La maladie de Parkinson au Canada (serveur d'exploration)

Attention, ce site est en cours de développement !
Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts.
Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.

Preconception Care: A New Standard of Care within Maternal Health Services

Identifieur interne : 000166 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000165; suivant : 000167

Preconception Care: A New Standard of Care within Maternal Health Services

Auteurs : Stephen J. Genuis ; Rebecca A. Genuis

Source :

RBID : PMC:4903143

Abstract

Emerging research suggests that much pediatric affliction has origins in the vulnerable phase of fetal development. Prenatal factors including deficiency of various nutrients and exposure to assorted toxicants are major etiological determinants of myriad obstetrical complications, pediatric chronic diseases, and perhaps some genetic mutations. With recent recognition that modifiable environmental determinants, rather than genetic predestination, are the etiological source of most chronic illness, modification of environmental factors prior to conception offers the possibility of precluding various mental and physical health conditions. Environmental and lifestyle modification through informed patient choice is possible but evidence confirms that, with little to no training in clinical nutrition, toxicology, or environmental exposures, most clinicians are ill-equipped to counsel patients about this important area. With the totality of available scientific evidence that now exists on the potential to modify disease-causing gestational determinants, failure to take necessary precautionary action may render members of the medical community collectively and individually culpable for preventable illness in children. We advocate for environmental health education of maternity health professionals and the widespread adoption and implementation of preconception care. This will necessitate the translation of emerging knowledge from recent research literature, to health professionals, to reproductive-aged women, and to society at large.


Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2016/6150976
PubMed: 27314031
PubMed Central: 4903143

Links to Exploration step

PMC:4903143

Le document en format XML

<record>
<TEI>
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title xml:lang="en">Preconception Care: A New Standard of Care within Maternal Health Services</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, Stephen J" sort="Genuis, Stephen J" uniqKey="Genuis S" first="Stephen J." last="Genuis">Stephen J. Genuis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T5H 3V9</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="I2">University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, Rebecca A" sort="Genuis, Rebecca A" uniqKey="Genuis R" first="Rebecca A." last="Genuis">Rebecca A. Genuis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="I3">Millcreek Environmental Health Clinic, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6K 4C1</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">27314031</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4903143</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4903143</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4903143</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1155/2016/6150976</idno>
<date when="2016">2016</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000166</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000166</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Preconception Care: A New Standard of Care within Maternal Health Services</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, Stephen J" sort="Genuis, Stephen J" uniqKey="Genuis S" first="Stephen J." last="Genuis">Stephen J. Genuis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T5H 3V9</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="I2">University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, Rebecca A" sort="Genuis, Rebecca A" uniqKey="Genuis R" first="Rebecca A." last="Genuis">Rebecca A. Genuis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="I3">Millcreek Environmental Health Clinic, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6K 4C1</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">BioMed Research International</title>
<idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p> Emerging research suggests that much pediatric affliction has origins in the vulnerable phase of fetal development. Prenatal factors including deficiency of various nutrients and exposure to assorted toxicants are major etiological determinants of myriad obstetrical complications, pediatric chronic diseases, and perhaps some genetic mutations. With recent recognition that modifiable environmental determinants, rather than genetic predestination, are the etiological source of most chronic illness, modification of environmental factors prior to conception offers the possibility of precluding various mental and physical health conditions. Environmental and lifestyle modification through informed patient choice is possible but evidence confirms that, with little to no training in clinical nutrition, toxicology, or environmental exposures, most clinicians are ill-equipped to counsel patients about this important area. With the totality of available scientific evidence that now exists on the potential to modify disease-causing gestational determinants, failure to take necessary precautionary action may render members of the medical community collectively and individually culpable for preventable illness in children. We advocate for environmental health education of maternity health professionals and the widespread adoption and implementation of preconception care. This will necessitate the translation of emerging knowledge from recent research literature, to health professionals, to reproductive-aged women, and to society at large. </p>
</div>
</front>
<back>
<div1 type="bibliography">
<listBibl>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Spirer, H F" uniqKey="Spirer H">H. F. Spirer</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Spirer, L" uniqKey="Spirer L">L. Spirer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Loftin, R W" uniqKey="Loftin R">R. W. Loftin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Habli, M" uniqKey="Habli M">M. Habli</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Snyder, C C" uniqKey="Snyder C">C. C. Snyder</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cormier, C M" uniqKey="Cormier C">C. M. Cormier</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lewis, D F" uniqKey="Lewis D">D. F. Lewis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Defranco, E A" uniqKey="Defranco E">E. A. Defranco</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Beck, S" uniqKey="Beck S">S. Beck</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wojdyla, D" uniqKey="Wojdyla D">D. Wojdyla</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Say, L" uniqKey="Say L">L. Say</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Behrman, R E" uniqKey="Behrman R">R. E. Behrman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Butler, A S" uniqKey="Butler A">A. S. Butler</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Institute Of Medicine Us Committee On Understanding" uniqKey="Institute Of Medicine Us Committee