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Evidence of Gene−Environment Interaction for Two Genes on Chromosome 4 and Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Controlling the Risk of Nonsyndromic Cleft Palate

Identifieur interne : 001380 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 001379; suivant : 001381

Evidence of Gene−Environment Interaction for Two Genes on Chromosome 4 and Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Controlling the Risk of Nonsyndromic Cleft Palate

Auteurs : Tao Wu [République populaire de Chine, États-Unis] ; Holger Schwender [Allemagne] ; Ingo Ruczinski [États-Unis] ; Jeffrey C. Murray [États-Unis] ; Mary L. Marazita [États-Unis] ; Ronald G. Munger [États-Unis] ; Jacqueline B. Hetmanski [États-Unis] ; Margaret M. Parker [États-Unis] ; Ping Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Tanda Murray [États-Unis] ; Margaret Taub [États-Unis] ; Shuai Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Richard J. Redett [États-Unis] ; M. Daniele Fallin [États-Unis] ; Kung Yee Liang [États-Unis, Taïwan] ; Yah Huei Wu-Chou [Taïwan] ; Samuel S. Chong [Singapour] ; Vincent Yeow [Singapour] ; Xiaoqian Ye [République populaire de Chine, États-Unis] ; Hong Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Shangzhi Huang [République populaire de Chine] ; Ethylin W. Jabs [États-Unis] ; Bing Shi [République populaire de Chine] ; Allen J. Wilcox [États-Unis] ; Sun Ha Jee [Corée du Sud] ; Alan F. Scott [États-Unis] ; Terri H. Beaty [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : PMC:3916361

Abstract

Nonsyndromic cleft palate (CP) is one of the most common human birth defects and both genetic and environmental risk factors contribute to its etiology. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 550 CP case-parent trios ascertained in an international consortium. Stratified analysis among trios with different ancestries was performed to test for GxE interactions with common maternal exposures using conditional logistic regression models. While no single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) achieved genome-wide significance when considered alone, markers in SLC2A9 and the neighboring WDR1 on chromosome 4p16.1 gave suggestive evidence of gene-environment interaction with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among 259 Asian trios when the models included a term for GxE interaction. Multiple SNPs in these two genes were associated with increased risk of nonsyndromic CP if the mother was exposed to ETS during the peri-conceptual period (3 months prior to conception through the first trimester). When maternal ETS was considered, fifteen of 135 SNPs mapping to SLC2A9 and 9 of 59 SNPs in WDR1 gave P values approaching genome-wide significance (10−6<P<10−4) in a test for GxETS interaction. SNPs rs3733585 and rs12508991 in SLC2A9 yielded P = 2.26×10−7 in a test for GxETS interaction. SNPs rs6820756 and rs7699512 in WDR1 also yielded P = 1.79×10−7 and P = 1.98×10−7 in a 1 df test for GxE interaction. Although further replication studies are critical to confirming these findings, these results illustrate how genetic associations for nonsyndromic CP can be missed if potential GxE interaction is not taken into account, and this study suggest SLC2A9 and WDR1 should be considered as candidate genes for CP.


Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088088
PubMed: 24516586
PubMed Central: 3916361


Affiliations:


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PMC:3916361

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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evidence of Gene−Environment Interaction for Two Genes on Chromosome 4 and Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Controlling the Risk of Nonsyndromic Cleft Palate</title>
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<name sortKey="Ruczinski, Ingo" sort="Ruczinski, Ingo" uniqKey="Ruczinski I" first="Ingo" last="Ruczinski">Ingo Ruczinski</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Murray, Jeffrey C" sort="Murray, Jeffrey C" uniqKey="Murray J" first="Jeffrey C." last="Murray">Jeffrey C. Murray</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">
<addr-line>University of Iowa, Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Iowa, Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Iowa</region>
<settlement type="city">Iowa City</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Iowa</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Marazita, Mary L" sort="Marazita, Mary L" uniqKey="Marazita M" first="Mary L." last="Marazita">Mary L. Marazita</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">
<addr-line>Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
<settlement type="city">Pittsburgh</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Pittsburgh</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Munger, Ronald G" sort="Munger, Ronald G" uniqKey="Munger R" first="Ronald G." last="Munger">Ronald G. Munger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff6">
<addr-line>Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Utah State University, Logan, Utah</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Utah</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hetmanski, Jacqueline B" sort="Hetmanski, Jacqueline B" uniqKey="Hetmanski J" first="Jacqueline B." last="Hetmanski">Jacqueline B. Hetmanski</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Parker, Margaret M" sort="Parker, Margaret M" uniqKey="Parker M" first="Margaret M." last="Parker">Margaret M. Parker</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Ping" sort="Wang, Ping" uniqKey="Wang P" first="Ping" last="Wang">Ping Wang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">
<addr-line>Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Murray, Tanda" sort="Murray, Tanda" uniqKey="Murray T" first="Tanda" last="Murray">Tanda Murray</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Taub, Margaret" sort="Taub, Margaret" uniqKey="Taub M" first="Margaret" last="Taub">Margaret Taub</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Li, Shuai" sort="Li, Shuai" uniqKey="Li S" first="Shuai" last="Li">Shuai Li</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">
<addr-line>Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Redett, Richard J" sort="Redett, Richard J" uniqKey="Redett R" first="Richard J." last="Redett">Richard J. Redett</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fallin, M Daniele" sort="Fallin, M Daniele" uniqKey="Fallin M" first="M. Daniele" last="Fallin">M. Daniele Fallin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liang, Kung Yee" sort="Liang, Kung Yee" uniqKey="Liang K" first="Kung Yee" last="Liang">Kung Yee Liang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff8">
<addr-line>National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Yang-Ming University, Taipei</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Taipei</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wu Chou, Yah Huei" sort="Wu Chou, Yah Huei" uniqKey="Wu Chou Y" first="Yah Huei" last="Wu-Chou">Yah Huei Wu-Chou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff9">
<addr-line>Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Taoyuan</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chong, Samuel S" sort="Chong, Samuel S" uniqKey="Chong S" first="Samuel S." last="Chong">Samuel S. Chong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<addr-line>National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National University of Singapore, Singapore</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yeow, Vincent" sort="Yeow, Vincent" uniqKey="Yeow V" first="Vincent" last="Yeow">Vincent Yeow</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff11">
<addr-line>KK Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>KK Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Singapore</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Singapore</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ye, Xiaoqian" sort="Ye, Xiaoqian" uniqKey="Ye X" first="Xiaoqian" last="Ye">Xiaoqian Ye</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff12">
<addr-line>Wuhan University, School of Stomatology, Wuhan, China</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan University, School of Stomatology, Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Wuhan</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff13">
