Ensuring transparency and minimization of methodologic bias in preclinical pain research: PPRECISE considerations
Identifieur interne : 000161 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000160; suivant : 000162Ensuring transparency and minimization of methodologic bias in preclinical pain research: PPRECISE considerations
Auteurs : Nick A. Andrews [États-Unis] ; Alban Latrémolière [États-Unis] ; Allan I. Basbaum [États-Unis] ; Jeffrey S. Mogil [Canada] ; Frank Porreca [États-Unis] ; Andrew S. C. Rice [Royaume-Uni] ; Clifford J. Woolf [États-Unis] ; Gillian L. Currie [Royaume-Uni] ; Robert H. Dworkin [États-Unis] ; James C. Eisenach [États-Unis] ; Scott Evans [États-Unis] ; Jennifer S. Gewandter [États-Unis] ; Tony D. Gover [États-Unis] ; Hermann Handwerker [Allemagne] ; Wenlong Huang [Royaume-Uni] ; Smriti Iyengar [États-Unis] ; Mark P. Jensen [États-Unis] ; Jeffrey D. Kennedy [États-Unis] ; Nancy Lee [Royaume-Uni] ; Jon Levine [États-Unis] ; Katie Lidster [Royaume-Uni] ; Ian Machin [Royaume-Uni] ; Michael P. Mcdermott [États-Unis] ; Stephen B. Mcmahon [Royaume-Uni] ; Theodore J. Price [États-Unis] ; Sarah E. Ross [États-Unis] ; Grégory Scherrer [États-Unis] ; Rebecca P. Seal [États-Unis] ; Emily S. Sena [Royaume-Uni] ; Elizabeth Silva [États-Unis] ; Laura Stone [Canada] ; Camilla I. Svensson [Suède] ; Dennis C. Turk [États-Unis] ; Garth Whiteside [États-Unis]Source :
- Pain [ 0304-3959 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Improved reporting standards, and adoption of experimental protocols that emphasize control of experimental bias, are likely to improve understanding and confidence in pain biology.
Url:
DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000458
PubMed: 26683237
PubMed Central: 4794131
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Andrews</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Latremoliere, Alban" sort="Latremoliere, Alban" uniqKey="Latremoliere A" first="Alban" last="Latrémolière">Alban Latrémolière</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Basbaum, Allan I" sort="Basbaum, Allan I" uniqKey="Basbaum A" first="Allan I." last="Basbaum">Allan I. 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Eisenach</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, Scott" sort="Evans, Scott" uniqKey="Evans S" first="Scott" last="Evans">Scott Evans</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gewandter, Jennifer S" sort="Gewandter, Jennifer S" uniqKey="Gewandter J" first="Jennifer S." last="Gewandter">Jennifer S. Gewandter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gover, Tony D" sort="Gover, Tony D" uniqKey="Gover T" first="Tony D." last="Gover">Tony D. Gover</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Clinical and Rehabilitative Medicine Research Program, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical and Rehabilitative Medicine Research Program, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Handwerker, Hermann" sort="Handwerker, Hermann" uniqKey="Handwerker H" first="Hermann" last="Handwerker">Hermann Handwerker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Wenlong" sort="Huang, Wenlong" uniqKey="Huang W" first="Wenlong" last="Huang">Wenlong Huang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15">Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iyengar, Smriti" sort="Iyengar, Smriti" uniqKey="Iyengar S" first="Smriti" last="Iyengar">Smriti Iyengar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jensen, Mark P" sort="Jensen, Mark P" uniqKey="Jensen M" first="Mark P." last="Jensen">Mark P. Jensen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kennedy, Jeffrey D" sort="Kennedy, Jeffrey D" uniqKey="Kennedy J" first="Jeffrey D." last="Kennedy">Jeffrey D. Kennedy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18">Neuroscience Discovery Research, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Neuroscience Discovery Research, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Nancy" sort="Lee, Nancy" uniqKey="Lee N" first="Nancy" last="Lee">Nancy Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19">Policy Department, Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Policy Department, Wellcome Trust, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levine, Jon" sort="Levine, Jon" uniqKey="Levine J" first="Jon" last="Levine">Jon Levine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20"></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff21">Oral Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Oral Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lidster, Katie" sort="Lidster, Katie" uniqKey="Lidster K" first="Katie" last="Lidster">Katie Lidster</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22">National Centre for Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>National Centre for Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Machin, Ian" sort="Machin, Ian" uniqKey="Machin I" first="Ian" last="Machin">Ian Machin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff23">Kent, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Kent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcdermott, Michael P" sort="Mcdermott, Michael P" uniqKey="Mcdermott M" first="Michael P." last="Mcdermott">Michael P. Mcdermott</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff24">Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, Stephen B" sort="Mcmahon, Stephen B" uniqKey="Mcmahon S" first="Stephen B." last="Mcmahon">Stephen B. Mcmahon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff25">Neurorestoration group, King's College, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Neurorestoration group, King's College, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Price, Theodore J" sort="Price, Theodore J" uniqKey="Price T" first="Theodore J." last="Price">Theodore J. Price</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff26">School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ross, Sarah