On Understanding">Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dominguez Bello, M G" uniqKey="Dominguez Bello M">M. G. Dominguez-Bello</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Costello, E K" uniqKey="Costello E">E. K. Costello</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Contreras, M" uniqKey="Contreras M">M. Contreras</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hamilton, B E" uniqKey="Hamilton B">B. E. Hamilton</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Martin, J A" uniqKey="Martin J">J. A. Martin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Osterman, M J K" uniqKey="Osterman M">M. J. K. Osterman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Curlin, S C" uniqKey="Curlin S">S. C. Curlin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whiteford, H A" uniqKey="Whiteford H">H. A. Whiteford</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Degenhardt, L" uniqKey="Degenhardt L">L. Degenhardt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rehm, J" uniqKey="Rehm J">J. Rehm</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cristescu, T" uniqKey="Cristescu T">T. Cristescu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Behrman, S" uniqKey="Behrman S">S. Behrman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jones, S V" uniqKey="Jones S">S. V. Jones</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chouliaras, L" uniqKey="Chouliaras L">L. Chouliaras</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ebmeier, K P" uniqKey="Ebmeier K">K. P. Ebmeier</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Durnwald, C" uniqKey="Durnwald C">C. Durnwald</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perrin, J M" uniqKey="Perrin J">J. M. Perrin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bloom, S R" uniqKey="Bloom S">S. R. Bloom</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gortmaker, S L" uniqKey="Gortmaker S">S. L. Gortmaker</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Di Renzo, G C" uniqKey="Di Renzo G">G. C. Di Renzo</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Conry, J A" uniqKey="Conry J">J. A. Conry</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Blake, J" uniqKey="Blake J">J. Blake</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rossignol, D A" uniqKey="Rossignol D">D. A. Rossignol</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Frye, R E" uniqKey="Frye R">R. E. Frye</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Herbstman, J B" uniqKey="Herbstman J">J. B. Herbstman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sjodin, A" uniqKey="Sjodin A">A. Sjödin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kurzon, M" uniqKey="Kurzon M">M. Kurzon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, S N" uniqKey="Yang S">S. N. Yang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hsieh, C C" uniqKey="Hsieh C">C. C. Hsieh</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kuo, H F" uniqKey="Kuo H">H. F. Kuo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Devereux, G" uniqKey="Devereux G">G. Devereux</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Reichrtova, E" uniqKey="Reichrtova E">E. Reichrtova</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ciznar, P" uniqKey="Ciznar P">P. Ciznar</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Prachar, V" uniqKey="Prachar V">V. Prachar</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Palkovicova, L" uniqKey="Palkovicova L">L. Palkovicova</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Veningerova, M" uniqKey="Veningerova M">M. Veningerova</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jedrychowski, W" uniqKey="Jedrychowski W">W. Jedrychowski</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Galas, A" uniqKey="Galas A">A. Galas</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pac, A" uniqKey="Pac A">A. Pac</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jedrychowski, W" uniqKey="Jedrychowski W">W. Jedrychowski</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perera, F" uniqKey="Perera F">F. Perera</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Maugeri, U" uniqKey="Maugeri U">U. Maugeri</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Grandjean, P" uniqKey="Grandjean P">P. Grandjean</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Poulsen, L K" uniqKey="Poulsen L">L. K. Poulsen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Heilmann, C" uniqKey="Heilmann C">C. Heilmann</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Steuerwald, U" uniqKey="Steuerwald U">U. Steuerwald</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weihe, P" uniqKey="Weihe P">P. Weihe</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Okada, E" uniqKey="Okada E">E. Okada</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sasaki, S" uniqKey="Sasaki S">S. Sasaki</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saijo, Y" uniqKey="Saijo Y">Y. Saijo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Miyashita, C" uniqKey="Miyashita C">C. Miyashita</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sasaki, S" uniqKey="Sasaki S">S. Sasaki</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saijo, Y" uniqKey="Saijo Y">Y. Saijo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="St Levik, S B" uniqKey="St Levik S">S. B. Stølevik</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nygaard, U C" uniqKey="Nygaard U">U. C. Nygaard</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Namork, E" uniqKey="Namork E">E. Namork</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barkai, G" uniqKey="Barkai G">G. Barkai</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Arbuzova, S" uniqKey="Arbuzova S">S. Arbuzova</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Berkenstadt, M" uniqKey="Berkenstadt M">M. Berkenstadt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Heifetz, S" uniqKey="Heifetz S">S. Heifetz</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cuckle, H" uniqKey="Cuckle H">H. Cuckle</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ray, J G" uniqKey="Ray J">J. G. Ray</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wyatt, P R" uniqKey="Wyatt P">P. R. Wyatt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thompson, M D" uniqKey="Thompson M">M. D. Thompson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Khattak, S" uniqKey="Khattak S">S. Khattak</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="K Moghtader, G" uniqKey="K Moghtader G">G. K-Moghtader</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mcmartin, K" uniqKey="Mcmartin K">K. McMartin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barrera, M" uniqKey="Barrera M">M. Barrera</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kennedy, D" uniqKey="Kennedy D">D. Kennedy</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Koren, G" uniqKey="Koren G">G. Koren</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ormond, G" uniqKey="Ormond G">G. Ormond</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nieuwenhuijsen, M J" uniqKey="Nieuwenhuijsen M">M. J. Nieuwenhuijsen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nelson, P" uniqKey="Nelson P">P. Nelson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Paulozzi, L J" uniqKey="Paulozzi L">L. J. Paulozzi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Knox, E G" uniqKey="Knox