The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses
Identifieur interne : 000785 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000784; suivant : 000786The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses
Auteurs : L. Eakin ; K. Minde ; L. Hechtman ; E. Ochs ; E. Krane ; R. Bouffard ; B. Greenfield ; K. LooperSource :
- Journal of Attention Disorders [ 1087-0547 ] ; 2004-08.
Abstract
Little is known about the family relationships of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thus, the marital adjustment and family functioning of 33 married adults with ADHD and their spouses was compared to 26 non-ADHD control participants and their spouses. Results revealed that married adults with ADHD reported poorer overall marital adjustment on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1989) and more family dysfunction on the Family Assessment Device (FAD; Eptein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) than control adults. The spouses of adults with ADHD did not differ from control spouses in reports of overall marital adjustment and family dysfunction. A greater proportion of their marital adjustment scores, however, fell within the maladjusted range. The ADHD adults’ perceptions of the health of their marriages and families were more negative than their spouses’ perceptions. The way in which spouses of ADHD adults compensated for their partners’ difficulties were explored through clinical interviews. The findings in this study underscore the need for assessments and treatments to address marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD.
Url:
DOI: 10.1177/108705470400800101
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:8CE791FD60627EAE7A5182BE246310B21C3039A6Le document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses</title><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Eakin, L" sort="Eakin, L" uniqKey="Eakin L" first="L." last="Eakin">L. Eakin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Curry School of Education, University of Virginia,</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: laurel.eakin@cholmsky.com</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Minde, K" sort="Minde, K" uniqKey="Minde K" first="K." last="Minde">K. Minde</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Hechtman, L" sort="Hechtman, L" uniqKey="Hechtman L" first="L." last="Hechtman">L. Hechtman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Ochs, E" sort="Ochs, E" uniqKey="Ochs E" first="E." last="Ochs">E. Ochs</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Krane, E" sort="Krane, E" uniqKey="Krane E" first="E." last="Krane">E. Krane</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Halifax, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Bouffard, R" sort="Bouffard, R" uniqKey="Bouffard R" first="R." last="Bouffard">R. Bouffard</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Greenfield, B" sort="Greenfield, B" uniqKey="Greenfield B" first="B." last="Greenfield">B. Greenfield</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Looper, K" sort="Looper, K" uniqKey="Looper K" first="K." last="Looper">K. Looper</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:8CE791FD60627EAE7A5182BE246310B21C3039A6</idno><date when="2004" year="2004">2004</date><idno type="doi">10.1177/108705470400800101</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/8CE791FD60627EAE7A5182BE246310B21C3039A6/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000785</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000785</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses</title><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Eakin, L" sort="Eakin, L" uniqKey="Eakin L" first="L." last="Eakin">L. Eakin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Curry School of Education, University of Virginia,</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: laurel.eakin@cholmsky.com</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Minde, K" sort="Minde, K" uniqKey="Minde K" first="K." last="Minde">K. Minde</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Hechtman, L" sort="Hechtman, L" uniqKey="Hechtman L" first="L." last="Hechtman">L. Hechtman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Ochs, E" sort="Ochs, E" uniqKey="Ochs E" first="E." last="Ochs">E. Ochs</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Krane, E" sort="Krane, E" uniqKey="Krane E" first="E." last="Krane">E. Krane</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Halifax, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Bouffard, R" sort="Bouffard, R" uniqKey="Bouffard R" first="R." last="Bouffard">R. Bouffard</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Greenfield, B" sort="Greenfield, B" uniqKey="Greenfield B" first="B." last="Greenfield">B. Greenfield</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Looper, K" sort="Looper, K" uniqKey="Looper K" first="K." last="Looper">K. Looper</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Attention Disorders</title><idno type="ISSN">1087-0547</idno><idno type="eISSN">1557-1246</idno><imprint><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><pubPlace>Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2004-08">2004-08</date><biblScope unit="volume">8</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="1">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="10">10</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1087-0547</idno></series><idno type="istex">8CE791FD60627EAE7A5182BE246310B21C3039A6</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1177/108705470400800101</idno><idno type="ArticleID">10.1177_108705470400800101</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1087-0547</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Little is known about the family relationships of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thus, the marital adjustment and family functioning of 33 married adults with ADHD and their spouses was compared to 26 non-ADHD control participants and their spouses. Results revealed that married adults with ADHD reported poorer overall marital adjustment on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1989) and more family dysfunction on the Family Assessment Device (FAD; Eptein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) than control adults. The spouses of adults with ADHD did not differ from control spouses in reports of overall marital adjustment and family dysfunction. A greater proportion of their marital adjustment scores, however, fell within the maladjusted range. The ADHD adults’ perceptions of the health of their marriages and families were more negative than their spouses’ perceptions. The way in which spouses of ADHD adults compensated for their partners’ difficulties were explored through clinical interviews. The findings in this study underscore the need for assessments and treatments to address marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>sage</corpusName><author><json:item><name>L. Eakin</name><affiliations><json:string>Curry School of Education, University of Virginia,</json:string><json:string>E-mail: laurel.eakin@cholmsky.com</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>K. Minde</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>L. Hechtman</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>E. Ochs</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>E. Krane</name><affiliations><json:string>Halifax, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>R. Bouffard</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>B. Greenfield</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>K. Looper</name><affiliations><json:string>Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><articleId><json:string>10.1177_108705470400800101</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>research-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Little is known about the family relationships of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thus, the marital adjustment and family functioning of 33 married adults with ADHD and their spouses was compared to 26 non-ADHD control participants and their spouses. Results revealed that married adults with ADHD reported poorer overall marital adjustment on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1989) and more family dysfunction on the Family Assessment Device (FAD; Eptein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) than control adults. The spouses of adults with ADHD did not differ from control spouses in reports of overall marital adjustment and family dysfunction. A greater proportion of their marital adjustment scores, however, fell within the maladjusted range. The ADHD adults’ perceptions of the health of their marriages and families were more negative than their spouses’ perceptions. The way in which spouses of ADHD adults compensated for their partners’ difficulties were explored through clinical interviews. The findings in this study underscore the need for assessments and treatments to address marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8.052</score><pdfVersion>1.5</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>612 x 792 pts (letter)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1171</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>5104</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>35106</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>10</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>171</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses</title><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>8</volume><publisherId><json:string>JAD</json:string></publisherId><pages><last>10</last><first>1</first></pages><issn><json:string>1087-0547</json:string></issn><issue>1</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1557-1246</json:string></eissn><title>Journal of Attention Disorders</title></host><categories><wos><json:string>social science</json:string><json:string>psychology, developmental</json:string><json:string>psychiatry</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>health sciences</json:string><json:string>psychology & cognitive sciences</json:string><json:string>developmental & child psychology</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2004</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2004</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1177/108705470400800101</json:string></doi><id>8CE791FD60627EAE7A5182BE246310B21C3039A6</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8CE791FD60627EAE7A5182BE246310B21C3039A6/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8CE791FD60627EAE7A5182BE246310B21C3039A6/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/8CE791FD60627EAE7A5182BE246310B21C3039A6/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><pubPlace>Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA</pubPlace><availability><p>SAGE</p></availability><date>2004</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">L.