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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Subthalamic deep brain stimulation at individualized frequencies for Parkinson disease</title>
<author><name sortKey="Tsang, E W" sort="Tsang, E W" uniqKey="Tsang E" first="E. W." last="Tsang">E. W. Tsang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hamani, C" sort="Hamani, C" uniqKey="Hamani C" first="C." last="Hamani">C. Hamani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moro, E" sort="Moro, E" uniqKey="Moro E" first="E." last="Moro">E. Moro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mazzella, F" sort="Mazzella, F" uniqKey="Mazzella F" first="F." last="Mazzella">F. Mazzella</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Saha, U" sort="Saha, U" uniqKey="Saha U" first="U." last="Saha">U. Saha</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lozano, A M" sort="Lozano, A M" uniqKey="Lozano A" first="A. M." last="Lozano">A. M. Lozano</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hodaie, M" sort="Hodaie, M" uniqKey="Hodaie M" first="M." last="Hodaie">M. Hodaie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chuang, R" sort="Chuang, R" uniqKey="Chuang R" first="R." last="Chuang">R. Chuang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Steeves, T" sort="Steeves, T" uniqKey="Steeves T" first="T." last="Steeves">T. Steeves</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lim, S Y" sort="Lim, S Y" uniqKey="Lim S" first="S. Y." last="Lim">S. Y. Lim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Neagu, B" sort="Neagu, B" uniqKey="Neagu B" first="B." last="Neagu">B. Neagu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, R" sort="Chen, R" uniqKey="Chen R" first="R." last="Chen">R. Chen</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">22592373</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3369506</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3369506</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3369506</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1212/WNL.0b013e318259e183</idno>
<date when="2012">2012</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000631</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000631</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Subthalamic deep brain stimulation at individualized frequencies for Parkinson disease</title>
<author><name sortKey="Tsang, E W" sort="Tsang, E W" uniqKey="Tsang E" first="E. W." last="Tsang">E. W. Tsang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hamani, C" sort="Hamani, C" uniqKey="Hamani C" first="C." last="Hamani">C. Hamani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moro, E" sort="Moro, E" uniqKey="Moro E" first="E." last="Moro">E. Moro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mazzella, F" sort="Mazzella, F" uniqKey="Mazzella F" first="F." last="Mazzella">F. Mazzella</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Saha, U" sort="Saha, U" uniqKey="Saha U" first="U." last="Saha">U. Saha</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lozano, A M" sort="Lozano, A M" uniqKey="Lozano A" first="A. M." last="Lozano">A. M. Lozano</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hodaie, M" sort="Hodaie, M" uniqKey="Hodaie M" first="M." last="Hodaie">M. Hodaie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chuang, R" sort="Chuang, R" uniqKey="Chuang R" first="R." last="Chuang">R. Chuang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Steeves, T" sort="Steeves, T" uniqKey="Steeves T" first="T." last="Steeves">T. Steeves</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lim, S Y" sort="Lim, S Y" uniqKey="Lim S" first="S. Y." last="Lim">S. Y. Lim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Neagu, B" sort="Neagu, B" uniqKey="Neagu B" first="B." last="Neagu">B. Neagu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, R" sort="Chen, R" uniqKey="Chen R" first="R." last="Chen">R. Chen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Neurology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0028-3878</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1526-632X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2012">2012</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives:</title>
<p>The oscillation model of Parkinson disease (PD) states that, in the subthalamic nucleus (STN), increased θ (4–10 Hz) and β (11–30 Hz) frequencies were associated with worsening whereas γ frequencies (31–100 Hz) were associated with improvement of motor symptoms. However, the peak STN frequency in each band varied widely from subject to subject. We hypothesized that STN deep brain stimulation (DBS) at individualized γ frequencies would improve whereas θ or β frequencies would worsen PD motor signs.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods:</title>
<p>We prospectively studied 13 patients with PD. STN local field potential (LFP) was recorded after electrode implantations, in the OFF and then in ON dopaminergic medication states while patients performed wrist movements. Six individual peak frequencies of the STN LFP power spectra were obtained: the greatest decrease in θ and β and greatest increase in γ frequencies in the ON state (MED) and during movements (MOVE). Eight DBS frequencies were applied including 6 MED and MOVE frequencies, high frequency (HF) used for chronic stimulation, and no stimulation. The patients were assessed using the motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (mUPDRS).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results:</title>
<p>STN DBS at γ frequencies (MED and MOVE) and HF significantly improved mUPDRS scores compared to no stimulation and both γ frequencies were not different from HF. DBS at θ and β frequencies did not worsen mUPDRS scores compared to no stimulation.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>Short-term administration of STN DBS at peak dopamine-dependent or movement-related γ frequencies were as effective as HF for reducing parkinsonian motor signs but DBS at θ and β frequencies did not worsen PD motor signs.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Classification of evidence:</title>
<p>This study provides Class III evidence that STN DBS at patient-specific γ frequencies and at usual high frequencies both improved mUPDRS scores compared to no stimulation and did not differ in effect.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Neurology</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Neurology</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">neurology</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">neur</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">neurology</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">WNL</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Neurology</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0028-3878</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1526-632X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Hagerstown, MD</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22592373</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3369506</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">WNL203801</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1212/WNL.0b013e318259e183</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>283</subject>
