuija" sort="Jokinen, Tuija" uniqKey="Jokinen T" first="Tuija" last="Jokinen">Tuija Jokinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon, Mario" sort="Simon, Mario" uniqKey="Simon M" first="Mario" last="Simon">Mario Simon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sipil, Mikko" sort="Sipil, Mikko" uniqKey="Sipil M" first="Mikko" last="Sipil">Mikko Sipil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Helsinki Institute of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarnela, Nina" sort="Sarnela, Nina" uniqKey="Sarnela N" first="Nina" last="Sarnela">Nina Sarnela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Junninen, Heikki" sort="Junninen, Heikki" uniqKey="Junninen H" first="Heikki" last="Junninen">Heikki Junninen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adamov, Alexey" sort="Adamov, Alexey" uniqKey="Adamov A" first="Alexey" last="Adamov">Alexey Adamov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Almeida, Joao" sort="Almeida, Joao" uniqKey="Almeida J" first="João" last="Almeida">João Almeida</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>European Organization for Nuclear Research</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim, Antonio" sort="Amorim, Antonio" uniqKey="Amorim A" first="Antonio" last="Amorim">Antonio Amorim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Laboratory for Systems, Instrumentation and Modeling for Space and the Environment,<institution>University of Lisbon and University of Beira Interior</institution>, 1749-016 Lisbon,<country>Portugal</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bianchi, Federico" sort="Bianchi, Federico" uniqKey="Bianchi F" first="Federico" last="Bianchi">Federico Bianchi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry,<institution>Paul Scherrer Institute</institution>, 5232 Villigen,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Breitenlechner, Martin" sort="Breitenlechner, Martin" uniqKey="Breitenlechner M" first="Martin" last="Breitenlechner">Martin Breitenlechner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Ionicon Analytik GmbH</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics,<institution>University of Innsbruck</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dommen, Josef" sort="Dommen, Josef" uniqKey="Dommen J" first="Josef" last="Dommen">Josef Dommen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry,<institution>Paul Scherrer Institute</institution>, 5232 Villigen,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Donahue, Neil M" sort="Donahue, Neil M" uniqKey="Donahue N" first="Neil M." last="Donahue">Neil M. Donahue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies,<institution>Carnegie Mellon University</institution>, Pittsburgh,<addr-line>PA</addr-line> 15213;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duplissy, Jonathan" sort="Duplissy, Jonathan" uniqKey="Duplissy J" first="Jonathan" last="Duplissy">Jonathan Duplissy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Helsinki Institute of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>European Organization for Nuclear Research</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ehrhart, Sebastian" sort="Ehrhart, Sebastian" uniqKey="Ehrhart S" first="Sebastian" last="Ehrhart">Sebastian Ehrhart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>European Organization for Nuclear Research</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flagan, Richard C" sort="Flagan, Richard C" uniqKey="Flagan R" first="Richard C." last="Flagan">Richard C. Flagan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,<institution>California Institute of Technology</institution>, Pasadena,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 91125;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franchin, Alessandro" sort="Franchin, Alessandro" uniqKey="Franchin A" first="Alessandro" last="Franchin">Alessandro Franchin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakala, Jani" sort="Hakala, Jani" uniqKey="Hakala J" first="Jani" last="Hakala">Jani Hakala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansel, Armin" sort="Hansel, Armin" uniqKey="Hansel A" first="Armin" last="Hansel">Armin Hansel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Ionicon Analytik GmbH</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics,<institution>University of Innsbruck</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinritzi, Martin" sort="Heinritzi, Martin" uniqKey="Heinritzi M" first="Martin" last="Heinritzi">Martin Heinritzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics,<institution>University of Innsbruck</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutterli, Manuel" sort="Hutterli, Manuel" uniqKey="Hutterli M" first="Manuel" last="Hutterli">Manuel Hutterli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>Tofwerk AG</institution>, 3600 Thun,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kangasluoma, Juha" sort="Kangasluoma, Juha" uniqKey="Kangasluoma J" first="Juha" last="Kangasluoma">Juha Kangasluoma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirkby, Jasper" sort="Kirkby, Jasper" uniqKey="Kirkby J" first="Jasper" last="Kirkby">Jasper Kirkby</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>European Organization for Nuclear Research</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laaksonen, Ari" sort="Laaksonen, Ari" uniqKey="Laaksonen A" first="Ari" last="Laaksonen">Ari Laaksonen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Applied Physics,<institution>University of Eastern Finland</institution>, 70211 Kuopio,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><institution>Finnish Meteorological Institute</institution>, 00101 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehtipalo, Katrianne" sort="Lehtipalo, Katrianne" uniqKey="Lehtipalo K" first="Katrianne" last="Lehtipalo">Katrianne Lehtipalo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>Airmodus Ltd.