E">E. G. Knox</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barker, D J P" uniqKey="Barker D">D. J. P. Barker</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gluckman, P D" uniqKey="Gluckman P">P. D. Gluckman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Robinson, J S" uniqKey="Robinson J">J. S. Robinson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mirzaei, F" uniqKey="Mirzaei F">F. Mirzaei</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Michels, K B" uniqKey="Michels K">K. B. Michels</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Munger, K" uniqKey="Munger K">K. Munger</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hart, P H" uniqKey="Hart P">P. H. Hart</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lucas, R M" uniqKey="Lucas R">R. M. Lucas</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Walsh, J P" uniqKey="Walsh J">J. P. Walsh</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nguyen, M U" uniqKey="Nguyen M">M. U. Nguyen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wallace, M J" uniqKey="Wallace M">M. J. Wallace</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pepe, S" uniqKey="Pepe S">S. Pepe</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Menheniott, T R" uniqKey="Menheniott T">T. R. Menheniott</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Moss, T" uniqKey="Moss T">T. Moss</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Burgner, D" uniqKey="Burgner D">D. Burgner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weber, M" uniqKey="Weber M">M. Weber</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ayoubi, J M" uniqKey="Ayoubi J">J. M. Ayoubi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Picone, O" uniqKey="Picone O">O. Picone</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Allen, R E E" uniqKey="Allen R">R. E. E. Allen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Adams, F" uniqKey="Adams F">F. Adams</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Goldman, S M" uniqKey="Goldman S">S. M. Goldman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Quinlan, P J" uniqKey="Quinlan P">P. J. Quinlan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ross, G W" uniqKey="Ross G">G. W. Ross</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Selmi, C" uniqKey="Selmi C">C. Selmi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lu, Q" uniqKey="Lu Q">Q. Lu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Humble, M C" uniqKey="Humble M">M. C. Humble</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kurtzke, J F" uniqKey="Kurtzke J">J. F. Kurtzke</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cramer, D W" uniqKey="Cramer D">D. W. Cramer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hewitt, A" uniqKey="Hewitt A">A. Hewitt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gulaid, A" uniqKey="Gulaid A">A. Gulaid</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hamre, K" uniqKey="Hamre K">K. Hamre</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rappaport, S M" uniqKey="Rappaport S">S. M. Rappaport</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Smith, M T" uniqKey="Smith M">M. T. Smith</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wu, S" uniqKey="Wu S">S. Wu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Powers, S" uniqKey="Powers S">S. Powers</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhu, W" uniqKey="Zhu W">W. Zhu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hannun, Y A" uniqKey="Hannun Y">Y. A. Hannun</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Langie, S A" uniqKey="Langie S">S. A. Langie</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Koppen, G" uniqKey="Koppen G">G. Koppen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Desaulniers, D" uniqKey="Desaulniers D">D. Desaulniers</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barton, H A" uniqKey="Barton H">H. A. Barton</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cogliano, V J" uniqKey="Cogliano V">V. J. Cogliano</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Flowers, L" uniqKey="Flowers L">L. Flowers</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Valcovic, L" uniqKey="Valcovic L">L. Valcovic</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Setzer, R W" uniqKey="Setzer R">R. W. Setzer</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Woodruff, T J" uniqKey="Woodruff T">T. J. Woodruff</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Makri, A" uniqKey="Makri A">A. Makri</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Goveia, M" uniqKey="Goveia M">M. Goveia</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Balbus, J" uniqKey="Balbus J">J. Balbus</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Parkin, R" uniqKey="Parkin R">R. Parkin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Birnbaum, L S" uniqKey="Birnbaum L">L. S. Birnbaum</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fenton, S E" uniqKey="Fenton S">S. E. Fenton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Donald, I" uniqKey="Donald I">I. Donald</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kim, E H" uniqKey="Kim E">E. H. Kim</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kim, I K" uniqKey="Kim I">I. K. Kim</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kwon, J Y" uniqKey="Kwon J">J. Y. Kwon</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kim, S W" uniqKey="Kim S">S. W. Kim</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Park, Y W" uniqKey="Park Y">Y. W. Park</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="George, L" uniqKey="George L">L. George</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mills, J L" uniqKey="Mills J">J. L. Mills</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Johansson, A L V" uniqKey="Johansson A">A. L. V. Johansson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pawlick, T" uniqKey="Pawlick T">T. Pawlick</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hoy, J" uniqKey="Hoy J">J. Hoy</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Swanson, N" uniqKey="Swanson N">N. Swanson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Seneff, S" uniqKey="Seneff S">S. Seneff</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sonnenburg, J" uniqKey="Sonnenburg J">J. Sonnenburg</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sonnenburg, E" uniqKey="Sonnenburg E">E. Sonnenburg</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schwalfenberg, G K" uniqKey="Schwalfenberg G">G. K. Schwalfenberg</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Moss, M" uniqKey="Moss M">M. Moss</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Werbach, M" uniqKey="Werbach M">M. Werbach</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Czeizel, A E" uniqKey="Czeizel A">A. E. Czeizel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dudas, I" uniqKey="Dudas I">I. Dudás</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bailey, R L" uniqKey="Bailey R">R. L. Bailey</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="West, K P" uniqKey="West K">K. P. West</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Black, R E" uniqKey="Black R">R. E. Black</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="American Academy Of Pediatrics" uniqKey="American Academy Of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rose, S R" uniqKey="Rose