Referring Parkinson’s disease patients for deep brain stimulation: a RAND/UCLA appropriateness study
Identifieur interne : 000262 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000261; suivant : 000263Referring Parkinson’s disease patients for deep brain stimulation: a RAND/UCLA appropriateness study
Auteurs : Elena Moro ; Michael Schüpbach ; Tobias W Chter ; Niels Allert ; Roberto Eleopra ; Christopher R. Honey ; Mauricio Rueda ; Mya C. Schiess ; Yasushi Shimo ; Peter Valkovic ; Alan Whone ; Herman StoevelaarSource :
- Journal of Neurology [ 0340-5354 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
In 2005, a European expert panel developed and validated an electronic tool to support the appropriate referral of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) for the consideration of deep brain stimulation (DBS). Since new evidence has become available over the last decade an update of the tool is necessary. A world-wide expert panel (71 neurologists and 11 neurosurgeons) used the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method to assess the appropriateness of referral for 1296 scenarios (9-point scale). Scenarios were permutations of 8 clinical variables relevant to the decision of referral. Appropriateness of referral was calculated on the basis of the median score and the extent of agreement. Compared to 2005, the impact of clinical variables on the appropriateness of referral was similar for severity of on–off fluctuations, dyskinesias and refractory tremor (positive association,
Url:
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7942-x
PubMed: 26530503
PubMed Central: 4723622
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PMC:4723622Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Honey, Christopher R" sort="Honey, Christopher R" uniqKey="Honey C" first="Christopher R." last="Honey">Christopher R. Honey</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Shimo, Yasushi" sort="Shimo, Yasushi" uniqKey="Shimo Y" first="Yasushi" last="Shimo">Yasushi Shimo</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Valkovic, Peter" sort="Valkovic, Peter" uniqKey="Valkovic P" first="Peter" last="Valkovic">Peter Valkovic</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Whone, Alan" sort="Whone, Alan" uniqKey="Whone A" first="Alan" last="Whone">Alan Whone</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Stoevelaar, Herman" sort="Stoevelaar, Herman" uniqKey="Stoevelaar H" first="Herman" last="Stoevelaar">Herman Stoevelaar</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Moro, Elena" sort="Moro, Elena" uniqKey="Moro E" first="Elena" last="Moro">Elena Moro</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Schupbach, Michael" sort="Schupbach, Michael" uniqKey="Schupbach M" first="Michael" last="Schüpbach">Michael Schüpbach</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Center, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Centre d’Investigation Clinique 9503, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière; Département de Neurologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6 et INSERM, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="W Chter, Tobias" sort="W Chter, Tobias" uniqKey="W Chter T" first="Tobias" last="W Chter">Tobias W Chter</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
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<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Center of Rehabilitation, Bad Gögging, Germany</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Allert, Niels" sort="Allert, Niels" uniqKey="Allert N" first="Niels" last="Allert">Niels Allert</name>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Eleopra, Roberto" sort="Eleopra, Roberto" uniqKey="Eleopra R" first="Roberto" last="Eleopra">Roberto Eleopra</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Department of Neurology, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Honey, Christopher R" sort="Honey, Christopher R" uniqKey="Honey C" first="Christopher R." last="Honey">Christopher R. Honey</name>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Rueda, Mauricio" sort="Rueda, Mauricio" uniqKey="Rueda M" first="Mauricio" last="Rueda">Mauricio Rueda</name>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Schiess, Mya C" sort="Schiess, Mya C" uniqKey="Schiess M" first="Mya C." last="Schiess">Mya C. Schiess</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Texas, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Shimo, Yasushi" sort="Shimo, Yasushi" uniqKey="Shimo Y" first="Yasushi" last="Shimo">Yasushi Shimo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Valkovic, Peter" sort="Valkovic, Peter" uniqKey="Valkovic P" first="Peter" last="Valkovic">Peter Valkovic</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff12">2nd Department of Neurology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Whone, Alan" sort="Whone, Alan" uniqKey="Whone A" first="Alan" last="Whone">Alan Whone</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13">Department of Neurology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Stoevelaar, Herman" sort="Stoevelaar, Herman" uniqKey="Stoevelaar H" first="Herman" last="Stoevelaar">Herman Stoevelaar</name>
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<series><title level="j">Journal of Neurology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0340-5354</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1432-1459</idno>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In 2005, a European expert panel developed and validated an electronic tool to support the appropriate referral of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) for the consideration of deep brain stimulation (DBS). Since new evidence has become available over the last decade an update of the tool is necessary. A world-wide expert panel (71 neurologists and 11 neurosurgeons) used the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method to assess the appropriateness of referral for 1296 scenarios (9-point scale). Scenarios were permutations of 8 clinical variables relevant to the decision of referral. Appropriateness of referral was calculated on the basis of the median score and the extent of agreement. Compared to 2005, the impact of clinical variables on the appropriateness of referral was similar for severity of on–off fluctuations, dyskinesias and refractory tremor (positive association, <italic>p</italic>