</institution>, 00560 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leiminger, Markus" sort="Leiminger, Markus" uniqKey="Leiminger M" first="Markus" last="Leiminger">Markus Leiminger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Makhmutov, Vladimir" sort="Makhmutov, Vladimir" uniqKey="Makhmutov V" first="Vladimir" last="Makhmutov">Vladimir Makhmutov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Solar and Cosmic Ray Research Laboratory,<institution>Lebedev Physical Institute</institution>, 119991 Moscow,<country>Russia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathot, Serge" sort="Mathot, Serge" uniqKey="Mathot S" first="Serge" last="Mathot">Serge Mathot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>European Organization for Nuclear Research</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Onnela, Antti" sort="Onnela, Antti" uniqKey="Onnela A" first="Antti" last="Onnela">Antti Onnela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>European Organization for Nuclear Research</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pet J, Tuukka" sort="Pet J, Tuukka" uniqKey="Pet J T" first="Tuukka" last="Pet J">Tuukka Pet J</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Praplan, Arnaud P" sort="Praplan, Arnaud P" uniqKey="Praplan A" first="Arnaud P." last="Praplan">Arnaud P. Praplan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riccobono, Francesco" sort="Riccobono, Francesco" uniqKey="Riccobono F" first="Francesco" last="Riccobono">Francesco Riccobono</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry,<institution>Paul Scherrer Institute</institution>, 5232 Villigen,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rissanen, Matti P" sort="Rissanen, Matti P" uniqKey="Rissanen M" first="Matti P." last="Rissanen">Matti P. Rissanen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rondo, Linda" sort="Rondo, Linda" uniqKey="Rondo L" first="Linda" last="Rondo">Linda Rondo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schobesberger, Siegfried" sort="Schobesberger, Siegfried" uniqKey="Schobesberger S" first="Siegfried" last="Schobesberger">Siegfried Schobesberger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seinfeld, John H" sort="Seinfeld, John H" uniqKey="Seinfeld J" first="John H." last="Seinfeld">John H. Seinfeld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,<institution>California Institute of Technology</institution>, Pasadena,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 91125;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steiner, Gerhard" sort="Steiner, Gerhard" uniqKey="Steiner G" first="Gerhard" last="Steiner">Gerhard Steiner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics,<institution>University of Innsbruck</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tome, Ant Nio" sort="Tome, Ant Nio" uniqKey="Tome A" first="Ant Nio" last="Tomé">Ant Nio Tomé</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Laboratory for Systems, Instrumentation and Modeling for Space and the Environment,<institution>University of Lisbon and University of Beira Interior</institution>, 1749-016 Lisbon,<country>Portugal</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trostl, Jasmin" sort="Trostl, Jasmin" uniqKey="Trostl J" first="Jasmin" last="Tröstl">Jasmin Tröstl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry,<institution>Paul Scherrer Institute</institution>, 5232 Villigen,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winkler, Paul M" sort="Winkler, Paul M" uniqKey="Winkler P" first="Paul M." last="Winkler">Paul M. Winkler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Faculty of Physics,<institution>University of Vienna</institution>, 1090 Vienna,<country>Austria</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williamson, Christina" sort="Williamson, Christina" uniqKey="Williamson C" first="Christina" last="Williamson">Christina Williamson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wimmer, Daniela" sort="Wimmer, Daniela" uniqKey="Wimmer D" first="Daniela" last="Wimmer">Daniela Wimmer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Penglin" sort="Ye, Penglin" uniqKey="Ye P" first="Penglin" last="Ye">Penglin Ye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies,<institution>Carnegie Mellon University</institution>, Pittsburgh,<addr-line>PA</addr-line> 15213;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baltensperger, Urs" sort="Baltensperger, Urs" uniqKey="Baltensperger U" first="Urs" last="Baltensperger">Urs Baltensperger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry,<institution>Paul Scherrer Institute</institution>, 5232 Villigen,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carslaw, Kenneth S" sort="Carslaw, Kenneth S" uniqKey="Carslaw K" first="Kenneth S." last="Carslaw">Kenneth S. Carslaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff17">School of Earth and Environment,<institution>University of Leeds</institution>, Leeds LS2 9JT,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kulmala, Markku" sort="Kulmala, Markku" uniqKey="Kulmala M" first="Markku" last="Kulmala">Markku Kulmala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Helsinki Institute of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Worsnop, Douglas R" sort="Worsnop, Douglas R" uniqKey="Worsnop D" first="Douglas R." last="Worsnop">Douglas R. Worsnop</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><institution>Aerodyne Research Inc.</institution>, Billerica,<addr-line>MA</addr-line> 01821</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Curtius, Joachim" sort="Curtius, Joachim" uniqKey="Curtius J" first="Joachim" last="Curtius">Joachim Curtius</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p>A significant fraction of atmospheric aerosols is formed from the condensation of low-volatility vapors. These newly formed particles can grow, become seeds for cloud particles, and influence climate. New particle formation in the planetary boundary layer generally proceeds via the neutral channel. However, unambiguous identification of neutral nucleating clusters has so far not been possible under atmospherically relevant conditions. We explored the system of sulfuric acid, water, and dimethylamine in a well-controlled laboratory experiment and measured the time-resolved concentrations of neutral clusters. Clusters containing up to 14 sulfuric acid and 16 dimethylamine molecules were observed. Our results demonstrate that a cluster containing as few as two sulfuric acid and one or two dimethylamine molecules is already stable against evaporation.