S">S. R. Rose</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="American Thyroid Association" uniqKey="American Thyroid Association">American Thyroid Association</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brown, R S" uniqKey="Brown R">R. S. Brown</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society" uniqKey="Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society">Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mock, D M" uniqKey="Mock D">D. M. Mock</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Quirk, J G" uniqKey="Quirk J">J. G. Quirk</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mock, N I" uniqKey="Mock N">N. I. Mock</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schwalfenberg, G" uniqKey="Schwalfenberg G">G. Schwalfenberg</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Siy, A J" uniqKey="Siy A">A. J. Siy</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rodushkin, I" uniqKey="Rodushkin I">I. Rodushkin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sem, D S" uniqKey="Sem D">D. S. Sem</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bara Ski, M" uniqKey="Bara Ski M">M. Barański</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey=" Rednicka Tober, D" uniqKey=" Rednicka Tober D">D. Średnicka-Tober</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Volakakis, N" uniqKey="Volakakis N">N. Volakakis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holick, M F" uniqKey="Holick M">M. F. Holick</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, T C" uniqKey="Chen T">T. C. Chen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schwalfenberg, G K" uniqKey="Schwalfenberg G">G. K. Schwalfenberg</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hiltz, M N" uniqKey="Hiltz M">M. N. Hiltz</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vaselenak, S A" uniqKey="Vaselenak S">S. A. Vaselenak</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ramagopalan, S V" uniqKey="Ramagopalan S">S. V. Ramagopalan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Heger, A" uniqKey="Heger A">A. Heger</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Berlanga, A J" uniqKey="Berlanga A">A. J. Berlanga</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barbosa, N O" uniqKey="Barbosa N">N. O. Barbosa</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Okay, T S" uniqKey="Okay T">T. S. Okay</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Leone, C R" uniqKey="Leone C">C. R. Leone</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rudnicki, M" uniqKey="Rudnicki M">M. Rudnicki</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Frolich, A" uniqKey="Frolich A">A. Frolich</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rasmussen, W F" uniqKey="Rasmussen W">W. F. Rasmussen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mcnair, P" uniqKey="Mcnair P">P. McNair</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Doyle, R M" uniqKey="Doyle R">R. M. Doyle</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alber, D G" uniqKey="Alber D">D. G. Alber</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jones, H E" uniqKey="Jones H">H. E. Jones</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Glasgow, T S" uniqKey="Glasgow T">T. S. Glasgow</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Young, P C" uniqKey="Young P">P. C. Young</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wallin, J" uniqKey="Wallin J">J. Wallin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mueller, N T" uniqKey="Mueller N">N. T. Mueller</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whyatt, R" uniqKey="Whyatt R">R. Whyatt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hoepner, L" uniqKey="Hoepner L">L. Hoepner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ota, K" uniqKey="Ota K">K. Ota</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dambaeva, S" uniqKey="Dambaeva S">S. Dambaeva</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Han, A R" uniqKey="Han A">A.-R. Han</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Beaman, K" uniqKey="Beaman K">K. Beaman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gilman Sachs, A" uniqKey="Gilman Sachs A">A. Gilman-Sachs</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kwak Kim, J" uniqKey="Kwak Kim J">J. Kwak-Kim</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Andersen, L B" uniqKey="Andersen L">L. B. Andersen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jorgensen, J S" uniqKey="Jorgensen J">J. S. Jorgensen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jensen, T K" uniqKey="Jensen T">T. K. Jensen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lau, S L" uniqKey="Lau S">S. L. Lau</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gunton, J E" uniqKey="Gunton J">J. E. Gunton</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Athayde, N P" uniqKey="Athayde N">N. P. Athayde</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Byth, K" uniqKey="Byth K">K. Byth</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cheung, N W" uniqKey="Cheung N">N. W. Cheung</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Soheilykhah, S" uniqKey="Soheilykhah S">S. Soheilykhah</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mojibian, M" uniqKey="Mojibian M">M. Mojibian</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rashidi, M" uniqKey="Rashidi M">M. Rashidi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rahimi Saghand, S" uniqKey="Rahimi Saghand S">S. Rahimi-Saghand</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jafari, F" uniqKey="Jafari F">F. Jafari</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bodnar, L M" uniqKey="Bodnar L">L. M. Bodnar</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Catov, J M" uniqKey="Catov J">J. M. Catov</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Simhan, H N" uniqKey="Simhan H">H. N. Simhan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holick, M F" uniqKey="Holick M">M. F. Holick</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Powers, R W" uniqKey="Powers R">R. W. Powers</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Roberts, J M" uniqKey="Roberts J">J. M. Roberts</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Halhali, A" uniqKey="Halhali A">A. Halhali</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bourges, H" uniqKey="Bourges H">H. Bourges</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Carrillo, A" uniqKey="Carrillo A">A. Carrillo</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Garabedian, M" uniqKey="Garabedian M">M. Garabedian</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Halhali, A" uniqKey="Halhali A">A. Halhali</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tovar, A R" uniqKey="Tovar A">A. R. Tovar</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Torres, N" uniqKey="Torres N">N. Torres</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bourges, H" uniqKey="Bourges H">H. Bourges</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Garabedian, M" uniqKey="Garabedian M">M. Garabedian</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Larrea, F" uniqKey="Larrea F">F. Larrea</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bodnar, L M" uniqKey="Bodnar L">L. M. Bodnar</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Platt, R W" uniqKey="Platt R">R. W. Platt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Simhan, H N" uniqKey="Simhan H">H. N. Simhan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhu, T" uniqKey="Zhu T">T. Zhu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liu, T J" uniqKey="Liu T">T. J. Liu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ge, X" uniqKey="Ge X">X. Ge</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kong, J" uniqKey="Kong J">J. Kong</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhang, L J" uniqKey="Zhang L">L. J. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhao, Q" uniqKey="Zhao Q">Q. Zhao</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Merewood, A" uniqKey="Merewood A">A. Merewood</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mehta, S D" uniqKey="Mehta S">S. D. Mehta</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, T C" uniqKey="Chen T">T. C. Chen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bauchner, H" uniqKey="Bauchner H">H. Bauchner</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holick, M F" uniqKey="Holick M">M. F. Holick</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, Y H" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y.-H. Chen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fu, L" uniqKey="Fu L">L. Fu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hao, J H" uniqKey="Hao J">J.-H. Hao</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fu, C W" uniqKey="Fu C">C. W. Fu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liu, J T" uniqKey="Liu J">J. T. Liu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tu, W J" uniqKey="Tu W">W. J. Tu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, J Q" uniqKey="Yang J">J. Q. Yang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cao, Y" uniqKey="Cao Y">Y. Cao</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zosky, G R" uniqKey="Zosky G">G. R. Zosky</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hart, P H" uniqKey="Hart P">P. H. Hart</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whitehouse, A J O" uniqKey="Whitehouse A">A. J. O. Whitehouse</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Devereux, G" uniqKey="Devereux G">G. Devereux</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Litonjua, A A" uniqKey="Litonjua A">A. A. Litonjua</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Turner, S W" uniqKey="Turner S">S. W. Turner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whitehouse, A J O" uniqKey="Whitehouse A">A. J. O. Whitehouse</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holt, B J" uniqKey="Holt B">B. J. Holt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Serralha, M" uniqKey="Serralha M">M. Serralha</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holt, P G" uniqKey="Holt P">P. G. Holt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kusel, M M H" uniqKey="Kusel M">M. M. H. Kusel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hart, P H" uniqKey="Hart P">P. H. Hart</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhu, K" uniqKey="Zhu K">K. Zhu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whitehouse, A J O" uniqKey="Whitehouse A">A. J. O. Whitehouse</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hart, P H" uniqKey="Hart P">P. H. Hart</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Javaid, M K" uniqKey="Javaid M">M. K. Javaid</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Crozier, S R" uniqKey="Crozier S">S. R. Crozier</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Harvey, N C" uniqKey="Harvey N">N. C. Harvey</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Allen, K L" uniqKey="Allen K">K. L. Allen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Byrne, S M" uniqKey="Byrne S">S. M. Byrne</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kusel, M M H" uniqKey="Kusel M">M. M. H. Kusel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hart, P H" uniqKey="Hart P">P. H. Hart</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whitehouse, A J O" uniqKey="Whitehouse A">A. J. O. Whitehouse</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dror, D K" uniqKey="Dror D">D. K. Dror</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brannon, P M" uniqKey="Brannon P">P. M. Brannon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barrera, D" uniqKey="Barrera D">D. Barrera</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Diaz, L" uniqKey="Diaz L">L. Díaz</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Noyola Martinez, N" uniqKey="Noyola Martinez N">N. Noyola-Martínez</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Halhali, A" uniqKey="Halhali A">A. Halhali</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Loy, S L" uniqKey="Loy S">S. L. Loy</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lek, N" uniqKey="Lek N">N. Lek</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yap, F" uniqKey="Yap F">F. Yap</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mccormick, M C" uniqKey="Mccormick M">M. C. McCormick</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Johnston, K M" uniqKey="Johnston K">K. M. Johnston</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gooch, K" uniqKey="Gooch K">K. Gooch</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Korol, E" uniqKey="Korol E">E. Korol</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rosanoff, A" uniqKey="Rosanoff A">A. Rosanoff</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weaver, C M" uniqKey="Weaver C">C. M. Weaver</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rude, R K" uniqKey="Rude R">R. K. Rude</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jahnen Dechent, W" uniqKey="Jahnen Dechent W">W. Jahnen-Dechent</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ketteler, M" uniqKey="Ketteler M">M. Ketteler</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ford, E S" uniqKey="Ford E">E. S. Ford</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mokdad, A H" uniqKey="Mokdad A">A. H. Mokdad</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Volpe, S L" uniqKey="Volpe S">S. L. Volpe</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Swaminathan, R" uniqKey="Swaminathan R">R. Swaminathan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Griffiths, A M" uniqKey="Griffiths A">A. M. Griffiths</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cook, D M" uniqKey="Cook D">D. M. Cook</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Eggett, D L" uniqKey="Eggett D">D. L. Eggett</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Christensen, M J" uniqKey="Christensen M">M. J. Christensen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Seneff, S" uniqKey="Seneff S">S. Seneff</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Samsel, A" uniqKey="Samsel A">A. Samsel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cakmak, I" uniqKey="Cakmak I">I. Cakmak</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yazici, A" uniqKey="Yazici A">A. Yazici</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tutus, Y" uniqKey="Tutus Y">Y. Tutus</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ozturk, L" uniqKey="Ozturk L">L. Ozturk</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fawcett, W J" uniqKey="Fawcett W">W. J. Fawcett</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Haxby, E J" uniqKey="Haxby E">E. J. Haxby</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Male, D