< 0.001), and cognitive impairment (negative association, <italic>p</italic>
< 0.001). A relatively stronger negative impact was seen for levodopa-unresponsive gait and balance disturbances as well as older age, the latter most likely due to a higher cut-off value (75 versus 70 years in the previous study). The impact of PD duration on the appropriateness of referral was less pronounced than in 2005. The contribution of the newly included variable ‘non-motor side effects of anti-PD medication’ was very modest. Based on these results the panel produced new recommendations on the appropriateness of referral for the evaluation of DBS in PD patients. Differences from the previous study reflect the new clinical evidence, particularly related to the use of DBS in an earlier stage of PD. The validation of the updated recommendations is in progress.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Neurol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Neurol</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Neurology</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0340-5354</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1432-1459</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Berlin/Heidelberg</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26530503</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4723622</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">7942</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00415-015-7942-x</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Communication</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Referring Parkinson’s disease patients for deep brain stimulation: a RAND/UCLA appropriateness study</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moro</surname>
<given-names>Elena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schüpbach</surname>
<given-names>Michael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wächter</surname>
<given-names>Tobias</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4"></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Allert</surname>
<given-names>Niels</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eleopra</surname>
<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff7"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Honey</surname>
<given-names>Christopher R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff8"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rueda</surname>
<given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff9"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schiess</surname>
<given-names>Mya C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff10"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shimo</surname>
<given-names>Yasushi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff11"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Valkovic</surname>
<given-names>Peter</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff12"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Whone</surname>
<given-names>Alan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff13"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Stoevelaar</surname>
<given-names>Herman</given-names>
</name>
<address><phone>+32 (0)3 491 82 70</phone>
<email>herman.stoevelaar@ismar.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff14"></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="Aff1"><label></label>
Division of Neurology, CHU of Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, INSERM U836, Grenoble, France</aff>
<aff id="Aff2"><label></label>
Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Center, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</aff>
<aff id="Aff3"><label></label>
Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris; Centre d’Investigation Clinique 9503, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière; Département de Neurologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6 et INSERM, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</aff>
<aff id="Aff4"><label></label>
Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</aff>
<aff id="Aff5"><label></label>
Center of Rehabilitation, Bad Gögging, Germany</aff>
<aff id="Aff6"><label></label>
Neurological Rehabilitation Center Godeshoehe, Bonn, Germany</aff>
<aff id="Aff7"><label></label>
Department of Neurology, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy</aff>
<aff id="Aff8"><label></label>
Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada</aff>
<aff id="Aff9"><label></label>
Departamento de Neurociencias, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia</aff>
<aff id="Aff10"><label></label>
Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Texas, USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff11"><label></label>
Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan</aff>
<aff id="Aff12"><label></label>
2nd Department of Neurology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia</aff>
<aff id="Aff13"><label></label>
Department of Neurology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK</aff>
<aff id="Aff14"><label></label>
Centre for Decision Analysis and Support, Ismar Healthcare, Lier, Belgium</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>3</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>3</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>263</volume>
<fpage>112</fpage>