</forename><surname>Eakin</surname></persName><email>laurel.eakin@cholmsky.com</email><affiliation>Curry School of Education, University of Virginia,</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">K.</forename><surname>Minde</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">L.</forename><surname>Hechtman</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">E.</forename><surname>Ochs</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">E.</forename><surname>Krane</surname></persName><affiliation>Halifax, Canada</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">R.</forename><surname>Bouffard</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-7"><persName><forename type="first">B.</forename><surname>Greenfield</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-8"><persName><forename type="first">K.</forename><surname>Looper</surname></persName><affiliation>Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Attention Disorders</title><idno type="pISSN">1087-0547</idno><idno type="eISSN">1557-1246</idno><imprint><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><pubPlace>Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2004-08"></date><biblScope unit="volume">8</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="1">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="10">10</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">8CE791FD60627EAE7A5182BE246310B21C3039A6</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1177/108705470400800101</idno><idno type="ArticleID">10.1177_108705470400800101</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2004</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Little is known about the family relationships of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thus, the marital adjustment and family functioning of 33 married adults with ADHD and their spouses was compared to 26 non-ADHD control participants and their spouses. Results revealed that married adults with ADHD reported poorer overall marital adjustment on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1989) and more family dysfunction on the Family Assessment Device (FAD; Eptein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) than control adults. The spouses of adults with ADHD did not differ from control spouses in reports of overall marital adjustment and family dysfunction. A greater proportion of their marital adjustment scores, however, fell within the maladjusted range. The ADHD adults’ perceptions of the health of their marriages and families were more negative than their spouses’ perceptions. The way in which spouses of ADHD adults compensated for their partners’ difficulties were explored through clinical interviews. The findings in this study underscore the need for assessments and treatments to address marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD.</p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2004-08">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8CE791FD60627EAE7A5182BE246310B21C3039A6/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus sage not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.3" xml:lang="EN"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">spjad</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JAD</journal-id><journal-title>Journal of Attention Disorders</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">1087-0547</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Sage Publications</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/108705470400800101</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10.1177_108705470400800101</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Eakin</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><aff>Curry School of Education, University of Virginia, <email xlink:type="simple">laurel.eakin@cholmsky.com</email></aff></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Minde</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><aff>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</aff></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hechtman</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><aff>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</aff></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ochs</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><aff>Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</aff></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Krane</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><aff>Halifax, Canada</aff></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bouffard</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><aff>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</aff></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Greenfield</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><aff>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</aff></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Looper</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><aff>Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>08</month><year>2004</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><abstract><p>Little is known about the family relationships of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thus, the marital adjustment and family functioning of 33 married adults with ADHD and their spouses was compared to 26 non-ADHD control participants and their spouses. Results revealed that married adults with ADHD reported poorer overall marital adjustment on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1989) and more family dysfunction on the Family Assessment Device (FAD; Eptein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) than control adults. The spouses of adults with ADHD did not differ from control spouses in reports of overall marital adjustment and family dysfunction. A greater proportion of their marital adjustment scores, however, fell within the maladjusted range. The ADHD adults’ perceptions of the health of their marriages and families were more negative than their spouses’ perceptions. The way in which spouses of ADHD adults compensated for their partners’ difficulties were explored through clinical interviews. The findings in this study underscore the need for assessments and treatments to address marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD.</p></abstract><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>sagemeta-type</meta-name><meta-value>Journal Article</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>search-text</meta-name><meta-value> Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol. 8, No. 1/August 2004 Copyright © 2004 Multi-Health Systems Inc. 1 The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses L. Eakin, K. Minde, L. Hechtman, E. Ochs, E. Krane, R. Bouffard, B. Greenfield, and K. Looper Little is known about the family relationships of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thus, the marital adjustment and family functioning of 33 married adults with ADHD and their spouses was compared to 26 non-ADHD control participants and their spouses. Results revealed that married adults with ADHD reported poorer overall marital adjustment on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1989) and more family dysfunction on the Family Assessment Device (FAD; Eptein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) than control adults. The spouses of adults with ADHD did not differ from control spouses in reports of overall marital adjustment and family dysfunction. A greater proportion of their marital adjustment scores, however, fell within the maladjusted range. The ADHD adults' perceptions of the health of their marriages and families were more negative than their spouses' perceptions. The way in which spouses of ADHD adults compensated for their partners' difficulties were explored through clinical interviews. The findings in this study underscore the need for assessments and treatments to address marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity (DSM-IV; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The prevalence of ADHD in adulthood varies according to the criteria used and the informant, and ranges from less than 10% to close to 70% (Barkley, Fischer, Smallish, & Fletcher, 2002; Mannuzza, Klein, Bessler, Malloy, & LaPadula, 1993, 1998; Weiss, Hechtman, Milroy, & Perlman, 1985). Nevertheless, many people with childhood ADHD continue to have some disabling symptoms of ADHD in adulthood. Empirical data are beginning to accumulate concerning the demographic characteristics, symptom presentations, and psychiatric comorbidities of clinic-referred adults with