A" uniqKey="Male D">D. A. Male</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Das, S K" uniqKey="Das S">S. K. Das</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Haldar, A K" uniqKey="Haldar A">A. K. Haldar</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ghosh, I" uniqKey="Ghosh I">I. Ghosh</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saha, S K" uniqKey="Saha S">S. K. Saha</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Das, A" uniqKey="Das A">A. Das</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Biswas, S" uniqKey="Biswas S">S. Biswas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Douban, S" uniqKey="Douban S">S. Douban</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brodsky, M A" uniqKey="Brodsky M">M. A. Brodsky</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whang, D D" uniqKey="Whang D">D. D. Whang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whang, R" uniqKey="Whang R">R. Whang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Eby, G A" uniqKey="Eby G">G. A. Eby</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Eby, K L" uniqKey="Eby K">K. L. Eby</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rude, R K" uniqKey="Rude R">R. K. Rude</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olerich, M" uniqKey="Olerich M">M. Olerich</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wark, P A" uniqKey="Wark P">P. A. Wark</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lau, R" uniqKey="Lau R">R. Lau</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Norat, T" uniqKey="Norat T">T. Norat</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kampman, E" uniqKey="Kampman E">E. Kampman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Takaya, J" uniqKey="Takaya J">J. Takaya</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kaneko, K" uniqKey="Kaneko K">K. Kaneko</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Makrides, M" uniqKey="Makrides M">M. Makrides</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Crowther, C A" uniqKey="Crowther C">C. A. Crowther</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Makrides, M" uniqKey="Makrides M">M. Makrides</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Crosby, D D" uniqKey="Crosby D">D. D. Crosby</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bain, E" uniqKey="Bain E">E. Bain</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Crowther, C A" uniqKey="Crowther C">C. A. Crowther</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olsen, S F" uniqKey="Olsen S">S. F. Olsen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Secher, N J" uniqKey="Secher N">N. J. Secher</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Williams, M A" uniqKey="Williams M">M. A. Williams</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zingheim, R W" uniqKey="Zingheim R">R. W. Zingheim</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="King, I B" uniqKey="King I">I. B. King</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zebelman, A M" uniqKey="Zebelman A">A. M. Zebelman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Makrides, M" uniqKey="Makrides M">M. Makrides</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Crowther, C A" uniqKey="Crowther C">C. A. Crowther</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gibson, R A" uniqKey="Gibson R">R. A. Gibson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gibson, R S" uniqKey="Gibson R">R. S. Gibson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Skeaff, C M" uniqKey="Skeaff C">C. M. Skeaff</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mccann, J C" uniqKey="Mccann J">J. C. McCann</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ames, B N" uniqKey="Ames B">B. N. Ames</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cheruku, S R" uniqKey="Cheruku S">S. R. Cheruku</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Montgomery Downs, H E" uniqKey="Montgomery Downs H">H. E. Montgomery-Downs</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Farkas, S L" uniqKey="Farkas S">S. L. Farkas</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thoman, E B" uniqKey="Thoman E">E. B. Thoman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lammi Keefe, C J" uniqKey="Lammi Keefe C">C. J. Lammi-Keefe</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Helland, I B" uniqKey="Helland I">I. B. Helland</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Smith, L" uniqKey="Smith L">L. Smith</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saarem, K" uniqKey="Saarem K">K. Saarem</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saugstad, O D" uniqKey="Saugstad O">O. D. Saugstad</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Drevon, C A" uniqKey="Drevon C">C. A. Drevon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Armitage, J A" uniqKey="Armitage J">J. A. Armitage</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pearce, A D" uniqKey="Pearce A">A. D. Pearce</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sinclair, A J" uniqKey="Sinclair A">A. J. Sinclair</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vingrys, A J" uniqKey="Vingrys A">A. J. Vingrys</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weisinger, R S" uniqKey="Weisinger R">R. S. Weisinger</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weisinger, H S" uniqKey="Weisinger H">H. S. Weisinger</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schwalfenberg, G K" uniqKey="Schwalfenberg G">G. K. Schwalfenberg</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Turnbaugh, P J" uniqKey="Turnbaugh P">P. J. Turnbaugh</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ley, R E" uniqKey="Ley R">R. E. Ley</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hamady, M" uniqKey="Hamady M">M. Hamady</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fraser Liggett, C M" uniqKey="Fraser Liggett C">C. M. Fraser-Liggett</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Knight, R" uniqKey="Knight R">R. Knight</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gordon, J I" uniqKey="Gordon J">J. I. Gordon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Baquero, F" uniqKey="Baquero F">F. Baquero</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nombela, C" uniqKey="Nombela C">C. Nombela</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aagaard, K" uniqKey="Aagaard K">K. Aagaard</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ma, J" uniqKey="Ma J">J. Ma</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Antony, K M" uniqKey="Antony K">K. M. Antony</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ganu, R" uniqKey="Ganu R">R. Ganu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Petrosino, J" uniqKey="Petrosino J">J. Petrosino</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Versalovic, J" uniqKey="Versalovic J">J. Versalovic</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jimenez, E" uniqKey="Jimenez E">E. Jiménez</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fernandez, L" uniqKey="Fernandez L">L. Fernández</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Marin, M L" uniqKey="Marin M">M. L. Marín</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Satokari, R" uniqKey="Satokari R">R. Satokari</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gronroos, T" uniqKey="Gronroos T">T. Gronroos</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Laitinen, K" uniqKey="Laitinen