<addr-line>Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Hong" sort="Wang, Hong" uniqKey="Wang H" first="Hong" last="Wang">Hong Wang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">
<addr-line>Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Huang, Shangzhi" sort="Huang, Shangzhi" uniqKey="Huang S" first="Shangzhi" last="Huang">Shangzhi Huang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff14">
<addr-line>Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Peking Union Medical College, Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jabs, Ethylin W" sort="Jabs, Ethylin W" uniqKey="Jabs E" first="Ethylin W." last="Jabs">Ethylin W. Jabs</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff13">
<addr-line>Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shi, Bing" sort="Shi, Bing" uniqKey="Shi B" first="Bing" last="Shi">Bing Shi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">
<addr-line>State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Chengdu</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wilcox, Allen J" sort="Wilcox, Allen J" uniqKey="Wilcox A" first="Allen J." last="Wilcox">Allen J. Wilcox</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff16">
<addr-line>NIEHS/NIH, Epidemiology Branch, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>NIEHS/NIH, Epidemiology Branch, Durham, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jee, Sun Ha" sort="Jee, Sun Ha" uniqKey="Jee S" first="Sun Ha" last="Jee">Sun Ha Jee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff17">
<addr-line>Yonsei University, School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Yonsei University, School of Public Health, Seoul</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement>
<region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Scott, Alan F" sort="Scott, Alan F" uniqKey="Scott A" first="Alan F." last="Scott">Alan F. Scott</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Beaty, Terri H" sort="Beaty, Terri H" uniqKey="Beaty T" first="Terri H." last="Beaty">Terri H. Beaty</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">PLoS ONE</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2014">2014</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>Nonsyndromic cleft palate (CP) is one of the most common human birth defects and both genetic and environmental risk factors contribute to its etiology. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 550 CP case-parent trios ascertained in an international consortium. Stratified analysis among trios with different ancestries was performed to test for GxE interactions with common maternal exposures using conditional logistic regression models. While no single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) achieved genome-wide significance when considered alone, markers in
<italic>SLC2A9</italic>
and the neighboring
<italic>WDR1</italic>
on chromosome 4p16.1 gave suggestive evidence of gene-environment interaction with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among 259 Asian trios when the models included a term for GxE interaction. Multiple SNPs in these two genes were associated with increased risk of nonsyndromic CP if the mother was exposed to ETS during the peri-conceptual period (3 months prior to conception through the first trimester). When maternal ETS was considered, fifteen of 135 SNPs mapping to
<italic>SLC2A9</italic>
and 9 of 59 SNPs in
<italic>WDR1</italic>
gave
<italic>P</italic>
values approaching genome-wide significance (10
<sup>−6</sup>
<
<italic>P</italic>
<10
<sup>−4</sup>
) in a test for GxETS interaction. SNPs rs3733585 and rs12508991 in
<italic>SLC2A9</italic>
yielded
<italic>P</italic>
 = 2.26×10
<sup>−7</sup>
in a test for GxETS interaction. SNPs rs6820756 and rs7699512 in
<italic>WDR1</italic>
also yielded
<italic>P</italic>
 = 1.79×10
<sup>−7</sup>
and
<italic>P</italic>
 = 1.98×10
<sup>−7</sup>
in a 1
<italic>df</italic>
test for GxE interaction. Although further replication studies are critical to confirming these findings, these results illustrate how genetic associations for nonsyndromic CP can be missed if potential GxE interaction is not taken into account, and this study suggest
<italic>SLC2A9</italic>
and
<italic>WDR1</italic>
should be considered as candidate genes for CP.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back>
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<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
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<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
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<publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc>
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<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24516586</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3916361</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-13-27046</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0088088</article-id>
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<subject>Research Article</subject>
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<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2">
<subject>Biology</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Developmental Biology</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Morphogenesis</subject>