E" sort="Ross, Sarah E" uniqKey="Ross S" first="Sarah E." last="Ross">Sarah E. Ross</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27">Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scherrer, Gregory" sort="Scherrer, Gregory" uniqKey="Scherrer G" first="Grégory" last="Scherrer">Grégory Scherrer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seal, Rebecca P" sort="Seal, Rebecca P" uniqKey="Seal R" first="Rebecca P." last="Seal">Rebecca P. Seal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff29">Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sena, Emily S" sort="Sena, Emily S" uniqKey="Sena E" first="Emily S." last="Sena">Emily S. Sena</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, Elizabeth" sort="Silva, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Silva E" first="Elizabeth" last="Silva">Elizabeth Silva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff30">Office of Career and Professional Development, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Office of Career and Professional Development, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stone, Laura" sort="Stone, Laura" uniqKey="Stone L" first="Laura" last="Stone">Laura Stone</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff31">Faculty of Dentistry & Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Dentistry & Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svensson, Camilla I" sort="Svensson, Camilla I" uniqKey="Svensson C" first="Camilla I." last="Svensson">Camilla I. Svensson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff32">Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turk, Dennis C" sort="Turk, Dennis C" uniqKey="Turk D" first="Dennis C." last="Turk">Dennis C. Turk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff33">Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whiteside, Garth" sort="Whiteside, Garth" uniqKey="Whiteside G" first="Garth" last="Whiteside">Garth Whiteside</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff34">Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma, Cranbury, NJ, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma, Cranbury, NJ</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26683237</idno><idno type="pmc">4794131</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794131</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4794131</idno><idno type="doi">10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000458</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000161</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000161</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000161</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000161</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Ensuring transparency and minimization of methodologic bias in preclinical pain research: PPRECISE considerations</title><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Nick A" sort="Andrews, Nick A" uniqKey="Andrews N" first="Nick A." last="Andrews">Nick A. Andrews</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Latremoliere, Alban" sort="Latremoliere, Alban" uniqKey="Latremoliere A" first="Alban" last="Latrémolière">Alban Latrémolière</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Basbaum, Allan I" sort="Basbaum, Allan I" uniqKey="Basbaum A" first="Allan I." last="Basbaum">Allan I. Basbaum</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mogil, Jeffrey S" sort="Mogil, Jeffrey S" uniqKey="Mogil J" first="Jeffrey S." last="Mogil">Jeffrey S. Mogil</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Psychology and Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology and Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Porreca, Frank" sort="Porreca, Frank" uniqKey="Porreca F" first="Frank" last="Porreca">Frank Porreca</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rice, Andrew S C" sort="Rice, Andrew S C" uniqKey="Rice A" first="Andrew S. C." last="Rice">Andrew S. C. Rice</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woolf, Clifford J" sort="Woolf, Clifford J" uniqKey="Woolf C" first="Clifford J." last="Woolf">Clifford J. Woolf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Currie, Gillian L" sort="Currie, Gillian L" uniqKey="Currie G" first="Gillian L." last="Currie">Gillian L. Currie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dworkin, Robert H" sort="Dworkin, Robert H" uniqKey="Dworkin R" first="Robert H." last="Dworkin">Robert H. Dworkin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="aff8">Neurology</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Psychiatry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Psychiatry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eisenach, James C" sort="Eisenach, James C" uniqKey="Eisenach J" first="James C." last="Eisenach">James C. Eisenach</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, Scott" sort="Evans, Scott" uniqKey="Evans S" first="Scott" last="Evans">Scott Evans</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gewandter, Jennifer S" sort="Gewandter, Jennifer S" uniqKey="Gewandter J" first="Jennifer S." last="Gewandter">Jennifer S. Gewandter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gover, Tony D" sort="Gover, Tony D" uniqKey="Gover T" first="Tony D." last="Gover">Tony D. Gover</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Clinical and Rehabilitative Medicine Research Program, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical and Rehabilitative Medicine Research Program, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Handwerker, Hermann" sort="Handwerker, Hermann" uniqKey="Handwerker H" first="Hermann" last="Handwerker">Hermann Handwerker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Wenlong" sort="Huang, Wenlong" uniqKey="Huang W" first="Wenlong" last="Huang">Wenlong Huang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15">Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iyengar, Smriti" sort="Iyengar, Smriti" uniqKey="Iyengar