K">K. Laitinen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Salminen, S" uniqKey="Salminen S">S. Salminen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Isolauri, E" uniqKey="Isolauri E">E. Isolauri</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jimenez, E" uniqKey="Jimenez E">E. Jiménez</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Marin, M L" uniqKey="Marin M">M. L. Marín</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Martin, R" uniqKey="Martin R">R. Martín</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Laxmi, U" uniqKey="Laxmi U">U. Laxmi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Agrawal, S" uniqKey="Agrawal S">S. Agrawal</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Raghunandan, C" uniqKey="Raghunandan C">C. Raghunandan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Randhawa, V S" uniqKey="Randhawa V">V. S. Randhawa</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saili, A" uniqKey="Saili A">A. Saili</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="G Mez, L M" uniqKey="G Mez L">L. M. Gómez</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sammel, M D" uniqKey="Sammel M">M. D. Sammel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Appleby, D H" uniqKey="Appleby D">D. H. Appleby</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jones, N M" uniqKey="Jones N">N. M. Jones</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holzman, C" uniqKey="Holzman C">C. Holzman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Friderici, K H" uniqKey="Friderici K">K. H. Friderici</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Koren, O" uniqKey="Koren O">O. Koren</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Goodrich, J K" uniqKey="Goodrich J">J. K. Goodrich</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cullender, T C" uniqKey="Cullender T">T. C. Cullender</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ganu, R S" uniqKey="Ganu R">R. S. Ganu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ma, J" uniqKey="Ma J">J. Ma</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aagaard, K M" uniqKey="Aagaard K">K. M. Aagaard</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Takser, L" uniqKey="Takser L">L. Takser</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jaureguy, F" uniqKey="Jaureguy F">F. Jauréguy</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Carton, M" uniqKey="Carton M">M. Carton</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Panel, P" uniqKey="Panel P">P. Panel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Foucaud, P" uniqKey="Foucaud P">P. Foucaud</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Butel, M J" uniqKey="Butel M">M.-J. Butel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Doucet Populaire, F" uniqKey="Doucet Populaire F">F. Doucet-Populaire</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Den Abbeele, P" uniqKey="Van Den Abbeele P">P. Van den Abbeele</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Verstraete, W" uniqKey="Verstraete W">W. Verstraete</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="El Aidy, S" uniqKey="El Aidy S">S. El Aidy</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Geirnaert, A" uniqKey="Geirnaert A">A. Geirnaert</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van De Wiele, T" uniqKey="Van De Wiele T">T. Van de Wiele</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Samsel, A" uniqKey="Samsel A">A. Samsel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Seneff, S" uniqKey="Seneff S">S. Seneff</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Solt, I" uniqKey="Solt I">I. Solt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cohavy, O" uniqKey="Cohavy O">O. Cohavy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Azad, M B" uniqKey="Azad M">M. B. Azad</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Konya, T" uniqKey="Konya T">T. Konya</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Maughan, H" uniqKey="Maughan H">H. Maughan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Neu, J" uniqKey="Neu J">J. Neu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rushing, J" uniqKey="Rushing J">J. Rushing</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sevelsted, A" uniqKey="Sevelsted A">A. Sevelsted</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stokholm, J" uniqKey="Stokholm J">J. Stokholm</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bonnelykke, K" uniqKey="Bonnelykke K">K. Bonnelykke</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bisgaard, H" uniqKey="Bisgaard H">H. Bisgaard</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cho, C E" uniqKey="Cho C">C. E. Cho</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Norman, M" uniqKey="Norman M">M. Norman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cardwell, C R" uniqKey="Cardwell C">C. R. Cardwell</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stene, L C" uniqKey="Stene L">L. C. Stene</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Joner, G" uniqKey="Joner G">G. Joner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Solt, I" uniqKey="Solt I">I. Solt</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Matamoros, S" uniqKey="Matamoros S">S. Matamoros</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gras Leguen, C" uniqKey="Gras Leguen C">C. Gras-Leguen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Le Vacon, F" uniqKey="Le Vacon F">F. Le Vacon</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Potel, G" uniqKey="Potel G">G. Potel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="De La Cochetiere, M F" uniqKey="De La Cochetiere M">M.-F. de La Cochetiere</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Collado, M C" uniqKey="Collado M">M. C. Collado</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cernada, M" uniqKey="Cernada M">M. Cernada</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bauerl, C" uniqKey="Bauerl C">C. Baüerl</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vento, M" uniqKey="Vento M">M. Vento</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perez Martinez, G" uniqKey="Perez Martinez G">G. Pérez-Martínez</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bernardi, J R" uniqKey="Bernardi J">J. R. Bernardi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pinheiro, T V" uniqKey="Pinheiro T">T. V. Pinheiro</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mueller, N T" uniqKey="Mueller N">N. T. Mueller</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Renz Polster, H" uniqKey="Renz Polster H">H. Renz-Polster</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="David, M R" uniqKey="David M">M. R. David</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Buist, A S" uniqKey="Buist A">A. S. Buist</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dominguez Bello, M G" uniqKey="Dominguez Bello M">M. G. Dominguez-Bello</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Jesus Laboy, K M" uniqKey="De Jesus Laboy K">K. M. De Jesus-Laboy</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shen, N" uniqKey="Shen N">N. Shen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sofronescu, A" uniqKey="Sofronescu A">A. Sofronescu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Estradiol, G" uniqKey="Estradiol G">G. Estradiol</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Welshons, W