Symbiotic Black-Box Tracker
Identifieur interne : 001A11 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001A10; suivant : 001A12Symbiotic Black-Box Tracker
Auteurs : Longfei Zhang ; Yue Gao ; Alexander Hauptmann ; Rongrong Ji ; Gangyi Ding ; Boaz SuperSource :
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science [ 0302-9743 ] ; 2012.
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Abstract
Abstract: Many trackers have been proposed for tracking objects individually in previous research. However, it is still difficult to trust any single tracker over a variety of circumstances. Therefore, it is important to estimate how well each tracker performs and fusion the tracking results. In this paper, we propose a symbiotic black-box tracker (SBB) that learns only from the output of individual trackers, which run in parallel, without any detailed information about these trackers and selects the best one to generate the tracking result. All trackers are considered as black-boxes and SBB learns the best combination scheme for all existing tracking results. SBB estimates confidence scores of these trackers. The confidence score is estimated based on the tracking performance of each tracker and the consistency performance among different trackers. SBB is employed to select the best tracker with the maximum confidence score. Experiments and comparisons conducted on the “Caremedia” dataset and the “Caviar” dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-27355-1_14
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first="Alexander" last="Hauptmann">Alexander Hauptmann</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: alex@cs.cmu.edu</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ji, Rongrong" sort="Ji, Rongrong" uniqKey="Ji R" first="Rongrong" last="Ji">Rongrong Ji</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Electronic Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Gangyi" sort="Ding, Gangyi" uniqKey="Ding G" first="Gangyi" last="Ding">Gangyi Ding</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Software, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Super, Boaz" sort="Super, Boaz" uniqKey="Super B" first="Boaz" last="Super">Boaz Super</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Motorola Senior Research, Schaumburg, IL, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="s">Lecture Notes in Computer Science</title><imprint><date>2012</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0302-9743</idno><idno type="eISSN">1611-3349</idno><idno type="ISSN">0302-9743</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0302-9743</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Algorithm</term><term>Caremedia</term><term>Computer vision</term><term>Current frame</term><term>Dataset</term><term>Different trackers</term><term>Individual trackers</term><term>International conference</term><term>Kalman</term><term>Lter</term><term>Other methods</term><term>Pattern recognition</term><term>Proc</term><term>Real time</term><term>Symbiotic</term><term>Symbiotic tracker</term><term>Tracker</term><term>Transition values</term><term>Tttn</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Algorithm</term><term>Caremedia</term><term>Computer vision</term><term>Current frame</term><term>Dataset</term><term>Different trackers</term><term>Individual trackers</term><term>International conference</term><term>Kalman</term><term>Lter</term><term>Other methods</term><term>Pattern recognition</term><term>Proc</term><term>Real time</term><term>Symbiotic</term><term>Symbiotic tracker</term><term>Tracker</term><term>Transition values</term><term>Tttn</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: Many trackers have been proposed for tracking objects individually in previous research. 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Experiments and comparisons conducted on the “Caremedia” dataset and the “Caviar” dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>springer</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>tracker</json:string><json:string>dataset</json:string><json:string>caremedia</json:string><json:string>symbiotic</json:string><json:string>proc</json:string><json:string>tttn</json:string><json:string>computer vision</json:string><json:string>lter</json:string><json:string>different trackers</json:string><json:string>kalman</json:string><json:string>symbiotic tracker</json:string><json:string>other methods</json:string><json:string>pattern recognition</json:string><json:string>transition values</json:string><json:string>current frame</json:string><json:string>real time</json:string><json:string>international conference</json:string><json:string>individual trackers</json:string><json:string>algorithm</json:string><json:string>different tracker sets</json:string><json:string>multiple trackers</json:string><json:string>different parameters</json:string><json:string>individual tracker</json:string><json:string>simple fusion</json:string><json:string>tracker fusion</json:string><json:string>tracker prediction</json:string><json:string>average number</json:string><json:string>tracker sets</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Longfei Zhang</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Software, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China</json:string><json:string>School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</json:string><json:string>E-mail: longfeizhang@cs.cmu.