<lpage>119</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>4</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>4</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2015</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="Abs1"><p>In 2005, a European expert panel developed and validated an electronic tool to support the appropriate referral of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) for the consideration of deep brain stimulation (DBS). Since new evidence has become available over the last decade an update of the tool is necessary. A world-wide expert panel (71 neurologists and 11 neurosurgeons) used the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method to assess the appropriateness of referral for 1296 scenarios (9-point scale). Scenarios were permutations of 8 clinical variables relevant to the decision of referral. Appropriateness of referral was calculated on the basis of the median score and the extent of agreement. Compared to 2005, the impact of clinical variables on the appropriateness of referral was similar for severity of on–off fluctuations, dyskinesias and refractory tremor (positive association, <italic>p</italic>
< 0.001), and cognitive impairment (negative association, <italic>p</italic>
< 0.001). A relatively stronger negative impact was seen for levodopa-unresponsive gait and balance disturbances as well as older age, the latter most likely due to a higher cut-off value (75 versus 70 years in the previous study). The impact of PD duration on the appropriateness of referral was less pronounced than in 2005. The contribution of the newly included variable ‘non-motor side effects of anti-PD medication’ was very modest. Based on these results the panel produced new recommendations on the appropriateness of referral for the evaluation of DBS in PD patients. Differences from the previous study reflect the new clinical evidence, particularly related to the use of DBS in an earlier stage of PD. The validation of the updated recommendations is in progress.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Parkinson’s disease</kwd>
<kwd>Deep brain stimulation</kwd>
<kwd>RAND/UCLA appropriateness method</kwd>
<kwd>Referral</kwd>
<kwd>Consultation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004374</institution-id>
<institution>Medtronic</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name>
<meta-value>© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body><sec id="Sec1" sec-type="introduction"><title>Introduction</title>
<p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment for well-selected patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>
]. Patient eligibility for DBS is determined by rigorous and standardised evaluation in specialised surgical movement disorder centres. However, patient pre-selection by non-specialised neurologists or other physicians is often not optimal due to lack of criteria or guidelines that are easy to use in daily practice. This may lead to inappropriate referrals [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref>
] but also to under-referrals if potentially eligible candidates are not given the opportunity to be evaluated in a specialised centre. A recent Swedish survey has revealed that three quarters of patients with advanced PD were not even informed of the possibility of having DBS therapy by their neurologists [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>
].</p>
<p>In 2005 a European expert panel used the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method (RUAM) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>
] to develop patient-specific referral criteria for DBS consideration in patients with PD [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>
]. These criteria were subsequently embedded in an online decision support tool (“Stimulus”) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>
]. An observational study in Germany and Spain showed that the selection rate for DBS was significantly higher for patients in which the Stimulus tool had been used compared to the unscreened population (77 versus 48 %, respectively) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>
]. A recent single-centre study in the USA showed that Stimulus was superior to another tool in predicting DBS candidacy in patients with PD [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">9</xref>
].</p>
<p>Over the last few years new evidence has become available on the efficacy of DBS, particularly in an earlier stage of PD [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>
], and with respect to non-motor fluctuations and symptoms, comprising fluctuations of mood and impulse control disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>
]. These important data needed to be incorporated into an update of the Stimulus recommendations and the online tool. Given the world-wide application of DBS in PD, a global approach targeting at broadly applicable criteria was adopted. The aim of this study was to update the 2005 referral criteria and to develop common recommendations for DBS consideration in patients with PD.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec2" sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Methods</title>
<sec id="Sec3"><title>Selection of panellists and construction of clinical scenarios</title>
<p>Similar to the European study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>
], the RUAM [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>
] was used to establish patient-specific referral criteria. An Executive Committee, consisting of three neurologists (EM, TW, and MS) and a methodologist (HS) prepared the study design (Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>
). Three of the executive committee members were previously involved in the European study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>
]. Panellists were recruited from a worldwide network of DBS implanting centres. The principal selection criterion was their active involvement in the selection of at least 15 patients with PD for DBS annually. Furthermore, a reasonable geographic spread was pursued. In total, 146 neurologists and 29 neurosurgeons received an invitation by email of whom 121 (69 %) responded. Of this group, 105 physicians (87 %) agreed to participate.<fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label>