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<subject>Birth Defects</subject>
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<subject>Genetics</subject>
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<subject>Human Genetics</subject>
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<subject>Genome-Wide Association Studies</subject>
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<subject>Population Genetics</subject>
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<subject>Genetic Polymorphism</subject>
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<subject>Genetics of Disease</subject>
<subject>Genome-Wide Association Studies</subject>
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<subj-group>
<subject>Genomics</subject>
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<subject>Genome Analysis Tools</subject>
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<subject>Genome-Wide Association Studies</subject>
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<subject>Medicine</subject>
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<subject>Epidemiology</subject>
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<subject>Environmental Epidemiology</subject>
<subject>Genetic Epidemiology</subject>
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</subj-group>
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<subject>Non-Clinical Medicine</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Health Care Policy</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Health Risk Analysis</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group>
<subject>Otorhinolaryngology</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Cleft Lip and Palate</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group>
<subject>Public Health</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Environmental Health</subject>
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</subj-group>
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<title-group>
<article-title>Evidence of Gene−Environment Interaction for Two Genes on Chromosome 4 and Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Controlling the Risk of Nonsyndromic Cleft Palate</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Gene−Environment Interaction on Oral Clefts</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>Tao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">
<sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schwender</surname>
<given-names>Holger</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ruczinski</surname>
<given-names>Ingo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Murray</surname>
<given-names>Jeffrey C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Marazita</surname>
<given-names>Mary L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Munger</surname>
<given-names>Ronald G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hetmanski</surname>
<given-names>Jacqueline B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Parker</surname>
<given-names>Margaret M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Ping</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Murray</surname>
<given-names>Tanda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Taub</surname>
<given-names>Margaret</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Shuai</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Redett</surname>
<given-names>Richard J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fallin</surname>
<given-names>M. Daniele</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Liang</surname>
<given-names>Kung Yee</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wu-Chou</surname>
<given-names>Yah Huei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chong</surname>
<given-names>Samuel S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yeow</surname>
<given-names>Vincent</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ye</surname>
<given-names>Xiaoqian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Hong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>Shangzhi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jabs</surname>
<given-names>Ethylin W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shi</surname>
<given-names>Bing</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wilcox</surname>
<given-names>Allen J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
<sup>16</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jee</surname>
<given-names>Sun Ha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
<sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Scott</surname>
<given-names>Alan F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Beaty</surname>
<given-names>Terri H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Mathematical Institute, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>University of Iowa, Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>KK Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>12</label>
<addr-line>Wuhan University, School of Stomatology, Wuhan, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13">
<label>13</label>