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Yue Gao</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</json:string><json:string>Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China</json:string><json:string>E-mail: kevin.gaoy@gmail.com</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Alexander Hauptmann</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</json:string><json:string>E-mail: alex@cs.cmu.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Rongrong Ji</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Electronic Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Gangyi Ding</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Software, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Boaz Super</name><affiliations><json:string>Motorola Senior Research, Schaumburg, IL, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><arkIstex>ark:/67375/1BB-7F3CG6HJ-R</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>proceedings</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Abstract: Many trackers have been proposed for tracking objects individually in previous research. 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Internet)</value></json:item><json:item><value>Information Storage and Retrieval</value></json:item><json:item><value>Pattern Recognition</value></json:item><json:item><value>Database Management</value></json:item><json:item><value>Image Processing and Computer Vision</value></json:item></subject></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>2012</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>National Science Foundation</json:string><json:string>Motorola Senior Research, Schaumburg, IL, USA</json:string><json:string>Multiple Trackers Center Distribution</json:string><json:string>Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Department of Electronic Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</json:string><json:string>National Institutes of Health</json:string><json:string>NIH</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>Distribution</json:string><json:string>Boaz Super</json:string><json:string>Du</json:string><json:string>Alexander G. 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Proceedings</title><idno type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-642-27355-1</idno><idno type="pISBN">978-3-642-27354-4</idno><idno type="eISBN">978-3-642-27355-1</idno><idno type="pISSN">0302-9743</idno><idno type="eISSN">1611-3349</idno><idno type="book-title-id">301090</idno><idno type="book-id">978-3-642-27355-1</idno><idno type="book-chapter-count">82</idno><idno type="book-volume-number">7131</idno><idno type="book-sequence-number">7131</idno><idno type="PartChapterCount">38</idno><editor xml:id="book-author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">Klaus</forename><surname>Schoeffmann</surname></persName><email>ks@itec.aau.at</email><affiliation>Institute of Information Technology, Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, Universitätsstr. 65-67, 9020, Klagenfurt, Austria</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="book-author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Bernard</forename><surname>Merialdo</surname></persName><email>bernard.merialdo@eurecom.fr</email><affiliation>EURECOM, 2229 Rout des Crêtes, BP 193, 06904, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="book-author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">Alexander</forename><forename type="first">G.</forename><surname>Hauptmann</surname></persName><email>alex@cs.cmu.edu</email><affiliation>School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, 15213-3890, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="book-author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">Chong-Wah</forename><surname>Ngo</surname></persName><email>cwngo@cs.cityu.edu.hk</email><affiliation>Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="book-author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">Yiannis</forename><surname>Andreopoulos</surname></persName><email>iandreop@ee.ucl.ac.uk</email><affiliation>Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE, London, UK</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="book-author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">Christian</forename><surname>Breiteneder</surname></persName><email>cb@ims.tuwien.ac.at</email><affiliation>Institute of Software Technology and Interactive Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Favoritenstrasse 9-11 188/2, 1040, Vienna, Austria</affiliation></editor><imprint><publisher>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><pubPlace>Berlin, Heidelberg</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2012"></date><biblScope unit="volume">7131</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="126">126</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="137">137</biblScope></imprint></monogr><series><title level="s">Lecture Notes in Computer Science</title><editor xml:id="serie-author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">David</forename><surname>Hutchison</surname></persName><affiliation>Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Takeo</forename><surname>Kanade</surname></persName><affiliation>Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">Josef</forename><surname>Kittler</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Surrey, Guildford, UK</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">Jon</forename><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Kleinberg</surname></persName><affiliation>Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">Friedemann</forename><surname>Mattern</surname></persName><affiliation>ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">John</forename><forename type="first">C.