<caption><p>Study design</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="415_2015_7942_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic>
</fig>
</p>
<p>Clinical scenarios were based on those of the European study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>
] with some adaptations and refinements. Scenarios were permutations of the values of eight variables considered relevant to the decision of referral (Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>
). Principal changes in comparison to the 2005 study were the adapted categories for age and PD duration, and the addition of the variable ‘non-motor side effects of anti-PD medication’ (Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>
). The population considered was restricted to patients who met the absolute criteria for DBS (Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>
).<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Definition of terms and variables/categories used for the construction of clinical scenarios</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td align="left">Absolute criteria for the consideration of DBS</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Parkinson’s disease for at least 4 years</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Presence of bothersome disease-related symptoms (motor fluctuations, dyskinesias, persisting tremor) and/or side effects related to anti-parkinsonian medication (hyperdopaminergic, anticholinergic)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Motor improvement with dopaminergic medication or presence of medically refractory tremor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Absence of medical conditions preventing surgery (e.g., terminal cancer, severe cardio-respiratory insufficiency)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Absence of ongoing severe, medically resistant neuropsychiatric diseases (e.g., severe depression, severe cognitive impairment)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Referral</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Referral for the detailed evaluation of DBS therapy in patients with PD</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Irrespective of the target (subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus pars interna, ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Variables used for the construction of clinical scenarios</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Age (<60 years; 60–74 years; ≥75 years)<sup>a</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> PD duration since onset of symptoms (4–7 years; ≥7 years)<sup>b</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Parkinsonian signs during OFF periods, despite medical treatment (no–mild; moderate; severe impact on activities of daily living)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Dyskinesias (no–mild; moderate; severe impact on activities of daily living)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Tremor unresponsive to or requiring unacceptably high doses of anti-parkinsonian medication (no–mild; moderate; severe impact on activities of daily living)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Levodopa-unresponsive gait and balance abnormalities (no; yes)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Cognitive impairment (no–mild; moderate)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> Non-motor side effects of anti-parkinsonian medication (no–mild; moderate–severe)<sup>c</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><p><sup>a</sup>
Age categories in 2005: <60 years; 60–69 years; ≥70 years</p>
<p><sup>b</sup>
PD duration categories in 2005: <5 years; ≥5 years</p>
<p><sup>c</sup>
Not included as a variable in 2005</p>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec4"><title>Panel process</title>
<p>The typical RUAM process consists of individual rating rounds and plenary face-to-face discussions [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>
]. The large size of our panel and the involvement of people from all over the world necessitated some practical adaptations, such as web conferences for the plenary meetings (Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>
).</p>
<p>Panellists used an online programme to individually rate the appropriateness of referral for 1296 different scenarios. The appropriateness scale ranged from 1 (extremely inappropriate) to 9 (extremely appropriate) with 5 being ‘uncertain’ or ‘equivocal’. Ratings had to be based on medical considerations only, and economic aspects had to be disregarded. Instructions to the ratings were accompanied by an overview of key peer-reviewed publications regarding DBS therapy for PD. After the ratings had been completed, data were analysed for patterns of appropriateness in relation to the clinical variables used.</p>
<p>A selection of 11 participants (Review Panel; “<xref rid="Sec12" ref-type="sec">Appendix 1</xref>
”) convened in Germany (November 2013) to discuss the results and to prepare a follow-up web conference for all panel members (January 2014). Thereafter, panellists were asked to review all their first round results and to adjust the values if thought to be necessary.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec5"><title>Classification of appropriateness and statistical analysis</title>
<p>Classification of appropriateness was based on mathematical rules typically applied in RAND/UCLA appropriateness studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>
]. Referral was classified as appropriate if the median score was 7–9 without disagreement, and as inappropriate if the median score was 1–3 without disagreement. All other outcomes were deemed uncertain. Disagreement was defined as the situation in which at least one-third of the panellists had scored in each of the extreme sections of the 9-point scale (1–3 and 7–9) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>