S" first="Smriti" last="Iyengar">Smriti Iyengar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jensen, Mark P" sort="Jensen, Mark P" uniqKey="Jensen M" first="Mark P." last="Jensen">Mark P. Jensen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kennedy, Jeffrey D" sort="Kennedy, Jeffrey D" uniqKey="Kennedy J" first="Jeffrey D." last="Kennedy">Jeffrey D. Kennedy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18">Neuroscience Discovery Research, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Neuroscience Discovery Research, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Nancy" sort="Lee, Nancy" uniqKey="Lee N" first="Nancy" last="Lee">Nancy Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19">Policy Department, Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Policy Department, Wellcome Trust, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levine, Jon" sort="Levine, Jon" uniqKey="Levine J" first="Jon" last="Levine">Jon Levine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20"></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff21">Oral Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Oral Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lidster, Katie" sort="Lidster, Katie" uniqKey="Lidster K" first="Katie" last="Lidster">Katie Lidster</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22">National Centre for Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>National Centre for Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Machin, Ian" sort="Machin, Ian" uniqKey="Machin I" first="Ian" last="Machin">Ian Machin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff23">Kent, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Kent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcdermott, Michael P" sort="Mcdermott, Michael P" uniqKey="Mcdermott M" first="Michael P." last="Mcdermott">Michael P. Mcdermott</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff24">Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, Stephen B" sort="Mcmahon, Stephen B" uniqKey="Mcmahon S" first="Stephen B." last="Mcmahon">Stephen B. Mcmahon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff25">Neurorestoration group, King's College, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Neurorestoration group, King's College, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Price, Theodore J" sort="Price, Theodore J" uniqKey="Price T" first="Theodore J." last="Price">Theodore J. Price</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff26">School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ross, Sarah E" sort="Ross, Sarah E" uniqKey="Ross S" first="Sarah E." last="Ross">Sarah E. Ross</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27">Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scherrer, Gregory" sort="Scherrer, Gregory" uniqKey="Scherrer G" first="Grégory" last="Scherrer">Grégory Scherrer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seal, Rebecca P" sort="Seal, Rebecca P" uniqKey="Seal R" first="Rebecca P." last="Seal">Rebecca P. Seal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff29">Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sena, Emily S" sort="Sena, Emily S" uniqKey="Sena E" first="Emily S." last="Sena">Emily S. Sena</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, Elizabeth" sort="Silva, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Silva E" first="Elizabeth" last="Silva">Elizabeth Silva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff30">Office of Career and Professional Development, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Office of Career and Professional Development, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stone, Laura" sort="Stone, Laura" uniqKey="Stone L" first="Laura" last="Stone">Laura Stone</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff31">Faculty of Dentistry & Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Dentistry & Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svensson, Camilla I" sort="Svensson, Camilla I" uniqKey="Svensson C" first="Camilla I." last="Svensson">Camilla I. Svensson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff32">Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turk, Dennis C" sort="Turk, Dennis C" uniqKey="Turk D" first="Dennis C." last="Turk">Dennis C. Turk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff33">Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whiteside, Garth" sort="Whiteside, Garth" uniqKey="Whiteside G" first="Garth" last="Whiteside">Garth Whiteside</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff34">Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma, Cranbury, NJ, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma, Cranbury, NJ</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Pain</title><idno type="ISSN">0304-3959</idno><idno type="eISSN">1872-6623</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Improved reporting standards, and adoption of experimental protocols that emphasize control of experimental bias, are likely to improve understanding and confidence in pain biology.