ADHD (Barkley, Murphy, & Kwasnik, 1996; Biederman et al., 1993; Biederman et al., 1994; Millstein, Wilens, Biederman,&Spencer,1997;Murphy&Barkley,1996;Roy- Byrneetal.,1997).Fewofthesestudies, however,document its impact on marital and family functioning. The paucity of research on the relationship difficulties of adults with ADHD is surprising given their psychiatric profiles, the substantial anecdotal reports describing the serious impact of the disorder on their relationships (Dixon, 1995;Nadeau,1991;Ratey,Hallowell,&Miller,1995;Weiss, Hechtman, & Weiss, 1999), and the extensive research documenting the impact of ADHD on the peer and family relationships of children with the disorder (see Barkley, 1998). The studies that have following children with ADHD to adulthood that included measures of social functioning have found a continuation of poor psychosocial adjustment. Milman (1979) found that 67% of hyperactive adults (mean age = 19 years) had social problems, and only 27% had achieved heterosexual maturity (i.e.,were dating, engaged, or married). Weiss and Hechtman (1993) reported that hyperactive adults (mean age = 25 years) had significantly poorer social skills than matched controls in all domains assessed: job interviews, situations requiring assertive- ness, and heterosocial interactions. Clinicians report that marital problems are one of the most commoncomplaintsofadultswithADHDseekingtreatment (Dixon, 1995; Weiss et al.,1999), yet only a few studies have documented these difficulties. ADHD adults have been found to have a higher incidence of separation and divorce than normal controls (Biederman et al., 1993; Biederman et al., 1994) and to get married more frequently than non-ADHD clinic controls (Murphy & Barkley, 1996). To our knowledge, only one study (Murphy & Barkley, 1996) evaluated the marital satisfaction of clinic-referred adults withADHD. Despite the limitation of small sample sizes, there was a trend for adults withADHD to report less marital satisfaction than the non-ADHD clinic controls. Further evidence to suggest that adults with ADHD may be at risk for marital problems is the finding by Kelly and Conley (1987) that the personality traits of neuroticism and impulse control were the aspects of personality most 2 Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol 8, No. 1/August 2004 Copyright © 2004, Multi-Health Systems Inc. predictive of negative marital outcome, traits that have been shown to be associated with ADHD symptoms (Barkley, 1997; Nigg et al., 2002). It has been clinically observed thatADHD symptomatology negatively impacts on the family by its association with disorganization, difficulty modulating emotions, low frustrationtolerance,andcommunicationdifficulties(Dixon, 1995; Weiss et al., 1999). There are no investigations, however, documenting the resulting family dysfunction. Clinically, the level of functioning of spouses has been identified as an important moderator variable in the functioning of families of adults withADHD (Dixon, 1995). Families of ADHD adults often depend upon the non- ADHD spouse who becomes responsible for planning, organizing, setting limits, making financial decisions, and maintainingfamilyharmony(Dixon,1995;Weissetal.,1999). Although the spousal support may work to the advantage of theADHD adult, their non-ADHD spouses often report feeling resentful and overwhelmed due to the unequal distribution of responsibilities in their families and the lack of emotional support available to them (Weiss et al., 1999). The present study sought to gain a better understanding of the psychosocial functioning of clinic-referred adults withADHD within a family context. We first examined the marital adjustment and family functioning of married adults with ADHD, hypothesizing that both marital adjustment and family functioning would be impaired in the adults with ADHD relative to the comparison adults. Secondly, we evaluated the adjustment of the spouses. The ratings ofmaritalandfamilyfunctioningofspousesofADHDadults were expected to be similar to that of theirADHD partners, and significantly worse than the comparison spouses' ratings. Finally, we qualitatively analyzed the spouses' descriptions of how their ADHD partners' difficulties affected them. Method Participants The participants in the study were 33 adults with ADHD, 32 of their spouses, 26 comparison adults from the community, and 26 of their spouses. The participants were selected from a larger study examining the psychosocial functioning of 83 adults with ADHD who were referred to an adult ADHD clinic located in a university affiliated hospital. This study was reviewed and approved by the hospital's Institutional Review Board. Since the study focused on family life, the 33 adults from the larger study who were married or in common-law relationships (i. e., had been living with their partner for at least 12 continuous months, as per Revenue Canada, 1999) were included. Criteria included for both ADHD and comparison adults were described in detail in a previous article (Minde et al., 2003). Participants were initially screened for ADHD symptomatology based on self-rating or knowledgeable informant ratings on the Patient's Behavior Checklist (Barkley, 1991) or the Conners'AdultADHD Rating Scale (CAARS; Conners, Erhardt, & Sparrow, 1994). If respond- ents scored in either the mild or moderate range on any of these measures, they completed a comprehensive assess- ment at the Clinic. To obtain a diagnosis of ADHD for this study, participants had to have significant ADHD symptomatology in childhood and had to meet DSM-IV criteria for ADHD as adults assessed through a structured interview. ADHD symptomatology in childhood was obtained by means of theADHD module of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS 4.0; Robins, Cottler, Bucholz, & Compton, 1997). Additional childhood ratings were obtained through self - and parent reports on the Wender- Utah Rating Scale (Ward, Wender, & Reimherr, 1993). Participants were judged to have met criteria forADHD in childhood if they met criteria on the DIS 4.0 or obtained a score of 36 or higher (by self- or informant ratings) on the Wender-Utah Rating Scale (Ward et al., 1993). Since no DSM-IV-based structured interview existed for the determination ofADHD in adults, the DIS 4. 0 was modified to assess current (in the past 6 months) symptomatology. Of the 131 adults who passed the initial screen and completed a comprehensive assessment, 83 (63%) were given a diagnosis ofADHD. Of these, 33 participants (40%) were married or in common-law relationships and included in this study. Their spouses were then asked to participate. One female spouse declined participation and two female spouses completed only the questionnaire portion of the assessment. None of the spouses met criteria for current ADHD (although one spouse met childhood criteria). Twenty-six comparison adults and their spouses, recruited through local advertisements and newspapers, were reimbursed $50 each for their participation. Two spouses (one of each gender) completed only the questionnaire portion of the study. None of the control participants met criteria forADHD. The adults with ADHD, their spouses, the control participants, and the controls' spouses all completed the same assessment protocol that included a psychiatric assessment, psychological testing, structured and semi- structured interviews, and the completion of questionnaires. Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol. 8, No. 1/August 2004 Copyright © 2004 Multi-Health Systems Inc. 3 A psychiatric assessment was conducted by one of four board-certified psychiatrists or a psychiatry research fellow. All participants were given oral and written explanations of the study and provided informed consent. The psychiatrists obtained information on past and current medical, psychiatric, and family histories, and adaptive functioning. During these interviews, the adults with ADHD and their spouses were asked several additional questions concerning the impact of ADHD symptoms on their lives. A subset of the questions administered to the spouses of ADHD adults were analyzed for the present study. They were: (a) "What are your concerns about your spouse's behavior?" (b) "How do your partner's ADHD symptoms affect you?" (c) "Do you have any complaints with regard to your spouse?" and (d) "Do you compensate for your partner's difficulties? If yes, how?" Concerns, complaints, and compensation efforts were categorized according to the following categories: general organization/time management, child rearing, work or school, finances, marital relationship, emotional regulation, and self-esteem/underachievement. Axis I diagnoses of all participants were determined via the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (DIS 4.0; Robins et al., 1997) administered by doctoral students in clinical psychology. Intelligence was estimated by a four-subtest short form of the WAIS-R: Information,Arithmetic, Picture Completion, and Block Design (Wechsler, 1981; see also Reynolds,Willson, & Clark, 1983). Participants completed several questionnaires assessing current psychological distress (see Minde et al., 2003). The results of the DyadicAdjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1989) and the Family Assessment Device (FAD; Epstein, et al., 1983) are reported in the current study.The DAS is a 32- item inventory that contains a global measure of relationship distress and subscales assessing dyadic consensus, dyadic satisfaction, affectional expression, and dyadic cohesion. It has a widely established cut-off score between adjusted and maladjusted marriages (Burger & Jacobson,1979; Kahn, Coyne, & Margolin, 1985). The FAD is a 60- item self-report instrument based on the McMaster Model of Family Functioning (MMFF; Epstein, Bishop, & Levin, 1978). The FAD was developed