]. To correct for potential asymmetric ratings, the disagreement calculations were checked using the interpercentile range adjusted for symmetry (IPRAS) formula that has been advised for use in large-scale panels [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>
]. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between clinical variables and appropriateness of referral. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS for Windows version 22.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec6" sec-type="results"><title>Results</title>
<sec id="Sec7"><title>Participants and panel process</title>
<p>Of the 105 physicians who agreed to participate, 82 (78 %) completed all first round ratings. This voting panel consisted of 71 neurologists and 11 neurosurgeons from 28 countries (“<xref rid="Sec12" ref-type="sec">Appendix 1</xref>
”). Ninety-four percent reported ≥5 years of experience with patient selection for DBS, and 51 % mentioned to be involved in at least 25 evaluations annually. The first online rating round was conducted in October–November 2013. Panellists needed on average 3–4 h for completing the ratings. Discussion of the results by the Review Panel and during the web conference revealed that the structure and variables were adequate, but that different perspectives had been used while doing the ratings (appropriateness of DBS versus the appropriateness of referral). Panellists were asked to review all ratings taking the perspective of appropriateness of referral as the starting point. Second round ratings were completed in April 2014.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec8"><title>Agreement and appropriateness</title>
<p>Using the RUAM classical calculation, disagreement after the second round was found for only two out of 1296 scenarios (0.2 %). Application of the IPRAS formula resulted in disagreement for 1.2 % of scenarios. However, the two approaches never led to different appropriateness outcomes.</p>
<p>Referral for DBS consideration was deemed inappropriate for 15 % of the scenarios, appropriate for 46 % of the scenarios, and uncertain for the remaining 39 %. Appropriateness figures by clinical variables are given in Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>
. Logistic regression analysis (appropriate versus uncertain/inappropriate) revealed a consistent pattern of factors determining the appropriateness of referral (predictive value 96.5 % at a cut-off value of 0.5). Whereas the severity of OFF symptoms, dyskinesias and tremor showed a pronounced positive association with appropriateness, a negative impact was found for cognitive impairment, levodopa-unresponsive gait and balance problems, and higher age (Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>
).<table-wrap id="Tab2"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Appropriateness of referral for DBS by clinical variables</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Variable</th>
<th align="left">Categories</th>
<th align="left">Inappropriate %</th>
<th align="left">Uncertain %</th>
<th align="left">Appropriate %</th>
<th align="left"><italic>p</italic>
value<sup>a</sup>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3">Age</td>
<td align="left"><60 years</td>
<td char="." align="char">2</td>
<td char="." align="char">30</td>
<td char="." align="char">68</td>
<td char="." align="char" rowspan="3"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">60–74 years</td>
<td char="." align="char">3</td>
<td char="." align="char">40</td>
<td char="." align="char">57</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">≥75 years</td>
<td char="." align="char">41</td>
<td char="." align="char">47</td>
<td char="." align="char">12</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2">PD duration</td>
<td align="left">4–7 years</td>
<td char="." align="char">16</td>
<td char="." align="char">40</td>
<td char="." align="char">44</td>
<td char="." align="char" rowspan="2">0.279</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">≥7 years</td>
<td char="." align="char">15</td>
<td char="." align="char">38</td>
<td char="." align="char">48</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3">OFF symptoms</td>
<td align="left">Mild</td>
<td char="." align="char">22</td>
<td char="." align="char">41</td>
<td char="." align="char">38</td>
<td char="." align="char" rowspan="3"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Moderate</td>
<td char="." align="char">15</td>
<td char="." align="char">41</td>
<td char="." align="char">45</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Severe</td>
<td char="." align="char">10</td>
<td char="." align="char">36</td>
<td char="." align="char">55</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3">Dyskinesias</td>
<td align="left">Mild</td>
<td char="." align="char">24</td>
<td char="." align="char">39</td>
<td char="." align="char">38</td>
<td char="." align="char" rowspan="3"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Moderate</td>
<td char="." align="char">14</td>
<td char="." align="char">43</td>
<td char="." align="char">43</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Severe</td>
<td char="." align="char">9</td>
<td char="." align="char">35</td>
<td char="." align="char">57</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3">Tremor</td>
<td align="left">No/mild</td>
<td char="." align="char">25</td>
<td char="." align="char">41</td>
<td char="." align="char">35</td>
<td char="." align="char" rowspan="3"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Moderate</td>
<td char="." align="char">15</td>
<td char="." align="char">42</td>
<td char="." align="char">43</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Severe</td>
<td char="." align="char">7</td>
<td char="." align="char">34</td>
<td char="." align="char">59</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2">Gait/balance problems</td>
<td align="left">No</td>
<td char="." align="char">9</td>
<td char="." align="char">26</td>