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alderson, P" uniqKey="Alderson P">P Alderson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, D" uniqKey="Baker D">D Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lidster, K" uniqKey="Lidster K">K Lidster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sottomayor, A" uniqKey="Sottomayor A">A Sottomayor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amor, S" uniqKey="Amor S">S Amor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Begley, Cg" uniqKey="Begley C">CG 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Pain</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pain</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="coden">JPAIN</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">Pain</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JOP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Pain</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0304-3959</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1872-6623</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Wolters Kluwer</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Philadelphia, PA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26683237</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4794131</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PAIN-D-14-14081</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000458</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id">00017</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Paper</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ensuring transparency and minimization of methodologic bias in preclinical pain research: PPRECISE considerations</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andrews</surname><given-names>Nick A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">a</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Latrémolière</surname><given-names>Alban</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Basbaum</surname><given-names>Allan I.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mogil</surname><given-names>Jeffrey S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Porreca</surname><given-names>Frank</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">d</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rice</surname><given-names>Andrew S.C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Woolf</surname><given-names>Clifford J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Currie</surname><given-names>Gillian L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">f</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dworkin</surname><given-names>Robert H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">g</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">h</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">i</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eisenach</surname><given-names>James C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">j</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>Scott</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">k</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gewandter</surname><given-names>Jennifer S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">l</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gover</surname><given-names>Tony D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">m</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Handwerker</surname><given-names>Hermann</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">n</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Wenlong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">o</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iyengar</surname><given-names>Smriti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">p</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jensen</surname><given-names>Mark P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">q</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kennedy</surname><given-names>Jeffrey D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">r</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Nancy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">s</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Levine</surname><given-names>Jon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">t</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">u</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lidster</surname><given-names>Katie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">v</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Machin</surname><given-names>Ian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">w</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McDermott</surname><given-names>Michael P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">x</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McMahon</surname><given-names>Stephen B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">y</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Price</surname><given-names>Theodore J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">z</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ross</surname><given-names>Sarah E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">aa</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Scherrer</surname><given-names>Grégory</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">bb</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seal</surname><given-names>Rebecca P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">cc</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sena</surname><given-names>Emily S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">f</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Elizabeth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">dd</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stone</surname><given-names>Laura</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">ee</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Svensson</surname><given-names>Camilla I.