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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Brain Iron Detected by SWI High Pass Filtered Phase Calibrated with Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence</title>
<author><name sortKey="Hopp, Karla" sort="Hopp, Karla" uniqKey="Hopp K" first="Karla" last="Hopp">Karla Hopp</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Popescu, Bogdan F Gh" sort="Popescu, Bogdan F Gh" uniqKey="Popescu B" first="Bogdan F. Gh." last="Popescu">Bogdan F. Gh. Popescu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccrea, Richard P E" sort="Mccrea, Richard P E" uniqKey="Mccrea R" first="Richard P. E." last="Mccrea">Richard P. E. Mccrea</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harder, Sheri L" sort="Harder, Sheri L" uniqKey="Harder S" first="Sheri L." last="Harder">Sheri L. Harder</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Robinson, Christopher A" sort="Robinson, Christopher A" uniqKey="Robinson C" first="Christopher A." last="Robinson">Christopher A. Robinson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haacke, Mark E" sort="Haacke, Mark E" uniqKey="Haacke M" first="Mark E." last="Haacke">Mark E. Haacke</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The MRI Institute for Biomedical Research, Detroit, Michigan, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali H" sort="Rajput, Ali H" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali H." last="Rajput">Ali H. Rajput</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Division of Neurology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Alex" sort="Rajput, Alex" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Alex" last="Rajput">Alex Rajput</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Division of Neurology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nichol, Helen" sort="Nichol, Helen" uniqKey="Nichol H" first="Helen" last="Nichol">Helen Nichol</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">20512886</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3843009</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3843009</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3843009</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1002/jmri.22201</idno>
<date when="2010">2010</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000860</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000860</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Brain Iron Detected by SWI High Pass Filtered Phase Calibrated with Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence</title>
<author><name sortKey="Hopp, Karla" sort="Hopp, Karla" uniqKey="Hopp K" first="Karla" last="Hopp">Karla Hopp</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Popescu, Bogdan F Gh" sort="Popescu, Bogdan F Gh" uniqKey="Popescu B" first="Bogdan F. Gh." last="Popescu">Bogdan F. Gh. Popescu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccrea, Richard P E" sort="Mccrea, Richard P E" uniqKey="Mccrea R" first="Richard P. E." last="Mccrea">Richard P. E. Mccrea</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harder, Sheri L" sort="Harder, Sheri L" uniqKey="Harder S" first="Sheri L." last="Harder">Sheri L. Harder</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Robinson, Christopher A" sort="Robinson, Christopher A" uniqKey="Robinson C" first="Christopher A." last="Robinson">Christopher A. Robinson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haacke, Mark E" sort="Haacke, Mark E" uniqKey="Haacke M" first="Mark E." last="Haacke">Mark E. Haacke</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The MRI Institute for Biomedical Research, Detroit, Michigan, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali H" sort="Rajput, Ali H" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali H." last="Rajput">Ali H. Rajput</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Division of Neurology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Alex" sort="Rajput, Alex" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Alex" last="Rajput">Alex Rajput</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Division of Neurology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nichol, Helen" sort="Nichol, Helen" uniqKey="Nichol H" first="Helen" last="Nichol">Helen Nichol</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1053-1807</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1522-2586</idno>
<imprint><date when="2010">2010</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S1"><title>Purpose</title>
<p id="P1">To test the ability of susceptibility weighted images (SWI) and high pass filtered phase images to localize and quantify brain iron.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S2"><title>Materials and Methods</title>
<p id="P2">Magnetic resonance (MR) images of human cadaver brain hemispheres were collected using a gradient echo based SWI sequence at 1.5T. For X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping, each brain was cut to obtain slices that reasonably matched the MR images and iron was mapped at the iron K-edge at 50 or 100 μm resolution. Iron was quantified using XRF calibration foils. Phase and iron XRF were averaged within anatomic regions of one slice, chosen for its range of iron concentrations and nearly perfect anatomic correspondence. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to determine if the chemical form of iron was different in regions with poorer correspondence between iron and phase.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S3"><title>Results</title>
<p id="P3">Iron XRF maps, SWI, and high pass filtered phase data in nine brain slices from five subjects were visually very similar, particularly in high iron regions. The chemical form of iron could not explain poor matches. The correlation between the concentration of iron and phase in the cadaver brain was estimated as <italic>c<sub>Fe</sub>
</italic>
[μg/g tissue] = 850Δφ + 110.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S4"><title>Conclusion</title>
<p id="P4">The phase shift Δφ was found to vary linearly with iron concentration with the best correspondence found in regions with high iron content.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">9105850</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">2081</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Magn Reson Imaging</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Magn Reson Imaging</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1053-1807</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1522-2586</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20512886</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3843009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jmri.22201</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">CAMS3710</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Brain Iron Detected by SWI High Pass Filtered Phase Calibrated with Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hopp</surname>
<given-names>Karla</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MSc</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Popescu</surname>
<given-names>Bogdan F.Gh.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD, PhD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McCrea</surname>
<given-names>Richard P.E.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>BSc</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Harder</surname>
<given-names>Sheri L.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Robinson</surname>
<given-names>Christopher A.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haacke</surname>
<given-names>Mark E.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>PhD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rajput</surname>
<given-names>Ali H.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MBBS</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rajput</surname>
<given-names>Alex</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nichol</surname>
<given-names>Helen</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>PhD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref rid="FN1" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1"><label>1</label>
Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>2</label>
Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA</aff>
<aff id="A3"><label>3</label>
Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</aff>
<aff id="A4"><label>4</label>
The MRI Institute for Biomedical Research, Detroit, Michigan, USA</aff>
<aff id="A5"><label>5</label>
Division of Neurology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="FN1"><label>*</label>
Address reprint requests to: H.N., Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd. Rm A302, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N5E5. <email>h.nichol@usask.ca</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>14</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>28</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>31</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<elocation-id>10.1002/jmri.22201</elocation-id>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2010</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract><sec id="S1"><title>Purpose</title>
<p id="P1">To test the ability of susceptibility weighted images (SWI) and high pass filtered phase images to localize and quantify brain iron.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S2"><title>Materials and Methods</title>
<p id="P2">Magnetic resonance (MR) images of human cadaver brain hemispheres were collected using a gradient echo based SWI sequence at 1.5T. For X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping, each brain was cut to obtain slices that reasonably matched the MR images and iron was mapped at the iron K-edge at 50 or 100 μm resolution. Iron was quantified using XRF calibration foils. Phase and iron XRF were averaged within anatomic regions of one slice, chosen for its range of iron concentrations and nearly perfect anatomic correspondence. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to determine if the chemical form of iron was different in regions with poorer correspondence between iron and phase.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S3"><title>Results</title>
<p id="P3">Iron XRF maps, SWI, and high pass filtered phase data in nine brain slices from five subjects were visually very similar, particularly in high iron regions. The chemical form of iron could not explain poor matches. The correlation between the concentration of iron and phase in the cadaver brain was estimated as <italic>c<sub>Fe</sub>
</italic>
[μg/g tissue] = 850Δφ + 110.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S4"><title>Conclusion</title>
<p id="P4">The phase shift Δφ was found to vary linearly with iron concentration with the best correspondence found in regions with high iron content.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>iron</kwd>
<kwd>phase imaging</kwd>
<kwd>x-ray fluorescence</kwd>
<kwd>susceptibility weighted imaging</kwd>
<kwd>human</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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