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25288761</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4210346</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201404853</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1404853111</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Environmental Sciences</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Neutral molecular cluster formation of sulfuric acid–dimethylamine observed in real time under atmospheric conditions</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">Neutral clusters of sulfuric acid–dimethylamine</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kürten</surname><given-names>Andreas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jokinen</surname><given-names>Tuija</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Simon</surname><given-names>Mario</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sipilä</surname><given-names>Mikko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sarnela</surname><given-names>Nina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Junninen</surname><given-names>Heikki</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adamov</surname><given-names>Alexey</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Almeida</surname><given-names>João</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amorim</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bianchi</surname><given-names>Federico</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Breitenlechner</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dommen</surname><given-names>Josef</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Donahue</surname><given-names>Neil M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duplissy</surname><given-names>Jonathan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ehrhart</surname><given-names>Sebastian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Flagan</surname><given-names>Richard C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Franchin</surname><given-names>Alessandro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hakala</surname><given-names>Jani</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hansel</surname><given-names>Armin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Heinritzi</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hutterli</surname><given-names>Manuel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>k</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kangasluoma</surname><given-names>Juha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kirkby</surname><given-names>Jasper</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Laaksonen</surname><given-names>Ari</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>l</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>m</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lehtipalo</surname><given-names>Katrianne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>n</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Leiminger</surname><given-names>Markus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Makhmutov</surname><given-names>Vladimir</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>o</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mathot</surname><given-names>Serge</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Onnela</surname><given-names>Antti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Petäjä</surname><given-names>Tuukka</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Praplan</surname><given-names>Arnaud P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Riccobono</surname><given-names>Francesco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rissanen</surname><given-names>Matti P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rondo</surname><given-names>Linda</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schobesberger</surname><given-names>Siegfried</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seinfeld</surname><given-names>John H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Steiner</surname><given-names>Gerhard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tomé</surname><given-names>António</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tröstl</surname><given-names>Jasmin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Winkler</surname><given-names>Paul M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>p</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Williamson</surname><given-names>Christina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wimmer</surname><given-names>Daniela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ye</surname><given-names>Penglin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baltensperger</surname><given-names>Urs</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carslaw</surname><given-names>Kenneth S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>q</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kulmala</surname><given-names>Markku</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Worsnop</surname><given-names>Douglas R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>r</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Curtius</surname><given-names>Joachim</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<institution>Goethe-University of Frankfurt</institution>, 60438 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country>;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup>Department of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup>Helsinki Institute of Physics,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>, 00014 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>d</sup><institution>European Organization for Nuclear Research</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva,<country>Switzerland</country>;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>e</sup>Laboratory for Systems, Instrumentation and Modeling for Space and the Environment,<institution>University of Lisbon and University of Beira Interior</institution>, 1749-016 Lisbon,<country>Portugal</country>;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>f</sup>Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry,<institution>Paul