<subject>323</subject>
<subject>161</subject>
<subject>313</subject>
<subject>165</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Subthalamic deep brain stimulation at individualized frequencies for Parkinson disease</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tsang</surname>
<given-names>E.W.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>PhD</degrees>
<author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers’ Bureaus:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>Canadian Institute of Heath Research: Canada Graduate Scholarship Doctoral Award</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</author-comment>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hamani</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD, PhD</degrees>
<author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title>
<list-item><p>Travel and speaking honoraria from Medtronic and St Jude Medical</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title>
<list-item><p>Consultant to St Jude Medical</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers’ Bureaus:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>Research grants from CIHR completely unrelated to the study.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title>
<list-item><p>Research grants from Ontario Mental Health Foundation and National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression completely unrelated to the study.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</author-comment>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moro</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD, PhD</degrees>
<author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title>
<list-item><p>Medtronic, speaker honoraria</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>Frontiers in Teleneurology, editorial board member, June 2011</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title>
<list-item><p>Medtronic Canada, educational consultant</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers’ Bureaus:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>St. Jude</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>CIHR-AF-BMBF grant, Co-PI, 2 years</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title>
<list-item><p>1) Sickkids Foundation (and IHDCYH), Co-PI, 2 years 2) CurePSP, PI, 2 years</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</author-comment>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mazzella</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>RN</degrees>
<author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers’ Bureaus:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</author-comment>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saha</surname>
<given-names>U.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>BEng</degrees>
<author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers’ Bureaus:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</author-comment>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lozano</surname>
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD, PhD, FRCSC</degrees>
<author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>Johnson and Johnson (Corporate Office of Science and Technology) Codman Ceregene Neurologix Functional Neuroscience</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>Canadian Journal of Neurological Science (Associate Editor 2001-2006) Brain Stimulation (Deputy Editor) Journal of Neurosurgery Neurosurgery Movement Disorders World Neurosurgery Neurological Research Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery Operative Neurosurgery NeuroRx Surgical Neurology Parkinsonism and Related Disorders Neurobiology of disease (Guest Editor) Neurosurgical focus (Guest Editor)</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title>
<list-item><p>1) Lozano AM and Mayberg HS. Methods of treating depression, mood disorders and anxiety using neuromodulation, 2010, US patent No. 7,653,433. 2) Lozano AM and Mayberg HS. Methods of treating depression, mood disorders and anxiety using neuromodulation, 2008, US patent No. 7,346,395. 3) Velasco F, Jimenez F, Velasco M and Lozano AM. Method of treating mood disorders and/or anxiety disorders by brain stimulation. 2007, US patent No. 7,313, 442. 4) Lozano AM. Brain Stimulation lead used for lesioning. 2007, US patent No. 7,285,118. 5) Lozano AM and Rise M. Method of treating movement disorders by electrical stimulation and/or drug infusion of the pendunculopontine nucleus. 2002, US patent No. 6,356,784.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title>
<list-item><p>1) Tarsy D, Vitek JL, Lozano AM (Eds). Surgical Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders”. 2002 Humana Press. 2) Lozano AM, Tasker RR, Gildenberg P (Eds). Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery (2nd edition). 195 Chapters and 3285 pages, Springer. Published May 2009</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title>
<list-item><p>Dr. Lozano received honoraria and research grant from Medtronic Inc and St. Jude Medical, and holds the Canada Research Chair in Neurosciences.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title>
<list-item><p>Medtronic St-Jude Boston Scientific Amgen Eli Lilly Bristol Myers Elekta Bayer Schering-Plough QIC Functional Neuroscience</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers’ Bureaus:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>Functional Neuroscience</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</author-comment>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hodaie</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD, FRCSC</degrees>
<author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title>
<list-item><p>speaker honorarium, Medtronic(C)</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers’ Bureaus:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title>
<list-item><p>Previous research funding by Medtronic</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</author-comment>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chuang</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD</degrees>
<author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers’ Bureaus:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</author-comment>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Steeves</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD</degrees>
<author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers’ Bureaus:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</author-comment>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lim</surname>
<given-names>S.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD</degrees>
<author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title>
<list-item><p>Boehringer Ingelheim, honoraria for speaking; GlaxoSmithKline, honoraria for speaking; Novartis, honoraria for speaking; Roche, honoraria for speaking</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>Neurology Asia, Associate Editor, 2009-Ongoing</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title>