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">ff</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Turk</surname><given-names>Dennis C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">gg</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Whiteside</surname><given-names>Garth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">hh</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>a</label>Department of Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>b</label>Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>c</label>Department of Psychology and Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>d</label>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>e</label>Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>f</label>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom</aff><aff id="aff7">Departments of<label>g</label>Anesthesiology,</aff><aff id="aff8"><label>h</label>Neurology, and</aff><aff id="aff9"><label>i</label>Psychiatry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA</aff><aff id="aff10"><label>j</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA</aff><aff id="aff11"><label>k</label>Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA</aff><aff id="aff12"><label>l</label>Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA</aff><aff id="aff13"><label>m</label>Clinical and Rehabilitative Medicine Research Program, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA</aff><aff id="aff14"><label>n</label>Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany</aff><aff id="aff15"><label>o</label>Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom</aff><aff id="aff16"><label>p</label>Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA</aff><aff id="aff17"><label>q</label>Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA</aff><aff id="aff18"><label>r</label>Neuroscience Discovery Research, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA</aff><aff id="aff19"><label>s</label>Policy Department, Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom</aff><aff id="aff20">Departments of<label>t</label>Medicine and</aff><aff id="aff21"><label>u</label>Oral Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</aff><aff id="aff22"><label>v</label>National Centre for Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research, London, United Kingdom</aff><aff id="aff23"><label>w</label>Kent, United Kingdom</aff><aff id="aff24"><label>x</label>Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA</aff><aff id="aff25"><label>y</label>Neurorestoration group, King's College, London, United Kingdom</aff><aff id="aff26"><label>z</label>School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA</aff><aff id="aff27"><label>aa</label>Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</aff><aff id="aff28"><label>bb</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA</aff><aff id="aff29"><label>cc</label>Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</aff><aff id="aff30"><label>dd</label>Office of Career and Professional Development, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</aff><aff id="aff31"><label>ee</label>Faculty of Dentistry & Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Canada</aff><aff id="aff32"><label>ff</label>Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="aff33"><label>gg</label>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA</aff><aff id="aff34"><label>hh</label>Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma, Cranbury, NJ, USA</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author. Address: Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Tel.: +1 617 678 7494; fax: +1 617 919 2771. E-mail address: <email>Nick.andrews@childrens.harvard.edu</email> (N. A. Andrews).</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>157</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>901</fpage><lpage>909</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day><month>8</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 International Association for the Study of Pain</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY)</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="jop-157-901.pdf"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="toc"><p>Improved reporting standards, and adoption of experimental protocols that emphasize control of experimental bias, are likely to improve understanding and confidence in pain biology.</p></abstract><abstract><title>Abstract</title><p>There is growing concern about lack of scientific rigor and transparent reporting across many preclinical fields of biological research. Poor experimental design and lack of transparent reporting can result in conscious or unconscious experimental bias, producing results that are not replicable. The Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks (ACTTION) public–private partnership with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration sponsored a consensus meeting of the Preclinical Pain Research Consortium for Investigating Safety and Efficacy (PPRECISE) Working Group. International participants from universities, funding agencies, government agencies, industry, and a patient advocacy organization attended. Reduction of publication bias, increasing the ability of others to faithfully repeat experimental methods, and increased transparency of data reporting were specifically discussed. Parameters deemed essential to increase confidence in the published literature were clear, specific reporting of an a priori hypothesis and definition of primary outcome measure. Power calculations and whether measurement of minimal meaningful effect size to determine these should be a core component of the preclinical research effort provoked considerable discussion, with many but not all agreeing. Greater transparency of reporting should be driven by scientists, journal editors, reviewers, and grant funders. The conduct of high-quality science that is fully reported should not preclude novelty and innovation in preclinical pain research, and indeed, any efforts that curtail such innovation would be misguided. We believe that to achieve the goal of finding effective new treatments for patients with pain, the pain field needs to deal with these challenging issues.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords:</title><kwd>Transparent reporting</kwd><kwd>Consensus</kwd><kwd>Bias</kwd><kwd>Internal validity</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>OPEN-ACCESS</meta-name><meta-value>TRUE</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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