to assess the six dimensions outlined in the MMFF: Problem Solving, Communication, Roles, Affective Responsiveness, Affective Involvement, and Behavior Control. In addition, the FAD yields a General Functioning score. The FAD was administered only to couples with children aged 6 years and over. Analyses Continuous variables were analyzed by means of t-tests. The data were examined for assumption violations and found to be normally distributed. In the few analyses where variance heterogeneity was found (using Levene's test), unequal variance t-tests were used. Categorical variables were analyzed with chi-square tests. Chi-square tests were Yates corrected when expected frequencies were less than 5. Due to the small sample size, the risk of Type II errors (failing to detect true differences) was considerable; thus, statistical significance was defined at the .05 level. This means that statistical levels are presented without adjusting for multiple comparisons. Due to the resulting risk of Type I errors (detecting differences that are not real), effects that are between p = .01 and p = .05 are cautiously interpreted. Results Participants Demographic Characteristics. There were no significant differences between groups on the demographic varia- bles (Table 1). Marital adjustment and family functioning. The adults withADHD reported significantly poorer overall marital adjustment than comparison adults (Table 2).Their ratings were consistently poorer in all areas of marital life; satisfaction, consensus, affectional expression, and cohesion. Furthermore, a significantly greater proportion of the adults with ADHD had scores that fell within the maladjustedrange(p<.01;oddsratio=4.46).Thespouses of ADHD adults' ratings of marital adjustment (Table 3) did not differ from the ratings of the spouses of controls, with the exception of their perceptions of marital satisfaction (p < .05). Nonetheless, the proportion of their scores that fell within the maladjusted range was greater than the comparison spouses (p < .05; odds ratio = 3.76) Contrasted with comparison adults, those with ADHD also reported significantly poorer general family functioning. The specific areas of family life that were rated more negatively were affective involvement, roles, communication, and problem solving. The only area that did not reach significance was affective responsiveness (Table 4). In contrast, ADHD spouses' and comparison spouses' perceptions of family functioning did not differ significantly on any of the areas assessed by the FAD(Table5). To determine whether the adults with ADHD and their spouses perceived their marital adjustment and family functioning differently, paired samples t-tests were 4 Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol 8, No. 1/August 2004 Copyright © 2004, Multi-Health Systems Inc. Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of ADHD Adults, their Spouses, and the Comparison Participants ADHD Comparison (N = 33) (N = 26) Characteristic M (SD) M (SD) df t p Age (Years) 38.65 (6.77) 38.77 (6.33) 57 .05 .96 Age of Spouse (Years)a 39.84 (8.04) 38.19 (6.99) 56 .82 .41 Years married (or common-law) 11.00 (6.40) 9.77 (6.41) 57 .73 .47 Socioeconomic status (Family)b 2.12 (.65) 2.15 (.88) 44.64c -.16c .88 Children per family (N) 1.76 (1.12) 1.54 (1.07) 57 .76 .45 N (%) N (%) df 2 p Gender (Male) 21 (64) 16 (62) 1 .03 .87 Gender of Spouse (Male)a 11 (34)d 10 (38) 1 .10 .75 Couples with children 26 (79) 22 (85) 1 .06 .82 a N = 32 for spouse of ADHD group. b Based on Hollingshead Four Factor Index of Social Position (Hollingshead, 1975). c Based on t-test for unequal variance. d One adult with ADHD was in a same-gender (female) relationship. Table 2: Marital Adjustment of ADHD and Comparison Adults ADHD Comparison (N = 33) (N = 26) DAS Subscale M (SD) M (SD) df t p Satisfaction 33.97 (7.33) 39.00 (3.95) 51.04a 3.37a .001 Consensus 43.73 (7.81) 49.23 (7.09) 57 2.80 .007 Affectional expression 7.27 (2.80) 8.88 (2.07) 56.80a 2.54c .01 Cohesion 13.97 (3.62) 16.12 (3.71) 57 2.24 .03 Overall adjustment 99.21 (16.95) 113.23 (13.31) 57 3.46 .001 N (%) N (%) df 2 p Maladjustedab 17 (52) 5 (19) 1 6.48 .01 Note. Lower scores indicate poorer adjustment. a Based on t-test for unequal variance. b Overall adjustment score below 100. Table 3: Marital Adjustment of Spouses of ADHD and Comparison Adults Spouse Spouse of ADHD of Comparison (N = 32) (N = 26) DAS Subscale M (SD) M (SD) df t p Satisfaction 35.09 (6.88) 38.58 (4.98) 56 2.16 .04 Consensus 47.13 (7.63) 49.23 (7.41) 56 1.06 .29 Affectional expression 7.88 (2.93) 8.96 (1.87) 53.72a 1.72a .09a Cohesion 14.19 (4.62) 16.00 (4.77) 56 1.46 .15 Overall adjustment 104.28 (17.69) 113.19 (16.65) 56 1.97 .06 N (%) N (%) df 2 p Maladjustedab 13 (41) 4 (15) 1 4.41 .04 Note. Lower scores indicate poorer adjustment. a Based on t-test for unequal variance. b Overall adjustment score below 100. Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol. 8, No. 1/August 2004 Copyright © 2004 Multi-Health Systems Inc. 5 Table 4: Family Functioning of Adults with ADHD and Comparison Adults ADHD Comparison (N = 20) (N = 19) FAD Subscale M (SD) M (SD) df t p Behavior control 1.91 (.34) 1.50 (.33) 37 3.79 .001 Affective involvement 2.09 (.32) 1.70 (.43) 37 3.26 .002 Roles 2.40 (.33) 2.04 (.39) 37 3.09 .004 Communication 2.09 (.28) 1.83 (.39) 37 2.41 .02 Problem solving 2.11 (.43) 1.80 (.42) 37 2.27 .03 Affective responsiveness 1.99 (.40) 1.84 (.56) 37 .95 .35 General functioning 2.04 (.36) 1.70 (.42) 37 2.70 .01 Note. Higher scores indicate poorer functioning. Table 5: Family Functioning of Spouses of ADHD and Comparison Adults Spouse of Spouse of ADHD Comparison (N = 19) (N = 19) FAD Subscale M (SD) M (SD) df t p Behavior control 1.74 (.55) 1.64 (.30) 36 .69 .50 Affective involvement 1.82 (.37) 1.82 (.36) 36 .01 .99 Roles 2.26 (.46) 2.07 (.43) 36 1.38 .18 Communication 1.88 (.38) 1.80 (.40) 36 .65 .52 Problem solving 1.91 (.49) 1.81 (.31) 30.19a .79a .44a Affective responsiveness 1.74 (.49) 1.71 (.46) 36 .20 .84 General functioning 1.78 (.41) 1.63 (.40) 36 1.11 .27 Note. Higher scores indicate poorer functioning. a Based on t-test for unequal variance. conducted.The adults withADHD (M = 98.81, SD = 17.07) were found to have poorer overall reported marital adjustment than their spouses (M = 104.28, SD = 17.69), t (31) = -2.02, p = .05. In contrast, the ratings of overall marital adjustment did not differ between the comparison adults (M = 113.23, SD = 13.31) and their spouses (M = 113.19, SD = 16.64), t (25) = .01, p = .99. Similarly, the adults with ADHD perceived the general functioning of their families as significantly worse (M = 2.06, SD = .35) than their spouses (M = 1.78, SD = .41), t (18) = 3.15, p = .006. There were no significant differences between the general family functioning scores of the comparison participants (M = 1.70, SD = .42) and their spouses (M=1.63,SD = .40), t (18) =. 81, p =.43. We then asked whether current psychiatric comorbidity was associated with marital and family functioning.As seen in Table 6, no significant intergroup differences were found on self ratings when we compared participants withADHD with no current Axis I comorbidity to those with one or more additional disorders (which include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, drug use disorders, and alcohol use disorders). Surprisingly, the spouses of ADHD adults with comorbid disorders perceived their families as functioning better than those adults whose spouses met criteria only for ADHD. Although this was the only score that reached statistical significance (p < .05), all scores were in the opposite direction of what was predicted, indicating better functioning for the group with comorbidity. In contrast, when the spouses with current psychiatric disorders (which include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, drug use disorders, and alcohol use disorders) were compared to the spouses who did not meet criteria for any psychiatric disorders (Table 7), the spouses with psychiatric disorders perceived their marriages and families as functioning significantly worse. The ratings of theirADHD partners, however, did not differ significantly. Similar comparisons were not conducted with the comparison group as few participants met criteria for current psychiatric disorders (i.e., 1 comparison participant and 4 of their spouses). Complaints, concerns, and compensation strategies of spouses with an ADHD partner.Responsesfromthesemi- structured interview questions are summarized in Table 8. Ninety-six percent of spouses reported that their ADHD partners' behavior interfered with their functioning in one or more domains (without demonstrating gender differences; ps > .05). Their most frequently reported complaints and/or concerns fell within the domains of general household organization/time management, child 6 Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol 8, No. 1/August 2004 Copyright © 2004, Multi-Health Systems Inc. Table 6: Marital and Family Functioning of ADHD Adults with and without Comorbidity ADHD Adult ADHD Adult with Comorbidity without Comorbidity (N = 21) (N = 12) Measures M (SD) M (SD) df t p ADHD Adult Marital adjustmenta 101.95 (18.01) 94.42 (16.12) 31 -1.24 .23 Family functioning,bc 1.97 (.42) 2.19 (.32) 18 1.31 .21 Spouse Marital adjustmenta 105.20 (17.59) 102.75 (18.53) 30 -.38 .71 Family functioning,bc 1.65 (.36) 2.06 (.37) 17 2.28 .04 Higher marital adjustment scores indicate better functioning. Lower family functioning scores indicate better functioning. a Overall adjustment scale of DAS. b General functioning scale of FAD. c N = 14 for ADHD adult with comorbidity, N = 6 for ADHD adult without comorbidity. Table 7: Marital and Family Functioning of Spouses (of Adults with ADHD) with and without Psychiatric Disorders ADHD Adult ADHD Adult with Comorbidity without Comorbidity (N = 8) (N = 22) Measures M (SD) M (SD) df t p ADHD Adult Marital adjustmenta 89.50 (13.87) 101.86 (16.12) 28 1.92 .07 Family functioning,bc 2.21 (.35) .95 (.31) 16 -1.57 .14 Spouse Marital adjustmenta 90.25 (12.26) 108.23 (17.38) 28 2.68 .01 Family functioning,bc 2.12 (.32) 1.62 (.35) 16 -2.77 .01 Higher marital adjustment scores indicate better functioning. Lower family functioning scores indicate better functioning. a Overall adjustment scale of DAS. b General functioning scale of FAD. c N = 5 for spouse with psychiatric disorder, N = 13 for spouse without psychiatric disorder. rearing, and communication and/or marital relationship. Overall, 92% of the spouses felt they compensated in some way for theirADHD partners'difficulties (80% of the male spouses, and 100% of the female spouses), 2 (1, N = 26) = 1.22, p = .27. The spouses reported most often compensating for difficulties with general household organization and/or time management, child rearing, and financial management. Chi-squares revealed no differences in percentages of men and women who reported compensating in the different domains (ps >.05). Discussion The present study found that adults with ADHD reported significantly poorer marital adjustment and family functioning than comparison adults. This is consistent with the few previous studies that documented more divorces and more marriages in this population compared with controls (Biederman et al., 1993; Biederman et al., 1994; Murphy & Barkley, 1996).Although the spouses ofADHD adults reported poorer marital satisfaction than controls, and more of their ratings of overall marital adjustment fell within the clinical range, other subscales of marital adjustment and family functioning did not differ significantly from controls. It is important to keep in mind that due to the small sample size of this study and the resulting lack of adequate power, we cannot conclude that these differences do not exist. Nonetheless, our data do suggest that the adults with ADHD have more negative perceptions of their marital and family lives than their spouses. There are several possible explanations for this discrepancy. Since negative affectivity has been linked to the attributions individuals make for their partners' behaviors (Karney, Bradbury, Fincham, & Sullivan, 1994), one possibility is that greater negative affect in theADHD adults (Rosenbaum & Baker, 1984) may have negatively influenced their perceptions of their marriages and family life, as contrasted with the more positive views of their spouses. Another possibility is that the spouses may have felt that their efforts to compensate for theirADHD partners were benefiting their marriage and families, which in turn may have led them to evaluate their marriages more positively than theirADHD partners.This is also consistent Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol. 8, No. 1/August 2004 Copyright © 2004 Multi-Health Systems Inc. 7 Table 8: Complaints, Concerns, and Compensation Strategies of Spouses with ADHD Partners General Household Organization and Time Management Complaints/Concerns (92%) Compensation Strategies (65%) Trouble organizing/maintaining home, procrastinates, Keeps track of appointments, gives frequent reminders, provides does not initiate or complete chores. structure, finishes tasks. Poor sense of time, frequently loses and misplaces things, Organizes home, completes all the chores, cleans up after him/her. forgetful of tasks that must be done. Child Rearing Complaints/Concerns (55%)a Compensation Strategies (50%)a Impatient, easily frustrated, loses temper with the children. Takes care of all child-related tasks, keeps children quiet Forgetful of important child rearing tasks. "Entertainment Dad," Organizes children, plans activities, helps with homework, calls lack of involvement in discipline. teachers. Lacks judgment (excessive rough play, makes impulsive decisions, Protects children from "blow-ups," settles children down when rigid expectations, insensitive). spouse has wound them up. Communication and Marital Relationship Complaints/Concerns (54%) Frequent arguments, disagreements, misunderstandings, not available or supportive as a partner. Lack of follow-through, does not keep promises. Problems with intimacy, commitment, sexual relations, difficulty expressing feelings. Imbalance in roles (dependent on spouse to make all important decisions). Work or School Complaints/Concerns (39%)b Compensation Strategies (26%)b Disorganized, appears lazy, incompetent, inflexible. Manages finances, makes customer contacts, organizes work, Interpersonal difficulties with coworkers/clients, poor coping/ quits own job to assist. problem-solving skills. Assists with reading and writing, explains concepts, organizes homework, hands in papers. Financial Management Complaints and Concerns (39%) Compensation Strategies (35%) Doesn't contribute enough financially and has poor financial Does all the accounting, gives working spouse a weekly allowance. management. Emotional Regulation Complaints/Concerns (35%) Quick-tempered, unpredictable, moody, irrational, impatient, easily frustrated, never calm, can't relax Self-Esteem and Underachievement Complaints/Concerns (31%) Lacks confidence, feels inferior and incompetent, self-critical, makes self-denigrating comments. Underachieving symptoms interfere with success, lacks ability to face challenges. N = 26 due to missing information. Categories are not mutually exclusive. a N = 22 (adults with at least one child). b N = 23 (ADHD adult is currently working or in school). 8 Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol 8, No. 1/August 2004 Copyright © 2004, Multi-Health Systems Inc. with the finding that those spouses who were suffering from a psychiatric disorder, and perhaps less able to compensate effectively for theirADHD partners'difficulties due to their own emotional needs, perceived their marriages and families as functioning significantly worse than the spouses who did not meet criteria for a psychiatric disorder. In contrast, the ADHD adults were found to be less sensitive to the added factors of their own comorbidity or their spouses' mental health. Their perceptions of the marriages and families did not differ when these additional factors were examined. Surprisingly, the partners of adults with ADHD who had one or more additional psychiatric diagnoses perceived their families as functioning better than the spouses of those adults who hadADHD as their sole diagnosis. There were no intergroup statistical differences in the ADHD adults' self-ratings, or their spouses' ratings of marital adjustment. These scores were consistently in a direction indicating better functioning in the families ofADHD adults with additional psychiatric disorders than in the families of adults with ADHD as their sole diagnosis. Although in need of replication with a larger sample, this counterintuitive finding suggests that perhaps there is something unique about the spouses of ADHD adults, particularly those married to ADHD adults with additional psychiatric disorders. The spouses were not found to differ in terms of psychiatric health (4 were disordered in each group), but may differ in other ways not measured in this study (i.e., exhibit co-dependency, take on roles of caretaker or rescuer). Most of the participants were in marriages of at least 5 years duration with an average duration of 11 years. It is plausible that the individuals who choose to remain married to adults withADHD with comorbid conditions are particularly committed to their families and have found adaptive ways of coping with their partners' mental health issues. Through analyzing several interview questions admin- istered to the spouses of adults with ADHD, the authors gained a better understanding of the difficulties that the spouses experienced living withADHD partners.Although it was not surprising that more than half of the spouses compensated for difficulties with general household organization/time management and child rearing, the fact that many of them also compensated for their partners' difficulties at work or school was unexpected. It was not uncommon for spouses to participate in the organization of clients, the writing of reports, and the financial management of their partners' businesses. Of even greater concern is that several spouses reported needing to protect their children from their partner's emotional outbursts. These findings highlight the need for interventions to include family members and to address the needs of the whole family system. Clinical Relevance and Limitations The present study has both strengths and limitations. The results of this study need to be interpreted cautiously due to the small sample size and the risk of Type I errors that result from not controlling for multiple comparisons. Nonetheless, the current assessment of the ADHD participants and their spouses was comprehensive and allows for a better understanding of the quality of their interpersonal relationships. Although our controls were volunteers and were not randomly selected, their mean marital adjustment score was very close to the mean score obtained in the norming of the DAS (Spanier, 1989) and was equivalent to a T-score of 49. Their level of marital adjustment appears to be fairly representative of the general population. In addition to comparing ADHD participants and their spouses to randomly selected normal controls, it would be particularly informative for future research to compare them to other clinical groups. It is also important to note that only 5 (15%) of the ADHD participants had been in their current relationships 5 years or fewer and the mean duration of their marriages was 11 years. Therefore, this study primarily examines the long-term relationships ofADHD adults. Couples that have remained together may have adapted relatively well to theADHD