</forename><surname>Mitchell</surname></persName><affiliation>Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">Moni</forename><surname>Naor</surname></persName><affiliation>Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">Oscar</forename><surname>Nierstrasz</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0008"><persName><forename type="first">C.</forename><surname>Pandu Rangan</surname></persName><affiliation>Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0009"><persName><forename type="first">Bernhard</forename><surname>Steffen</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0010"><persName><forename type="first">Madhu</forename><surname>Sudan</surname></persName><affiliation>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0011"><persName><forename type="first">Demetri</forename><surname>Terzopoulos</surname></persName><affiliation>University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0012"><persName><forename type="first">Doug</forename><surname>Tygar</surname></persName><affiliation>University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0013"><persName><forename type="first">Moshe</forename><forename type="first">Y.</forename><surname>Vardi</surname></persName><affiliation>Rice University, Houston, TX, USA</affiliation></editor><editor xml:id="serie-author-0014"><persName><forename type="first">Gerhard</forename><surname>Weikum</surname></persName><affiliation>Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbrücken, Germany</affiliation></editor><biblScope><date>2012</date></biblScope><idno type="pISSN">0302-9743</idno><idno type="eISSN">1611-3349</idno><idno type="series-id">558</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2012</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Abstract: Many trackers have been proposed for tracking objects individually in previous research. However, it is still difficult to trust any single tracker over a variety of circumstances. Therefore, it is important to estimate how well each tracker performs and fusion the tracking results. In this paper, we propose a symbiotic black-box tracker (SBB) that learns only from the output of individual trackers, which run in parallel, without any detailed information about these trackers and selects the best one to generate the tracking result. All trackers are considered as black-boxes and SBB learns the best combination scheme for all existing tracking results. SBB estimates confidence scores of these trackers. The confidence score is estimated based on the tracking performance of each tracker and the consistency performance among different trackers. SBB is employed to select the best tracker with the maximum confidence score. Experiments and comparisons conducted on the “Caremedia” dataset and the “Caviar” dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="Book-Subject-Collection"><list><label>SUCO11645</label><item><term>Computer Science</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Book-Subject-Group"><list><label>I</label><label>I18059</label><label>I18040</label><label>I18032</label><label>I2203X</label><label>I18024</label><label>I22021</label><item><term>Computer Science</term></item><item><term>Multimedia Information Systems</term></item><item><term>Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet)</term></item><item><term>Information Storage and Retrieval</term></item><item><term>Pattern Recognition</term></item><item><term>Database Management</term></item><item><term>Image Processing and Computer Vision</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2012">Published</change><change xml:id="refBibs-istex" who="#ISTEX-API" when="2017-10-3">References added</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/717A86223BD6E8BE10DBD4262B1A153F77CFA51E/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Springer, Publisher found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//Springer-Verlag//DTD A++ V2.4//EN" URI="http://devel.springer.de/A++/V2.4/DTD/A++V2.4.dtd" 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University</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Lancaster</City><Country>UK</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff2"><OrgName>Carnegie Mellon University</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Pittsburgh</City><State>PA</State><Country>USA</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff3"><OrgName>University of Surrey</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Guildford</City><Country>UK</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff4"><OrgName>Cornell University</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Ithaca</City><State>NY</State><Country>USA</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff5"><OrgName>ETH Zurich</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Zurich</City><Country>Switzerland</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff6"><OrgName>Stanford University</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Stanford</City><State>CA</State><Country>USA</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff7"><OrgName>Weizmann Institute of