<addr-line>Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff14">
<label>14</label>
<addr-line>Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff15">
<label>15</label>
<addr-line>State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff16">
<label>16</label>
<addr-line>NIEHS/NIH, Epidemiology Branch, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff17">
<label>17</label>
<addr-line>Yonsei University, School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name>
<surname>Pajewski</surname>
<given-names>Nicholas M.</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1">
<addr-line>Wake Forest University Health Sciences, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:
<email>twu@bjmu.edu.cn</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p>
<bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p>Conceived and designed the experiments: THB JCM MLM RGM. Analyzed the data: TW IR JBH MMP PW TM MT SL KYL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HS IR. Wrote the paper: TW IR AFS MDF EWJ THB. Conducted field investigation and collected samples: THB JCM MLM RGM JBH RJR YHWC SSC VY XY HW SH EWJ BS AJW SHJ.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>6</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e88088</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>1</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>6</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Wu et al</copyright-holder>
<license>
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Nonsyndromic cleft palate (CP) is one of the most common human birth defects and both genetic and environmental risk factors contribute to its etiology. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 550 CP case-parent trios ascertained in an international consortium. Stratified analysis among trios with different ancestries was performed to test for GxE interactions with common maternal exposures using conditional logistic regression models. While no single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) achieved genome-wide significance when considered alone, markers in
<italic>SLC2A9</italic>
and the neighboring
<italic>WDR1</italic>
on chromosome 4p16.1 gave suggestive evidence of gene-environment interaction with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among 259 Asian trios when the models included a term for GxE interaction. Multiple SNPs in these two genes were associated with increased risk of nonsyndromic CP if the mother was exposed to ETS during the peri-conceptual period (3 months prior to conception through the first trimester). When maternal ETS was considered, fifteen of 135 SNPs mapping to
<italic>SLC2A9</italic>
and 9 of 59 SNPs in
<italic>WDR1</italic>
gave
<italic>P</italic>
values approaching genome-wide significance (10
<sup>−6</sup>
<
<italic>P</italic>
<10
<sup>−4</sup>
) in a test for GxETS interaction. SNPs rs3733585 and rs12508991 in
<italic>SLC2A9</italic>
yielded
<italic>P</italic>
 = 2.26×10
<sup>−7</sup>
in a test for GxETS interaction. SNPs rs6820756 and rs7699512 in
<italic>WDR1</italic>
also yielded
<italic>P</italic>
 = 1.79×10
<sup>−7</sup>
and
<italic>P</italic>
 = 1.98×10
<sup>−7</sup>
in a 1
<italic>df</italic>
test for GxE interaction. Although further replication studies are critical to confirming these findings, these results illustrate how genetic associations for nonsyndromic CP can be missed if potential GxE interaction is not taken into account, and this study suggest
<italic>SLC2A9</italic>
and
<italic>WDR1</italic>
should be considered as candidate genes for CP.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement>Funding to support data collection, genotyping and analysis came from several sources, some to individual investigators (R01-DE-014581, R01-DE-016148, P50-DE-016215, R21-DE-016930, R01-DE-09886, R37-DE-08559, U01-DE-020057, R37-DE-0-8559, U01-DE-020057, R01-DE-012472, R01-DE-0106877) and some to the cleft consortium itself (U01-DE-018993). This project was part of the Gene, Environment Association Studies (GENEVA) Consortium funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) to enhance communication and collaboration among researchers conducting genome-wide studies of complex diseases. The authors' group benefited greatly from the work and efforts of the entire consortium, especially the Coordinating Center (directed by B. Weir and C. Laurie of the University of Washington; U01- HG004446) in data cleaning and preparation for submission to the Database for Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP). The authors also acknowledge the leadership of T. Manolio of NHGRI and E. Harris of National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Genotyping services were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). The International Cleft Consortium including genotyping and analysis was supported by the National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Research through U01-DE-018993; “International Consortium to Identify Genes & Interactions Controlling Oral Clefts”, 2007–2009; TH Beaty, PI. TW was supported by the International Collaborative Genetics Research Training Program (ICGRTP), NIH D43 TW06176 and 81102178 from National Natural Science of China. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<page-count count="8"></page-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Corée du Sud</li>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