adults'difficulties and the data may not reflect common struggles of newer relationships. The analysis of specific interview questions provided information about the day-to-day challenges associated with living with anADHD partner and about some coping strategies used by their spouses. Unfortunately, the interview questions were not administered to the spouses of controls, and thus, it is not known how their responses differ from those living with anADHD partner.Along with collectingsimilardatafromnormalcontrolsandotherclinical groups, further work needs to utilize such data more concretely. It should assess the actual ratio of support and criticism given by each spouse, the reaction of the ADHD partner to these responses, and the way marital adjustment and family function can be assisted by outside interventions. It would also be interesting to gain a better understanding of personality factors, attitudes, and coping styles that may contribute to the healthy functioning of the marriages and families of ADHD adults. The data on spousal compensation strategies also have to be seen within a wider context. For example, Minde et al., 2003 reported that almost 60% of non-ADHD men had left their ADHD spouses while only 10% of female spouses had left Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol. 8, No. 1/August 2004 Copyright © 2004 Multi-Health Systems Inc. 9 their ADHD husbands. This suggests that the nature of compensatory behavior and the impact of these behaviors on marital relationships may differ for male and female spouses. Despite these limitations, our findings underscore the need for comprehensive evaluations ofADHD adults to include screenings for marital adjustment and family functioning from the perspective of both the adults with ADHD and their spouses, and for interventions to target these areas of concern. References American PsychiatricAssociation (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Barkley, R. A. (1991). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A clinical workbook. New York: Guilford Press. Barkley, R.A. (1997). ADHD and the nature of self-control. NewYork: Guilford Press. Barkley, R. A. (1998). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). NewYork:Guilford. Barkley,R.A.,Fischer,M.,Smallish,L.,&Fletcher,K.(2002). The persistence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 279289. Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K. R., & Kwasnik, D. (1996). Psychological adjustment and adaptive impairments in young adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1, 4154. Biederman, J, Faraone, S. V., Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Mick, E., & Lapey, K.A. (1994). Gender differences in a sample of adults withAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatry Research, 53, 1329. Biederman,J,Faroane,S.V.,Spencer,T.,Wilens,T.,Norman, D., Lapey, K. A., et al. (1993). Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults withAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 17921798. Burger, A. L., & Jacobson, N. S. (1979). The relationship between sex role characteristics, couple satisfaction and couple problem-solving skills. American Journal of Family Therapy, 7, 5260. Conners, C. K., Erhardt, D., & Sparrow, E. (1994). Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems. Dixon,E.B.(1995).ImpactofadultADDonthefamily.InK. Nadeau (Ed), A comprehensive guide to attention deficit disorder in adults: Research, diagnosis, and treatment (pp. 236259). NewYork: Bruner/Mazel. Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop, D. S. (1983). The McMaster Family Assessment Device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9, 171180. Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D. S., & Levin, S. (1978). The McMastermodeloffamilyfunctioning. JournalofMarital and Family Therapy, 4, 1931. Hollingshead,A.B. (1975). Four factor index of social status. Unpublished Manuscript, Department of Sociology,Yale University, New Haven, CT. Kahn, J., Coyne, J. C., & Margolin, G. (1985). Depression and marital conflict: The social construction of despair. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2,447462. Karney,B.R,Bradbury,T.N.,Fincham,F. D.,&Sullivan,K. T. (1994). The role of negative affectivity in the association between attributions and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 413424. Kelly, E. L., & Conley, J. J. (1987). Personality and compatibility:Aprospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 2740. Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., Malloy, P., & LaPadula, M. (1993).Adult outcome of hyperactive boys: Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 565576. Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., Malloy, P., & LaPadula, M. (1998). Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 493498. 10 Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol 8, No. 1/August 2004 Copyright © 2004, Multi-Health Systems Inc. Millstein, R. B.,Wilens,T. E., Biederman, J., & Spencer,T.J. (1997). Presenting ADHD symptoms and subtypes in clinically referred adults withADHD.Journal ofAttention Disorders, 2, 159166. Milman, D. H. (1979). Minimal brain dysfunction in childhood: Outcome in late adolescence and early adult years. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 40, 371380. Minde, K., Eakin, L., Hechtman, L., Ochs, E., Bouffard, R., Greenfield, B., et al (2003). The psychosocial functioning of children and spouses of adults with ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 44, 637646. Murphy, K., & Barkley, R. A. (1996). Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder adults: Comorbidities and adaptive impairments. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37, 393401. Nadeau, K. G. (1991). Till ADD do us part? Maybe not. ADDendum, 6, 3. Nigg, J.T., John, O. P., Blaskey, L. G., Huang-Pollock, C. L., Willcutt, E. G., Hinshaw, S. P., et al. (2002). Big five dimensions and ADHD symptoms: Links between personality traits and clinical symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 451469. Ratey, J. J., Hallowell, E. M., & Miller, A. C. (1995). Relationship dilemmas for adults withADD:The biology of intimacy. In K. Nadeau (Ed), A comprehensive guide to Attention Deficit Disorder in adults: Research, diagnosis, and treatment (pp. 218235). New York: Bruner/Mazel. Revenue Canada. (1999). Special income tax and benefit guide. Quebec, Canada. Reynolds, C. R.,Willson,V. L., & Clark, P. L. (1983).Afour- test short form of the WAIS-R for clinical screening. Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 114. Robins, L. N., Cottler, L., Bucholz, K. K., & Compton, W. (1997). Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (DIS- IV). St. Louis, MO: Washington University School of Medicine. Rosenbaum, M., & Baker, E. (1984). Self-control behavior in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12, 303317. Roy-Byrne, P., Scheele, L., Brinkley, J., Ward, N., Wiatrak, C., Russo, J., et al. (1997). Adult Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: Assessment guidelines based on clinical presentation to a specialty clinic. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38, 133140. Spanier, G. B. (1989). Dyadic Adjustment Scale Manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems. Ward, M. F., Wender, P. H., & Reimherr, F. W. (1993). The Wender Utah Rating Scale: An aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhoodAttention -Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 885890. Wechsler, D. (1981). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence ScaleRevised. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Weiss, G., & Hechtman, L. (1993). Hyperactive children grown up: ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults. NewYork:Guilford. Weiss, G., Hechtman, L., Milroy, T., & Perlman, T. (1985). Psychiatric status of hyperactives as adults:Acontrolled prospective 15-year follow-up of 63 hyperactive children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 24, 211220. Weiss, M., Hechtman, L., & Weiss, G. (1999). ADHD in adulthood: A guide to current theory, diagnosis, and treatment. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. Laurel Eakinis with Curry School of Education, University of Virginia. Klaus Minde is with the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal; Lily Hechtman is with the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal; Eric Ochs is with the Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada. Erica Krane is in private practice in Halifax, Canada; Rachelle Bouffard is withDepartmentofPsychiatry,McGillUniversity,Montreal; Brian Greenfield is with the Department of Psychiatry, McGillUniversity,Montreal;KarlLooperiswiththeJewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada. Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to Laurel Eakin, Ph.D., Curry School Education, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400270, Charlottesville,VA22904-4270, Electronic Mail: laurel.eakin@cholmsky.com </meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>American Psychiatric Association</surname></name> (<year>1994</year>). <source>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders</source> (<edition>4th ed.</edition>). <publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Author</publisher-name>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barkley, R. A.</surname></name> (<year>1991</year>). <source>Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A clinical workbook</source>. <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Guilford Press</publisher-name>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barkley, R. A.</surname></name> (<year>1997</year>). <source>ADHD and the nature of self-control</source>. <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Guilford Press</publisher-name>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barkley, R. A.