Science</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Rehovot</City><Country>Israel</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff8"><OrgName>University of Bern</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Bern</City><Country>Switzerland</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff9"><OrgName>Indian Institute of Technology</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Madras</City><Country>India</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff10"><OrgName>University of Dortmund</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Dortmund</City><Country>Germany</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff11"><OrgName>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</OrgName><OrgAddress><State>MA</State><Country>USA</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff12"><OrgName>University of California</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Los Angeles</City><State>CA</State><Country>USA</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff13"><OrgName>University of California</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Berkeley</City><State>CA</State><Country>USA</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff14"><OrgName>Rice University</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Houston</City><State>TX</State><Country>USA</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff15"><OrgName>Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Saarbrücken</City><Country>Germany</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></EditorGroup></SeriesHeader><Book Language="En"><BookInfo BookProductType="Proceedings" ContainsESM="No" Language="En" MediaType="eBook" NumberingDepth="2" NumberingStyle="ContentOnly" OutputMedium="All" TocLevels="0"><BookID>978-3-642-27355-1</BookID><BookTitle>Advances in Multimedia Modeling</BookTitle><BookSubTitle>18th International Conference, MMM 2012, Klagenfurt, Austria, January 4-6, 2012. Proceedings</BookSubTitle><BookVolumeNumber>7131</BookVolumeNumber><BookSequenceNumber>7131</BookSequenceNumber><BookDOI>10.1007/978-3-642-27355-1</BookDOI><BookTitleID>301090</BookTitleID><BookPrintISBN>978-3-642-27354-4</BookPrintISBN><BookElectronicISBN>978-3-642-27355-1</BookElectronicISBN><BookChapterCount>82</BookChapterCount><BookCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>2012</CopyrightYear></BookCopyright><BookSubjectGroup><BookSubject Code="I" Type="Primary">Computer Science</BookSubject><BookSubject Code="I18059" Priority="1" Type="Secondary">Multimedia Information Systems</BookSubject><BookSubject Code="I18040" Priority="2" Type="Secondary">Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet)</BookSubject><BookSubject Code="I18032" Priority="3" Type="Secondary">Information Storage and Retrieval</BookSubject><BookSubject Code="I2203X" Priority="4" Type="Secondary">Pattern Recognition</BookSubject><BookSubject Code="I18024" Priority="5" Type="Secondary">Database Management</BookSubject><BookSubject Code="I22021" Priority="6" Type="Secondary">Image Processing and Computer Vision</BookSubject><SubjectCollection Code="SUCO11645">Computer Science</SubjectCollection></BookSubjectGroup><BookContext><SeriesID>558</SeriesID></BookContext></BookInfo><BookHeader><EditorGroup><Editor AffiliationIDS="Aff16"><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Klaus</GivenName><FamilyName>Schoeffmann</FamilyName></EditorName><Contact><Email>ks@itec.aau.at</Email></Contact></Editor><Editor AffiliationIDS="Aff17"><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Bernard</GivenName><FamilyName>Merialdo</FamilyName></EditorName><Contact><Email>bernard.merialdo@eurecom.fr</Email></Contact></Editor><Editor AffiliationIDS="Aff18"><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Alexander</GivenName><GivenName>G.</GivenName><FamilyName>Hauptmann</FamilyName></EditorName><Contact><Email>alex@cs.cmu.edu</Email></Contact></Editor><Editor AffiliationIDS="Aff19"><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Chong-Wah</GivenName><FamilyName>Ngo</FamilyName></EditorName><Contact><Email>cwngo@cs.cityu.edu.hk</Email></Contact></Editor><Editor AffiliationIDS="Aff20"><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Yiannis</GivenName><FamilyName>Andreopoulos</FamilyName></EditorName><Contact><Email>iandreop@ee.ucl.ac.uk</Email></Contact></Editor><Editor AffiliationIDS="Aff21"><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Christian</GivenName><FamilyName>Breiteneder</FamilyName></EditorName><Contact><Email>cb@ims.tuwien.ac.at</Email></Contact></Editor><Affiliation ID="Aff16"><OrgDivision>Institute of Information Technology</OrgDivision><OrgName>Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>Universitätsstr. 