<td char="." align="char">65</td>
<td char="." align="char" rowspan="2"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Yes</td>
<td char="." align="char">22</td>
<td char="." align="char">52</td>
<td char="." align="char">26</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2">Cognitive impairment</td>
<td align="left">No/mild</td>
<td char="." align="char">6</td>
<td char="." align="char">28</td>
<td char="." align="char">66</td>
<td char="." align="char" rowspan="2"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Moderate</td>
<td char="." align="char">25</td>
<td char="." align="char">50</td>
<td char="." align="char">26</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2">Non-motor side effects</td>
<td align="left">No/mild</td>
<td char="." align="char">18</td>
<td char="." align="char">39</td>
<td char="." align="char">44</td>
<td char="." align="char" rowspan="2">0.085</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Moderate-severe</td>
<td char="." align="char">13</td>
<td char="." align="char">39</td>
<td char="." align="char">48</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><p>Percentages apply to the complete set of clinical scenarios (<italic>N</italic>
= 1296)</p>
<p>Row totals per variable are 100 %, but may slightly deviate due to round-offs</p>
<p><sup>a</sup>
Pearson’s Chi-square test for categorical data</p>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="Tab3"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Determinants of the panel outcome “appropriate” versus “uncertain/inappropriate”</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Variable</th>
<th align="left">Value</th>
<th align="left"><italic>β</italic>
</th>
<th align="left">SE</th>
<th align="left"><italic>p</italic>
value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2">Age</td>
<td align="left">60–74 years</td>
<td char="." align="char">−2.64</td>
<td char="." align="char">0.41</td>
<td char="." align="char" rowspan="2"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">≥75 years</td>
<td char="." align="char">−16.06</td>
<td char="." align="char">1.42</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">PD duration</td>
<td align="left">≥7 years</td>
<td char="." align="char">1.27</td>
<td char="." align="char">0.32</td>
<td char="." align="char"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2">OFF symptoms</td>
<td align="left">Moderate</td>
<td char="." align="char">1.97</td>
<td char="." align="char">0.40</td>
<td char="." align="char" rowspan="2"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Severe</td>
<td char="." align="char">4.89</td>
<td char="." align="char">0.55</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2">Dyskinesias</td>
<td align="left">Moderate</td>
<td char="." align="char">1.53</td>
<td char="." align="char">0.38</td>
<td char="." align="char" rowspan="2"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Severe</td>
<td char="." align="char">5.47</td>
<td char="." align="char">0.59</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2">Refractory tremor</td>
<td align="left">Moderate</td>
<td char="." align="char">2.10</td>
<td char="." align="char">0.38</td>
<td char="." align="char" rowspan="2"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Severe</td>
<td char="." align="char">7.25</td>
<td char="." align="char">0.72</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Levodopa-unresponsive gait/balance abnormalities</td>
<td align="left">Yes</td>
<td char="." align="char">−11.34</td>
<td char="." align="char">1.02</td>
<td char="." align="char"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Non-motor side effects of anti-parkinsonian medication</td>
<td align="left">Moderate–severe</td>
<td char="." align="char">1.09</td>
<td char="." align="char">0.31</td>
<td char="." align="char"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Cognitive impairment</td>
<td align="left">Moderate</td>
<td char="." align="char">−11.60</td>
<td char="." align="char">1.04</td>
<td char="." align="char"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Constant value</td>
<td align="left"></td>
<td char="." align="char">7.04</td>
<td char="." align="char">0.85</td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><p>Outcomes of logistic regression analysis</p>
<p>Reference classes for regression: age: <60 years; PD duration: 4–7 years; OFF symptoms: mild; Dyskinesias: mild; Refractory tremor: no/mild; Levodopa-unresponsive gait/balance abnormalities: no; Non-motor side effects of anti-parkinsonian medication: no/mild; Cognitive impairment: no/mild</p>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>Though statistically significant, the contribution of PD duration and presence of non-motor side effects of antiparkinsonian medication was small. No meaningful interaction effects between the variables, including age and PD duration, were seen.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec9"><title>Differences by subgroups of raters</title>
<p>Neurosurgeons showed higher rates for referral consideration than neurologists (61 versus 43 %; <italic>p</italic>
< 0.001); similar figures were seen for the Review Panel (59 %) versus other participants (43 %; <italic>p</italic>
< 0.001). Variations by geographic regions could not be assessed due to the small number of participants per area.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec10"><title>Online educational tool</title>
<p>Panel results were embedded in an online tool that allows the user to select a patient profile and to see the related panel recommendation and additional information on patient selection for DBS. The tool can be freely accessed via <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.earlystimulus.com">https://www.earlystimulus.com</ext-link>
.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec11" sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title>