</surname></name> (<year>1998</year>). <source>Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment</source> (<edition>2nded.</edition>). <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Guilford</publisher-name>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barkley, R. A.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Fischer, M.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Smallish, L.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Fletcher, K.</surname></name> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>The persistence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder</article-title>. <source>Journal of Abnormal Psychology</source>, <volume>111</volume>, <fpage>279</fpage>-<lpage>289</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barkley, R. A.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Murphy, K. R.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Kwasnik, D.</surname></name> (<year>1996</year>). <article-title>Psychological adjustment and adaptive impairments in young adults with ADHD</article-title>. <source>Journal of Attention Disorders</source>, <volume>1</volume>, <fpage>41</fpage>-<lpage>54</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Biederman, J</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Faraone, S. V.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Spencer, T.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Wilens, T.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Mick, E.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Lapey, K. A.</surname></name> (<year>1994</year>). <article-title>Gender differences in a sample of adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</article-title>. <source>Psychiatry Research</source>, <volume>53</volume>, <fpage>13</fpage>-<lpage>29</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Biederman, J</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Faroane, S. V.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Spencer, T.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Wilens, T.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Norman, D.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Lapey, K. A.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>et al.</surname></name> (<year>1993</year>). <article-title>Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</article-title>. <source>American Journal of Psychiatry</source>, <volume>150</volume>, <fpage>1792</fpage>-<lpage>1798</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Burger, A. L.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Jacobson, N. S.</surname></name> (<year>1979</year>). <article-title>The relationship between sex role characteristics, couple satisfaction and couple problem-solving skills</article-title>. <source>American Journal of Family Therapy</source>, <volume>7</volume>, <fpage>52</fpage>-<lpage>60</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Conners, C. K.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Erhardt, D.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Sparrow, E.</surname></name> (<year>1994</year>). <source>Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS)</source>. <publisher-loc>Toronto, Canada</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Multi-Health Systems</publisher-name>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dixon, E. B.</surname></name> (<year>1995</year>). <article-title>Impact of adult ADD on the family</article-title>. In <name name-style="western"><surname>K. Nadeau</surname></name> (Ed), <source>A comprehensive guide to attention deficit disorder in adults: Research, diagnosis, and treatment</source> (pp. <fpage>236</fpage>-<lpage>259</lpage>). <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Bruner/Mazel</publisher-name>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Epstein, N. B.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Baldwin, L. M.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Bishop, D. S.</surname></name> (<year>1983</year>). <article-title>The McMaster Family Assessment Device</article-title>. <source>Journal of Marital and Family Therapy</source>, <volume>9</volume>, <fpage>171</fpage>-<lpage>180</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Epstein, N. B.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bishop, D. S.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Levin, S.</surname></name> (<year>1978</year>). <article-title>The McMaster model of family functioning</article-title>. <source>Journal of Marital and Family Therapy</source>, <volume>4</volume>, <fpage>19</fpage>-<lpage>31</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hollingshead, A.B.</surname></name> (<year>1975</year>). <source>Four factor index of social status</source>. Unpublished Manuscript, <publisher-name>Department of Sociology, Yale University</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>New Haven, CT</publisher-loc>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kahn, J.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Coyne, J. C.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Margolin, G.</surname></name> (<year>1985</year>). <article-title>Depression and marital conflict: The social construction of despair</article-title>. <source>Journal of Social and Personal Relationships</source>, <volume>2</volume>, <fpage>447</fpage>-<lpage>462</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Karney, B. R</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bradbury, T. N.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Fincham, F. D.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Sullivan, K. T.</surname></name> (<year>1994</year>). <article-title>The role of negative affectivity in the association between attributions and marital satisfaction</article-title>. <source>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</source>, <volume>66</volume>, <fpage>413</fpage>-<lpage>424</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kelly, E. L.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Conley, J. J.</surname></name> (<year>1987</year>). <article-title>Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction</article-title>. <source>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</source>, <volume>52</volume>, <fpage>27</fpage>-<lpage>40</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mannuzza, S.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Klein, R. G.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bessler, A.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Malloy, P.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>LaPadula, M.</surname></name> (<year>1993</year>). <article-title>Adult outcome of hyperactive boys: Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status</article-title>. <source>Archives of General Psychiatry</source>, <volume>50</volume>, <fpage>565</fpage>-<lpage>576</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mannuzza, S.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Klein, R. G.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bessler, A.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Malloy, P.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>LaPadula, M.</surname></name> (<year>1998</year>). <article-title>Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up</article-title>. <source>American Journal of Psychiatry</source>, <volume>155</volume>, <fpage>493</fpage>-<lpage>498</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Millstein, R. B.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Wilens, T. E.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Biederman, J.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Spencer, T. J.</surname></name> (<year>1997</year>). <article-title>Presenting ADHD symptoms and subtypes in clinically referred adults with ADHD</article-title>. <source>Journal of Attention Disorders</source>, <volume>2</volume>, <fpage>159</fpage>-<lpage>166</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Milman, D. H.</surname></name> (<year>1979</year>). <article-title>Minimal brain dysfunction in childhood: Outcome in late adolescence and early adult years</article-title>. <source>Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</source>, <volume>40</volume>, <fpage>371</fpage>-<lpage>380</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Minde, K.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Eakin, L.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Hechtman, L.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Ochs, E.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bouffard, R.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Greenfield, B.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>et al</surname></name> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>The psychosocial functioning of children and spouses of adults with ADHD</article-title>. <source>Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines</source>, <volume>44</volume>, <fpage>637</fpage>-<lpage>646</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Murphy, K.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Barkley, R. A.</surname></name> (<year>1996</year>). <article-title>Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder adults: Comorbidities and adaptive impairments</article-title>. <source>Comprehensive Psychiatry</source>, <volume>37</volume>, <fpage>393</fpage>-<lpage>401</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nadeau, K. G.</surname></name> (<year>1991</year>). <article-title>Till ADD do us part? Maybe not</article-title>. <source>ADDendum</source>, <volume>6</volume>, <fpage>3</fpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nigg, J. T.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>John, O. P.