65-67</Street><Postcode>9020</Postcode><City>Klagenfurt</City><Country>Austria</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff17"><OrgName>EURECOM</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>2229 Rout des Crêtes</Street><Postbox>BP 193</Postbox><Postcode>06904</Postcode><City>Sophia Antipolis Cedex</City><Country>France</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff18"><OrgDivision>School of Computer Science</OrgDivision><OrgName>Carnegie Mellon University</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>5000 Forbes Ave</Street><Postcode>15213-3890</Postcode><City>Pittsburgh</City><State>PA</State><Country>USA</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff19"><OrgDivision>Department of Computer Science</OrgDivision><OrgName>City University of Hong Kong</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>Tat Chee Ave</Street><City>Kowloon</City><Country>Hong Kong</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff20"><OrgDivision>Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering</OrgDivision><OrgName>University College London</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>Roberts Building, Torrington Place</Street><Postcode>WC1E 7JE</Postcode><City>London</City><Country>UK</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff21"><OrgDivision>Institute of Software Technology and Interactive Systems</OrgDivision><OrgName>Vienna University of Technology</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>Favoritenstrasse 9-11 188/2</Street><Postcode>1040</Postcode><City>Vienna</City><Country>Austria</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></EditorGroup></BookHeader><Part ID="Part2"><PartInfo TocLevels="0"><PartID>2</PartID><PartSequenceNumber>2</PartSequenceNumber><PartTitle>Regular Papers</PartTitle><PartChapterCount>38</PartChapterCount><PartContext><SeriesID>558</SeriesID><BookTitle>Advances in Multimedia Modeling</BookTitle></PartContext></PartInfo><SubPart ID="SubPart3"><SubPartInfo><SubPartID>3</SubPartID><SubPartSequenceNumber>3</SubPartSequenceNumber><SubPartTitle>Annotation and Interactive Multimedia Applications</SubPartTitle><SubPartChapterCount>5</SubPartChapterCount></SubPartInfo><Chapter ID="Chap14" Language="En"><ChapterInfo ChapterType="OriginalPaper" ContainsESM="No" NumberingDepth="2" NumberingStyle="ContentOnly" TocLevels="0"><ChapterID>14</ChapterID><ChapterDOI>10.1007/978-3-642-27355-1_14</ChapterDOI><ChapterSequenceNumber>14</ChapterSequenceNumber><ChapterTitle Language="En">Symbiotic Black-Box Tracker</ChapterTitle><ChapterFirstPage>126</ChapterFirstPage><ChapterLastPage>137</ChapterLastPage><ChapterCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>2012</CopyrightYear></ChapterCopyright><ChapterGrants Type="Regular"><MetadataGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></MetadataGrant><AbstractGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></AbstractGrant><BodyPDFGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyPDFGrant><BodyHTMLGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyHTMLGrant><BibliographyGrant Grant="Restricted"></BibliographyGrant><ESMGrant Grant="Restricted"></ESMGrant></ChapterGrants><ChapterContext><SeriesID>558</SeriesID><PartID>2</PartID><BookID>978-3-642-27355-1</BookID><BookTitle>Advances in Multimedia Modeling</BookTitle></ChapterContext></ChapterInfo><ChapterHeader><AuthorGroup><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff22 Aff23"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Longfei</GivenName><FamilyName>Zhang</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Email>longfeizhang@cs.cmu.edu</Email></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff23 Aff24"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Yue</GivenName><FamilyName>Gao</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Email>kevin.gaoy@gmail.com</Email></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff23"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Alexander</GivenName><FamilyName>Hauptmann</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Email>alex@cs.cmu.edu</Email></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff25"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Rongrong</GivenName><FamilyName>Ji</FamilyName></AuthorName></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff22"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Gangyi</GivenName><FamilyName>Ding</FamilyName></AuthorName></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff26"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Boaz</GivenName><FamilyName>Super</FamilyName></AuthorName></Author><Affiliation ID="Aff22"><OrgDivision>School of Software</OrgDivision><OrgName>Beijing Institute of Technology</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Beijing</City><Country>China</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff23"><OrgDivision>School of Computer Science</OrgDivision><OrgName>Carnegie Mellon University</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Pittsburgh</City><State>PA</State><Country>USA</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff24"><OrgDivision>Department of Automation</OrgDivision><OrgName>Tsinghua University</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Beijing</City><Country>China</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff25"><OrgDivision>Department of Electronic Engineering</OrgDivision><OrgName>Columbia University</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>New York</City><State>NY</State><Country>USA</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff26"><OrgName>Motorola Senior Research</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Schaumburg</City><State>IL</State><Country>USA</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></AuthorGroup><Abstract ID="Abs1" Language="En"><Heading>Abstract</Heading><Para>Many trackers have been proposed for tracking objects individually in previous research. However, it is still difficult to trust any single tracker over a variety of circumstances. Therefore, it is important to estimate how well each tracker performs and fusion the tracking results. In this paper, we propose a symbiotic black-box tracker (SBB) that learns only from the output of individual trackers, which run in parallel, without any detailed information about these trackers and selects the best one to generate the tracking result. All trackers are considered as black-boxes and SBB learns the best combination scheme for all existing tracking results. SBB estimates confidence scores of these trackers. The confidence score is estimated based on the tracking performance of each tracker and the consistency performance among different trackers. SBB is employed to select the best tracker with the maximum confidence score. Experiments and comparisons conducted on the “Caremedia” dataset and the “Caviar” dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.