<p>Our study provides practical criteria to reduce inappropriate referrals and to support referral of appropriate candidates for DBS in patients with PD. This is particularly relevant since there is a strategic need for physicians and patients to improve the process quality of PD referrals for DBS.</p>
<p>The previously developed Stimulus tool has been shown to be able to considerably improve the quality of pre-selection by referral neurologists [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">9</xref>
]. The current study has not only updated the referral criteria taking into account new evidence from recent clinical studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>
], but it has also received wide feedback for a worldwide applicability by involving expert neurologists and neurosurgeons from many countries around the world. Although some differences by subgroups were seen, this large-scale panel reached considerable agreement on the appropriateness of referral for DBS consideration in patients with PD. The relatively large area of uncertainty (39 % of indications) was not due to opposite opinions, but to “middle-of-the-road” ratings reflecting situations in which potential advantages and drawbacks of referral were considered to be equivocal. However, the appropriateness figures relate to a theoretical population, and the distribution of clinical scenarios in real-life practice may differ considerably. Moreover, some scenarios may reflect frequent constellations whereas others may be rather “constructed” and rarely seen in daily clinical practice.</p>
<p>Regression analysis showed consistent and logical associations between the clinical variables and appropriateness outcomes. As no meaningful interaction effects were detected, the impact of the variables on appropriateness of referral for DBS was merely cumulative. That means that the sum of positive and negative factors, with their different weights, determines the appropriateness category. To illustrate this result, the panel outcomes (appropriateness category and median score) for five selected profiles are projected against the patient characteristics in Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>
.<fig id="Fig2"><label>Fig. 2</label>
<caption><p>Panel outcomes for selected patient profiles</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="415_2015_7942_Fig2_HTML" id="MO2"></graphic>
</fig>
</p>
<p>The comparison with the results from our previous study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>
] suggests similar patterns for the impact of the severity of OFF symptoms, dyskinesias and refractory tremor (positive association), as well as of cognitive impairment (negative association). In this current study, a relatively stronger negative impact was seen for older age and levodopa-unresponsive gait and balance disturbances. For older age, the difference is most likely to be ascribed to the higher cut-off value (75 versus 70 years in the previous study) as the general trend goes to including older patients.</p>
<p>With the new clinical evidence showing the benefits of DBS at an earlier stage of PD [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>
], criteria of DBS selection concerning PD duration and severity have changed. This is reflected in the less pronounced impact of PD duration on the appropriateness of referral in our study in comparison to the view of the initial panel [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>
]. The panel ratings also indicate that these recent findings on the effect of early surgical treatment [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>
] are readily implemented by experts worldwide in spite of a controversial debate on this topic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>
].</p>
<p>As evidence became available that DBS may also be useful in improving non-motor side effects of anti-parkinsonian medication [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref>
], we included this condition in the construction of clinical scenarios. However, its impact on the appropriateness of referral, though statistically significant in multivariate logistic regression, was very modest. This finding could reflect the insufficient distinction made by neurologists between hyperdopaminergic behavior induced by anti-PD medications (that is supposed to improve with subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS due to reduction of medications) and impulsivity occasionally induced by STN DBS (that may occur under inappropriate STN-DBS programming) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref>
].</p>
<p>Other factors used by the panel study, including the absolute criteria for the consideration of DBS for PD (bothersome symptoms, motor improvement with dopaminergic medication or presence of medically refractory tremor, absence of medical conditions preventing surgery, absence of severe medically resistant neuropsychiatric diseases) are comparable to the initial study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>
] and have not undergone substantial changes over the last decade [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>
].</p>
<p>The dissemination of the panel recommendations via a quick and user-friendly online tool has already proven its usefulness in a European setting [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>
]. The new updated tool, established now with the involvement of a world-wide panel, may have a larger geographic reach and impact. However, the authors’ personal experience with the first Stimulus tool has shown that users frequently misinterpreted an appropriate outcome as being synonymous to “eligible for DBS”. Therefore, we would like to emphasise that the tool is designed to assess the appropriateness of referral to a specialised DBS centre for further evaluation, and not for surgery itself.</p>