<li>Singapour</li>
<li>Taïwan</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Caroline du Nord</li>
<li>Iowa</li>
<li>Maryland</li>
<li>Pennsylvanie</li>
<li>Région capitale de Séoul</li>
<li>Utah</li>
<li>État de New York</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>Iowa City</li>
<li>Pittsburgh</li>
<li>Pékin</li>
<li>Séoul</li>
</settlement>
<orgName>
<li>Université de Pittsburgh</li>
<li>Université de l'Iowa</li>
<li>Université nationale de Singapour</li>
</orgName>
</list>
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<country name="République populaire de Chine">
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<name sortKey="Wu, Tao" sort="Wu, Tao" uniqKey="Wu T" first="Tao" last="Wu">Tao Wu</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Huang, Shangzhi" sort="Huang, Shangzhi" uniqKey="Huang S" first="Shangzhi" last="Huang">Shangzhi Huang</name>
<name sortKey="Li, Shuai" sort="Li, Shuai" uniqKey="Li S" first="Shuai" last="Li">Shuai Li</name>
<name sortKey="Shi, Bing" sort="Shi, Bing" uniqKey="Shi B" first="Bing" last="Shi">Bing Shi</name>
<name sortKey="Wang, Hong" sort="Wang, Hong" uniqKey="Wang H" first="Hong" last="Wang">Hong Wang</name>
<name sortKey="Wang, Ping" sort="Wang, Ping" uniqKey="Wang P" first="Ping" last="Wang">Ping Wang</name>
<name sortKey="Ye, Xiaoqian" sort="Ye, Xiaoqian" uniqKey="Ye X" first="Xiaoqian" last="Ye">Xiaoqian Ye</name>
</country>
<country name="États-Unis">
<region name="Maryland">
<name sortKey="Wu, Tao" sort="Wu, Tao" uniqKey="Wu T" first="Tao" last="Wu">Tao Wu</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Beaty, Terri H" sort="Beaty, Terri H" uniqKey="Beaty T" first="Terri H." last="Beaty">Terri H. Beaty</name>
<name sortKey="Fallin, M Daniele" sort="Fallin, M Daniele" uniqKey="Fallin M" first="M. Daniele" last="Fallin">M. Daniele Fallin</name>
<name sortKey="Hetmanski, Jacqueline B" sort="Hetmanski, Jacqueline B" uniqKey="Hetmanski J" first="Jacqueline B." last="Hetmanski">Jacqueline B. Hetmanski</name>
<name sortKey="Jabs, Ethylin W" sort="Jabs, Ethylin W" uniqKey="Jabs E" first="Ethylin W." last="Jabs">Ethylin W. Jabs</name>
<name sortKey="Jabs, Ethylin W" sort="Jabs, Ethylin W" uniqKey="Jabs E" first="Ethylin W." last="Jabs">Ethylin W. Jabs</name>
<name sortKey="Liang, Kung Yee" sort="Liang, Kung Yee" uniqKey="Liang K" first="Kung Yee" last="Liang">Kung Yee Liang</name>
<name sortKey="Marazita, Mary L" sort="Marazita, Mary L" uniqKey="Marazita M" first="Mary L." last="Marazita">Mary L. Marazita</name>
<name sortKey="Munger, Ronald G" sort="Munger, Ronald G" uniqKey="Munger R" first="Ronald G." last="Munger">Ronald G. Munger</name>
<name sortKey="Murray, Jeffrey C" sort="Murray, Jeffrey C" uniqKey="Murray J" first="Jeffrey C." last="Murray">Jeffrey C. Murray</name>
<name sortKey="Murray, Tanda" sort="Murray, Tanda" uniqKey="Murray T" first="Tanda" last="Murray">Tanda Murray</name>
<name sortKey="Parker, Margaret M" sort="Parker, Margaret M" uniqKey="Parker M" first="Margaret M." last="Parker">Margaret M. Parker</name>
<name sortKey="Redett, Richard J" sort="Redett, Richard J" uniqKey="Redett R" first="Richard J." last="Redett">Richard J. Redett</name>
<name sortKey="Ruczinski, Ingo" sort="Ruczinski, Ingo" uniqKey="Ruczinski I" first="Ingo" last="Ruczinski">Ingo Ruczinski</name>
<name sortKey="Scott, Alan F" sort="Scott, Alan F" uniqKey="Scott A" first="Alan F." last="Scott">Alan F. Scott</name>
<name sortKey="Taub, Margaret" sort="Taub, Margaret" uniqKey="Taub M" first="Margaret" last="Taub">Margaret Taub</name>
<name sortKey="Wilcox, Allen J" sort="Wilcox, Allen J" uniqKey="Wilcox A" first="Allen J." last="Wilcox">Allen J. Wilcox</name>
<name sortKey="Ye, Xiaoqian" sort="Ye, Xiaoqian" uniqKey="Ye X" first="Xiaoqian" last="Ye">Xiaoqian Ye</name>
</country>
<country name="Allemagne">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Schwender, Holger" sort="Schwender, Holger" uniqKey="Schwender H" first="Holger" last="Schwender">Holger Schwender</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Taïwan">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Liang, Kung Yee" sort="Liang, Kung Yee" uniqKey="Liang K" first="Kung Yee" last="Liang">Kung Yee Liang</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Wu Chou, Yah Huei" sort="Wu Chou, Yah Huei" uniqKey="Wu Chou Y" first="Yah Huei" last="Wu-Chou">Yah Huei Wu-Chou</name>
</country>
<country name="Singapour">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Chong, Samuel S" sort="Chong, Samuel S" uniqKey="Chong S" first="Samuel S." last="Chong">Samuel S. Chong</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Yeow, Vincent" sort="Yeow, Vincent" uniqKey="Yeow V" first="Vincent" last="Yeow">Vincent Yeow</name>
</country>
<country name="Corée du Sud">
<region name="Région capitale de Séoul">
<name sortKey="Jee, Sun Ha" sort="Jee, Sun Ha" uniqKey="Jee S" first="Sun Ha" last="Jee">Sun Ha Jee</name>
</region>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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