</Para></Abstract><KeywordGroup Language="En"><Heading>Keywords</Heading><Keyword>Object tracking</Keyword><Keyword>information propagation</Keyword><Keyword>data association</Keyword><Keyword>multi-tracker</Keyword></KeywordGroup></ChapterHeader><NoBody></NoBody></Chapter></SubPart></Part></Book></Series></Publisher></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Symbiotic Black-Box Tracker</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Symbiotic Black-Box Tracker</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Longfei</namePart><namePart type="family">Zhang</namePart><affiliation>School of Software, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China</affiliation><affiliation>School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: longfeizhang@cs.cmu.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Yue</namePart><namePart type="family">Gao</namePart><affiliation>School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: kevin.gaoy@gmail.com</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Alexander</namePart><namePart type="family">Hauptmann</namePart><affiliation>School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: alex@cs.cmu.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Rongrong</namePart><namePart type="family">Ji</namePart><affiliation>Department of Electronic Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gangyi</namePart><namePart type="family">Ding</namePart><affiliation>School of Software, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Boaz</namePart><namePart type="family">Super</namePart><affiliation>Motorola Senior Research, Schaumburg, IL, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="conference" displayLabel="proceedings" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-BFHXPBJJ-3"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Berlin, Heidelberg</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2012</dateIssued><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2012</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2012</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><abstract lang="en">Abstract: Many trackers have been proposed for tracking objects individually in previous research. However, it is still difficult to trust any single tracker over a variety of circumstances. Therefore, it is important to estimate how well each tracker performs and fusion the tracking results. In this paper, we propose a symbiotic black-box tracker (SBB) that learns only from the output of individual trackers, which run in parallel, without any detailed information about these trackers and selects the best one to generate the tracking result. All trackers are considered as black-boxes and SBB learns the best combination scheme for all existing tracking results. SBB estimates confidence scores of these trackers. The confidence score is estimated based on the tracking performance of each tracker and the consistency performance among different trackers. SBB is employed to select the best tracker with the maximum confidence score. Experiments and comparisons conducted on the “Caremedia” dataset and the “Caviar” dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Advances in Multimedia Modeling</title><subTitle>18th International Conference, MMM 2012, Klagenfurt, Austria, January 4-6, 2012. Proceedings</subTitle></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Klaus</namePart><namePart type="family">Schoeffmann</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Information Technology, Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, Universitätsstr. 65-67, 9020, Klagenfurt, Austria</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: ks@itec.aau.at</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Bernard</namePart><namePart type="family">Merialdo</namePart><affiliation>EURECOM, 2229 Rout des Crêtes, BP 193, 06904, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: bernard.merialdo@eurecom.fr</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Alexander</namePart><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hauptmann</namePart><affiliation>School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, 15213-3890, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: alex@cs.cmu.