<list-item><p>GlaxoSmithKline; Novartis</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers’ Bureaus:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>University of Malaya, Grant number RG235/10HTM, Principal Investigator, 2010</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</author-comment>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Neagu</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD, PhD</degrees>
<author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers’ Bureaus:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>1)University of Toronto, Post-doctoral fellow, recipient of the Elizabeth Barford fellowship in Neurological Sciences 2) University Health Network, Research fellow</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</author-comment>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MBBChir, MSc, FRCPC</degrees>
<author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>1) Medtronic, advisor, 2008-11; 2) Allergan, advisor,2011,3) Biovail, advisor 2010, 4) EMD Serono advisor 2011</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title>
<list-item><p>1)Merz, attend Toxins meeting and International dystonia meeting, 2011; Merz, honoraria for speaking, 2009; Movement Disorders Society, honoraria for speaking, 2009, 2011; West Virginia University, honoraria for speaking, 2009, 5) Allergan, honoraria for speaking 2010; American Academy of Neurology, honoraria for speaking 2010; International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, honoraria for speaking 2010; University of Pittsburg, honoraria for speaking 2011</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title>
<list-item><p>Journal Editorial Board membership Clinical Neurophysiology, Editorial Board member, 2003 – 2009, 2011- present Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, Editorial Board member, 2005 – 2007 Muscle and Nerve, Editorial Board member, 2006 – present Journal of Motor Behavior, Editorial Board member, 2008 – present Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, Editorial Board member, 2008- present Neural Plasticity, Reviewing Editor, 2009 – present Neurology, Editorial Board member, 2010 - present</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers’ Bureaus:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>Medtronic Inc, Research Grant, 2007-2011</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>Canadian Institutes of Health Research, research grant, MOP 62917, PI, 2008-2013; Canadian Institutes of Health Research, research grant,MOP 15128, PI, 2009- 2014; Canadian Institutes of Health Research Industry Partnered Investigator Award, ISI 83213, PI, 2007-2012</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title>
<list-item><p>Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, research grant, 2005-2009; Dystonia Medical Research Foundation, research grant, 2008-2011; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson Research, Clinical Intervention Award 2009-2012, Co-PI and site PI</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title>
<list-item><p>NONE</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title>
<list-item><p>Welding related litigations, gave expert testimony and affidavit, 2007-2011</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</author-comment>
</contrib>
<aff>From the Division of Brain Imaging & Behaviour Systems–Neuroscience (E.W.T., F.M., U.S., B.N., R. Chen), Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network; Institute of Medical Science (E.W.T., A.M.L., M.H., R. Chen), University of Toronto; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (E.W.T., C.H., E.M., F.M., U.S., A.M.L., M.H., R. Chuang, T.S., S.Y.L., B.N., R. Chen), Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery (C.H., A.M.L., M.H.), and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (E.M., R. Chuang, T.S., S.Y.L., B.N., R. Chen), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and University of Malaysia (S.Y.L.), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="other"><p><italic>Study funding:</italic>
Funding information is provided at the end of the article.</p>
</fn>
<corresp>Correspondence & reprint requests to Dr. Chen: <email>robert.chen@uhn.ca</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>12</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>7</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 5 months and 25 days and was based on the
. </pmc-comment>
<volume>78</volume>
<issue>24</issue>
<fpage>1930</fpage>
<lpage>1938</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>4</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012 by AAN Enterprises, Inc.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>AAN Enterprises, Inc.</copyright-holder>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="znl02412001930.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><sec><title>Objectives:</title>
<p>The oscillation model of Parkinson disease (PD) states that, in the subthalamic nucleus (STN), increased θ (4–10 Hz) and β (11–30 Hz) frequencies were associated with worsening whereas γ frequencies (31–100 Hz) were associated with improvement of motor symptoms. However, the peak STN frequency in each band varied widely from subject to subject. We hypothesized that STN deep brain stimulation (DBS) at individualized γ frequencies would improve whereas θ or β frequencies would worsen PD motor signs.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods:</title>
<p>We prospectively studied 13 patients with PD. STN local field potential (LFP) was recorded after electrode implantations, in the OFF and then in ON dopaminergic medication states while patients performed wrist movements. Six individual peak frequencies of the STN LFP power spectra were obtained: the greatest decrease in θ and β and greatest increase in γ frequencies in the ON state (MED) and during movements (MOVE). Eight DBS frequencies were applied including 6 MED and MOVE frequencies, high frequency (HF) used for chronic stimulation, and no stimulation. The patients were assessed using the motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (mUPDRS).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results:</title>
<p>STN DBS at γ frequencies (MED and MOVE) and HF significantly improved mUPDRS scores compared to no stimulation and both γ frequencies were not different from HF. DBS at θ and β frequencies did not worsen mUPDRS scores compared to no stimulation.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>Short-term administration of STN DBS at peak dopamine-dependent or movement-related γ frequencies were as effective as HF for reducing parkinsonian motor signs but DBS at θ and β frequencies did not worsen PD motor signs.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Classification of evidence:</title>
<p>This study provides Class III evidence that STN DBS at patient-specific γ frequencies and at usual high frequencies both improved mUPDRS scores compared to no stimulation and did not differ in effect.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>special-property</meta-name>
<meta-value>triangle</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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