Scherrer Institute</institution>, 5232 Villigen,<country>Switzerland</country>;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>g</sup><institution>Ionicon Analytik GmbH</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>h</sup>Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics,<institution>University of Innsbruck</institution>, 6020 Innsbruck,<country>Austria</country>;</aff><aff id="aff9"><sup>i</sup>Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies,<institution>Carnegie Mellon University</institution>, Pittsburgh,<addr-line>PA</addr-line> 15213;</aff><aff id="aff10"><sup>j</sup>Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,<institution>California Institute of Technology</institution>, Pasadena,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 91125;</aff><aff id="aff11"><sup>k</sup><institution>Tofwerk AG</institution>, 3600 Thun,<country>Switzerland</country>;</aff><aff id="aff12"><sup>l</sup>Department of Applied Physics,<institution>University of Eastern Finland</institution>, 70211 Kuopio,<country>Finland</country>;</aff><aff id="aff13"><sup>m</sup><institution>Finnish Meteorological Institute</institution>, 00101 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</aff><aff id="aff14"><sup>n</sup><institution>Airmodus Ltd.</institution>, 00560 Helsinki,<country>Finland</country>;</aff><aff id="aff15"><sup>o</sup>Solar and Cosmic Ray Research Laboratory,<institution>Lebedev Physical Institute</institution>, 119991 Moscow,<country>Russia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff16"><sup>p</sup>Faculty of Physics,<institution>University of Vienna</institution>, 1090 Vienna,<country>Austria</country>;</aff><aff id="aff17"><sup>q</sup>School of Earth and Environment,<institution>University of Leeds</institution>, Leeds LS2 9JT,<country>United Kingdom</country>; and</aff><aff id="aff18"><sup>r</sup><institution>Aerodyne Research Inc.</institution>, Billerica,<addr-line>MA</addr-line> 01821</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: <email>kuerten@iau.uni-frankfurt.de</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref> by Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved September 8, 2014 (received for review March 21, 2014)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: A.K., M. Simon, M. Sipilä, A. Adamov, F.B., J. Dommen, N.M.D., J. Duplissy, S.E., R.C.F., A.F., J.H., A.H., J. Kirkby, A.L., V.M., S.M., A.O., T.P., A.P.P., F.R., M.P.R., S.S., J.H.S., G.S., A.T., D.W., U.B., K.S.C., M.K., D.R.W., and J.C. designed research; A.K., T.J., M. Simon, M. Sipilä, N.S., A. Adamov, J.A., A. Amorim, F.B., M.B., J. Duplissy, S.E., J.H., M. Heinritzi, J. Kangasluoma, J. Kirkby, K.L., M.L., A.P.P., F.R., M.P.R., L.R., S.S., G.S., A.T., J.T., P.M.W., C.W., D.W., and P.Y. performed research; A.K., T.J., M. Simon, M. Sipilä, H.J., M.B., A.H., and M. Hutterli contributed new reagents/analytic tools; A.K., T.J., M. Simon, M. Sipilä, N.S., H.J., J.A., F.B., M.B., J. Dommen, M. Heinritzi, J. Kirkby, K.L., A.P.P., S.S., G.S., A.T., and D.R.W. analyzed data; and A.K. and J.C. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>6</day><month>10</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>6</day><month>10</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>111</volume><issue>42</issue><fpage>15019</fpage><lpage>15024</lpage><permissions><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="pnas.201404853.pdf"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>Significance</title><p>A significant fraction of atmospheric aerosols is formed from the condensation of low-volatility vapors. These newly formed particles can grow, become seeds for cloud particles, and influence climate. New particle formation in the planetary boundary layer generally proceeds via the neutral channel. However, unambiguous identification of neutral nucleating clusters has so far not been possible under atmospherically relevant conditions. We explored the system of sulfuric acid, water, and dimethylamine in a well-controlled laboratory experiment and measured the time-resolved concentrations of neutral clusters. Clusters containing up to 14 sulfuric acid and 16 dimethylamine molecules were observed. Our results demonstrate that a cluster containing as few as two sulfuric acid and one or two dimethylamine molecules is already stable against evaporation.</p></abstract><abstract><p>For atmospheric sulfuric acid (SA) concentrations the presence of dimethylamine (DMA) at mixing ratios of several parts per trillion by volume can explain observed boundary layer new particle formation rates. However, the concentration and molecular composition of the neutral (uncharged) clusters have not been reported so far due to the lack of suitable instrumentation. Here we report on experiments from the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research revealing the formation of neutral particles containing up to 14 SA and 16 DMA molecules, corresponding to a mobility diameter of about 2 nm, under atmospherically relevant conditions. These measurements bridge the gap between the molecular and particle perspectives of nucleation, revealing the fundamental processes involved in particle formation and growth. The neutral clusters are found to form at or close to the kinetic limit where particle formation is limited only by the collision rate of SA molecules. Even though the neutral particles are stable against evaporation from the SA dimer onward, the formation rates of particles at 1.7-nm size, which contain about 10 SA molecules, are up to 4 orders of magnitude smaller compared with those of the dimer due to coagulation and wall loss of particles before they reach 1.7 nm in diameter. This demonstrates that neither the atmospheric particle formation rate nor its dependence on SA can simply be interpreted in terms of cluster evaporation or the molecular composition of a critical nucleus.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>aerosol particles</kwd><kwd>atmospheric nucleation</kwd><kwd>atmospheric chemistry</kwd><kwd>mass spectrometry</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="6"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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