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Blaskey, L. G.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Huang-Pollock, C. L.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Willcutt, E. G.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Hinshaw, S. P.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>et al.</surname></name> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Big five dimensions and ADHD symptoms: Links between personality traits and clinical symptoms</article-title>. <source>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</source>, <volume>83</volume>, <fpage>451</fpage>-<lpage>469</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ratey, J. J.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Hallowell, E. M.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Miller, A. C.</surname></name> (<year>1995</year>). <article-title>Relationship dilemmas for adults with ADD: The biology of intimacy</article-title>. In <name name-style="western"><surname>K. Nadeau</surname></name> (Ed), <source>A comprehensive guide to Attention Deficit Disorder in adults: Research, diagnosis, and treatment</source> (pp. <fpage>218</fpage>-<lpage>235</lpage>). <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Bruner/Mazel</publisher-name>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Revenue Canada</surname></name>. (<year>1999</year>). <source>Special income tax and benefit guide</source>. <publisher-loc>Quebec, Canada</publisher-loc>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Reynolds, C. R.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Willson, V. L.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Clark, P. L.</surname></name> (<year>1983</year>). <article-title>A four-test short form of the WAIS-R for clinical screening</article-title>. <source>Clinical Neuropsychology</source>, <volume>5</volume>, <fpage>114</fpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Robins, L. N.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Cottler, L.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bucholz, K. K.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Compton, W.</surname></name> (<year>1997</year>). <source>Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (DIS IV)</source>. <publisher-loc>St. Louis, MO</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Washington University School of Medicine</publisher-name>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rosenbaum, M.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Baker, E.</surname></name> (<year>1984</year>). <article-title>Self-control behavior in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children</article-title>. <source>Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology</source>, <volume>12</volume>, <fpage>303</fpage>-<lpage>317</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Roy-Byrne, P.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Scheele, L.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Brinkley, J.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Ward, N.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Wiatrak, C.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Russo, J.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>et al.</surname></name> (<year>1997</year>). <article-title>Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Assessment guidelines based on clinical presentation to a specialty clinic</article-title>. <source>Comprehensive Psychiatry</source>, <volume>38</volume>, <fpage>133</fpage>-<lpage>140</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Spanier, G. B.</surname></name> (<year>1989</year>). <source>Dyadic Adjustment Scale Manual</source>. <publisher-loc>Toronto, Canada</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Multi-Health Systems</publisher-name>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ward, M. F.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Wender, P. H.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Reimherr, F. W.</surname></name> (<year>1993</year>). <article-title>The Wender Utah Rating Scale: An aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood Attention -Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder</article-title>. <source>American Journal of Psychiatry</source>, <volume>150</volume>, <fpage>885</fpage>-<lpage>890</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wechsler, D.</surname></name> (<year>1981</year>). <source>Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised</source>. <publisher-loc>San Antonio, TX</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Psychological Corporation</publisher-name>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Weiss, G.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Hechtman, L.</surname></name> (<year>1993</year>). <source>Hyperactive children grown up: ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults</source>. <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Guilford</publisher-name>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Weiss, G.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Hechtman, L.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Milroy, T.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Perlman, T.</surname></name> (<year>1985</year>). <article-title>Psychiatric status of hyperactives as adults: A controlled prospective 15-year follow-up of 63 hyperactive children</article-title>. <source>Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</source>, <volume>24</volume>, <fpage>211</fpage>-<lpage>220</lpage>.</citation></ref><ref><citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Weiss, M.</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Hechtman, L.</surname></name>, & <name name-style="western"><surname>Weiss, G.</surname></name> (<year>1999</year>). <source>ADHD in adulthood: A guide to current theory, diagnosis, and treatment</source>. <publisher-loc>Baltimore</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>The John Hopkins University Press</publisher-name>.</citation></ref></ref-list></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Eakin</namePart><affiliation>Curry School of Education, University of Virginia,</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: laurel.eakin@cholmsky.com</affiliation></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Minde</namePart><affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</affiliation></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hechtman</namePart><affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</affiliation></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Ochs</namePart><affiliation>Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</affiliation></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Krane</namePart><affiliation>Halifax, Canada</affiliation></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bouffard</namePart><affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</affiliation></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Greenfield</namePart><affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal</affiliation></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Looper</namePart><affiliation>Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2004-08</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2004</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Little is known about the family relationships of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thus, the marital adjustment and family functioning of 33 married adults with ADHD and their spouses was compared to 26 non-ADHD control participants and their spouses. Results revealed that married adults with ADHD reported poorer overall marital adjustment on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1989) and more family dysfunction on the Family Assessment Device (FAD; Eptein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) than control adults. The spouses of adults with ADHD did not differ from control spouses in reports of overall marital adjustment and family dysfunction. A greater proportion of their marital adjustment scores, however, fell within the maladjusted range. The ADHD adults’ perceptions of the health of their marriages and families were more negative than their spouses’ perceptions. The way in which spouses of ADHD adults compensated for their partners’ difficulties were explored through clinical interviews. The findings in this study underscore the need for assessments and treatments to address marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Attention Disorders</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">1087-0547</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1557-1246</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JAD</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">spjad</identifier><part><date>2004</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>8</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1</start><end>10</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">8CE791FD60627EAE7A5182BE246310B21C3039A6</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1177/108705470400800101</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">10.1177_108705470400800101</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>SAGE</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Psychologie/explor/TherFamFrancoV1/Data/Istex/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000785 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000785 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Psychologie
|area= TherFamFrancoV1
|flux= Istex
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= ISTEX:8CE791FD60627EAE7A5182BE246310B21C3039A6
|texte= The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.29. |  |