<p>The most important limitations of this study are related to the subjective nature of the panel opinions, and selection of panel members may, therefore, influence the outcomes. Indeed, new published guidelines or consensus about selection of patients for DBS are still lacking, despite the available evidence concerning efficacy of DBS on earlier PD stages and on non-motor fluctuations. However, various studies have shown that agreement between RUAM panels of similar composition, even if from different countries or continents, is usually satisfactory to good [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>
–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">23</xref>
]. Comparison of our initial and current study into DBS/PD confirms on the one hand the reproducibility of the study results over time and across countries, but also suggests sensitivity to change in scientific insights.</p>
<p>In conclusion, patient eligibility for DBS is determined in specialised surgical centres following a rigorous and extensive evaluation that is often challenging for the patient and the family, both physically and emotionally. The use of clear and practical criteria for pre-selection by general neurologists or other physicians may reduce the number of inappropriate referrals, and may also help to avoid under-referral of potentially appropriate candidates. A large world-wide panel has produced detailed and consistent recommendations on the appropriateness of referral for the consideration of DBS in patients with PD. Differences in comparison to the initial panel study reflect new clinical evidence, particularly in relation to the use of DBS in an earlier stage of PD. The use of a simple online tool may help to disseminate the panel recommendations and to increase the quality of pre-selection for DBS. Research on validating the updated recommendations is in progress.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back><app-group><app id="App1"><sec id="Sec12"><title>Appendix 1</title>
<sec id="Sec13"><title>Participants to the panel study</title>
<p>Niels Allert (Germany),<sup>2</sup>
Vladimir Alexeyevets (Belarus), Gabriel Arango (Colombia), Keyoumars Ashkan (United Kingdom), Merek Baláž (Czech Republic), Luigi Bartolomei (Italy), Oscar Bernal (Colombia), Rupam Borgohain (India), Alfonso Castro (Spain), Roberto Ceravolo (Italy), Haibo Chen (China), Ling Chen (China), Shin-Yan Chen (Taiwan), Miguel Coelho (Portugal), Arthur Cukiert (Brazil), Carsten Eggers (Germany), Roberto Eleopra (Italy),<sup>2</sup>
Amalia Ene (Romania), Alfonso Fasano (Canada), Tao Feng (China), Tom Foltynie (United Kingdom), Alexandre Francisco (Brazil), Milan Grofik (Slovakia), Chris Honey (Canada),<sup>2</sup>
Wolfgang Jost (Germany), Merete Karlsbor (Denmark), Asha Kishore (India), Peter Klivenyi (Hungary), Karina Knudsen (Germany), Norbert Kovacs (Hungary), Pierre Krystkowiak (France), Max Lange (Germany), Nilton Lara (Brazil), ChongSik Lee (Korea), Xiaoguang Luo (China), Yasushi Miyagi (Japan), Claudia Moreno, (Colombia), Francesca Morgante (Italy), Elena Moro (France),<sup>1,2</sup>
Mariana Moscovich (Brazil), Stefania Nassetti (Italy), Martin Nevrlý (Czech Republic), Genko Oyama (Japan), Claudio Pacchetti (Italy), Berta Pascual (Spain), Nicola Pavese (United Kingdom), Manuela Pilleri (Italy), Walter Pirker (Austria), Monika Pötter-Nerger (Germany), Carlos Rieder (Brazil), Mayela Rodriguez (Korea), Maria Jose Rosas (Portugal), Simone Rossi (Italy), Mauricio Rueda (Colombia),<sup>2</sup>
Hidemoto Saiki (Japan), Patrick Santens (Belgium), Mya Schiess (United States),<sup>2</sup>
Michael Schüpbach (Switzerland),<sup>1,2</sup>
Maria Chiara Sensi (Italy), Yasushi Shimo (Japan),<sup>2</sup>
Friederike Sixel-Döring (Germany), Martin Südmeyer (Germany), Chun-Hwei Tai (Taiwan), Atsushi Takeda (Japan), Gertrud Tamas (Hungary), Giorgio Tommasi (Italy), Wesley Thevathasan (Australia), Atsushi Umemura (Japan), Peter Valkovic (Slovakia),<sup>2</sup>
Franco Valzania (Italy), Tobias Wächter (Germany),<sup>1,2</sup>
Pettarusp Wadia (India), Jian Wang (China), Alan Whone (United Kingdom),<sup>2</sup>
Håkan Widner (Sweden), Tatiana Witjas (France), Karsten Witt (Germany), Qin Xiao (China) Ludvic Zrinzo (United Kingdom), and Xian-Lun Zhu (Hong Kong).</p>
<p><sup>1</sup>
Member of the Executive Committee</p>
<p><sup>2</sup>
Member of the Review Panel</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</app>
</app-group>
<notes notes-type="conflict-interest"><title>Compliance with ethical standards</title>
<sec id="FPar1"><title>Funding</title>
<p>This study was supported by Medtronic.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="FPar2"><title>Conflicts of interest</title>
<p>Elena Moro received honoraria from Medtronic for consulting service and lecturing. Michael Schüpbach received lecture fees from Medtronic and travel reimbursements from Merz Pharma, Boston Scientific, and Medtronic, received research grants from “Parkinson Schweiz”, Boston Scientific, and Medtronic and has been serving as a consultant for Medtronic, Aleva, and Lundbeck. Tobias Wächter received honoraria from Medtronic, Pharm-Allergan and Ipsen Pharma for consulting service, lecturing and travelling. Niels Allert received honoraria from Medtronic for consulting service and lecturing. Roberto Eleopra reported no conflict of interest. Christopher R. Honey received research funding from Medtronic and St. Jude’s Medical and speaking honoraria from Medtronic. Mauricio Rueda received honoraria for lecturing from Medtronic. Mya C. Schiess received educational scholarships for training fellows and honoraria for lecturing from Medtronic. Yasushi Shimo received honoraria from Medtronic for lecturing. Peter Valkovic received honoraria from Medtronic for consulting service and lecturing. Alan Whone received honoraria from Medtronic for consulting service and travelling. Herman Stoevelaar received honoraria from Medtronic for his advice to the design of the study and for data analysis.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="d30e1378"><title>Ethical standard</title>
<p>Mentioned studies have been approved by the appropriate ethics committee and have therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.</p>
</sec>
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