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Chong-Wah</namePart><namePart type="family">Ngo</namePart><affiliation>Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: cwngo@cs.cityu.edu.hk</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Yiannis</namePart><namePart type="family">Andreopoulos</namePart><affiliation>Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE, London, UK</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: iandreop@ee.ucl.ac.uk</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christian</namePart><namePart type="family">Breiteneder</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Software Technology and Interactive Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Favoritenstrasse 9-11 188/2, 1040, Vienna, Austria</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: cb@ims.tuwien.ac.at</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre type="book-series" displayLabel="Proceedings" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0G6R5W5T-Z">book-series</genre><originInfo><publisher>Springer</publisher><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2012</copyrightDate><issuance>monographic</issuance></originInfo><subject><genre>Book-Subject-Collection</genre><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="SUCO11645">Computer Science</topic></subject><subject><genre>Book-Subject-Group</genre><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I">Computer Science</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I18059">Multimedia Information Systems</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I18040">Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet)</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I18032">Information Storage and Retrieval</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I2203X">Pattern Recognition</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I18024">Database Management</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I22021">Image Processing and Computer Vision</topic></subject><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-642-27355-1</identifier><identifier type="ISBN">978-3-642-27354-4</identifier><identifier type="eISBN">978-3-642-27355-1</identifier><identifier type="ISSN">0302-9743</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1611-3349</identifier><identifier type="BookTitleID">301090</identifier><identifier type="BookID">978-3-642-27355-1</identifier><identifier type="BookChapterCount">82</identifier><identifier type="BookVolumeNumber">7131</identifier><identifier type="BookSequenceNumber">7131</identifier><identifier type="PartChapterCount">38</identifier><part><date>2012</date><detail type="part"><title>Regular Papers</title></detail><detail type="volume"><number>7131</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>126</start><end>137</end></extent></part><recordInfo><recordOrigin>Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg, 2012</recordOrigin></recordInfo></relatedItem><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>Lecture Notes in Computer Science</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">David</namePart><namePart type="family">Hutchison</namePart><affiliation>Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Takeo</namePart><namePart type="family">Kanade</namePart><affiliation>Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Josef</namePart><namePart type="family">Kittler</namePart><affiliation>University of Surrey, Guildford, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jon</namePart><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kleinberg</namePart><affiliation>Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Friedemann</namePart><namePart type="family">Mattern</namePart><affiliation>ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">John</namePart><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Mitchell</namePart><affiliation>Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Moni</namePart><namePart type="family">Naor</namePart><affiliation>Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Oscar</namePart><namePart type="family">Nierstrasz</namePart><affiliation>University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Pandu Rangan</namePart><affiliation>Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Bernhard</namePart><namePart type="family">Steffen</namePart><affiliation>University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Madhu</namePart><namePart type="family">Sudan</namePart><affiliation>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Demetri</namePart><namePart type="family">Terzopoulos</namePart><affiliation>University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Doug</namePart><namePart type="family">Tygar</namePart><affiliation>University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Moshe</namePart><namePart type="given">Y.</namePart><namePart type="family">Vardi</namePart><affiliation>Rice University, Houston, TX, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gerhard</namePart><namePart type="family">Weikum</namePart><affiliation>Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbrücken, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><originInfo><publisher>Springer</publisher><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2012</copyrightDate><issuance>serial</issuance></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0302-9743</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1611-3349</identifier><identifier type="SeriesID">558</identifier><recordInfo><recordOrigin>Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg, 2012</recordOrigin></recordInfo></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">717A86223BD6E8BE10DBD4262B1A153F77CFA51E</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/1BB-7F3CG6HJ-R</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-642-27355-1_14</identifier><identifier type="ChapterID">14</identifier><identifier type="ChapterID">Chap14</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg, 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