V" uniqKey="Welshons W">W. V. Welshons</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thayer, K A" uniqKey="Thayer K">K. A. Thayer</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Judy, B M" uniqKey="Judy B">B. M. Judy</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Taylor, J A" uniqKey="Taylor J">J. A. Taylor</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Curran, E M" uniqKey="Curran E">E. M. Curran</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vom Saal, F S" uniqKey="Vom Saal F">F. S. vom Saal</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, A" uniqKey="Chen A">A. Chen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yolton, K" uniqKey="Yolton K">K. Yolton</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rauch, S A" uniqKey="Rauch S">S. A. Rauch</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chevrier, J" uniqKey="Chevrier J">J. Chevrier</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Harley, K G" uniqKey="Harley K">K. G. Harley</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bradman, A" uniqKey="Bradman A">A. Bradman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gharbi, M" uniqKey="Gharbi M">M. Gharbi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sjodin, A" uniqKey="Sjodin A">A. Sjödin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Eskenazi, B" uniqKey="Eskenazi B">B. Eskenazi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Spanier, A J" uniqKey="Spanier A">A. J. Spanier</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kahn, R S" uniqKey="Kahn R">R. S. Kahn</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kunselman, A R" uniqKey="Kunselman A">A. R. Kunselman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Huo, W" uniqKey="Huo W">W. Huo</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Xia, W" uniqKey="Xia W">W. Xia</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wan, Y" uniqKey="Wan Y">Y. Wan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Veiga Lopez, A" uniqKey="Veiga Lopez A">A. Veiga-Lopez</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kannan, K" uniqKey="Kannan K">K. Kannan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liao, C" uniqKey="Liao C">C. Liao</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ye, W" uniqKey="Ye W">W. Ye</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Domino, S E" uniqKey="Domino S">S. E. Domino</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Padmanabhan, V" uniqKey="Padmanabhan V">V. Padmanabhan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whyatt, R M" uniqKey="Whyatt R">R. M. Whyatt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perzanowski, M S" uniqKey="Perzanowski M">M. S. Perzanowski</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Just, A C" uniqKey="Just A">A. C. Just</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Factor Litvak, P" uniqKey="Factor Litvak P">P. Factor-Litvak</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Insel, B" uniqKey="Insel B">B. Insel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Calafat, A M" uniqKey="Calafat A">A. M. Calafat</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mu, D" uniqKey="Mu D">D. Mu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gao, F" uniqKey="Gao F">F. Gao</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fan, Z" uniqKey="Fan Z">Z. Fan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shen, H" uniqKey="Shen H">H. Shen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Peng, H" uniqKey="Peng H">H. Peng</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hu, J" uniqKey="Hu J">J. Hu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Swan, S H" uniqKey="Swan S">S. H. Swan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sathyanarayana, S" uniqKey="Sathyanarayana S">S. Sathyanarayana</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barrett, E S" uniqKey="Barrett E">E. S. Barrett</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shelton, J F" uniqKey="Shelton J">J. F. Shelton</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Geraghty, E M" uniqKey="Geraghty E">E. M. Geraghty</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tancredi, D J" uniqKey="Tancredi D">D. J. Tancredi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saldana, T M" uniqKey="Saldana T">T. M. Saldana</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Basso, O" uniqKey="Basso O">O. Basso</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hoppin, J A" uniqKey="Hoppin J">J. A. Hoppin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rauh, V" uniqKey="Rauh V">V. Rauh</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Arunajadai, S" uniqKey="Arunajadai S">S. Arunajadai</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Horton, M" uniqKey="Horton M">M. Horton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wigle, D T" uniqKey="Wigle D">D. T. Wigle</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Turner, M C" uniqKey="Turner M">M. C. Turner</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Krewski, D" uniqKey="Krewski D">D. Krewski</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pino Lopez, M" uniqKey="Pino Lopez M">M. Pino-Lopez</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Romero Ayuso, D M" uniqKey="Romero Ayuso D">D. M. Romero-Ayuso</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cordier, S" uniqKey="Cordier S">S. Cordier</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Garlantezec, R" uniqKey="Garlantezec R">R. Garlantézec</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Labat, L" uniqKey="Labat L">L. Labat</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mccanlies, E C" uniqKey="Mccanlies E">E. C. McCanlies</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fekedulegn, D" uniqKey="Fekedulegn D">D. Fekedulegn</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mnatsakanova, A" uniqKey="Mnatsakanova A">A. Mnatsakanova</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Knox, E G" uniqKey="Knox E">E. G. Knox</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gilman, E A" uniqKey="Gilman E">E. A. Gilman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lee, P C" uniqKey="Lee P">P.-C. Lee</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Roberts, J M" uniqKey="Roberts J">J. M. Roberts</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Catov, J M" uniqKey="Catov J">J. M. Catov</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Talbott, E O" uniqKey="Talbott E">E. O. Talbott</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ritz, B" uniqKey="Ritz B">B. Ritz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bobak, M" uniqKey="Bobak M">M. Bobak</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Raaschou Nielsen, O" uniqKey="Raaschou Nielsen O">O. Raaschou-Nielsen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hertel, O" uniqKey="Hertel O">O. Hertel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thomsen, B L" uniqKey="Thomsen B">B. L. Thomsen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olsen, J H" uniqKey="Olsen J">J. H. Olsen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Volk, H E" uniqKey="Volk H">H. E. Volk</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hertz Picciotto, I" uniqKey="Hertz Picciotto I">I. Hertz-Picciotto</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Delwiche, L" uniqKey="Delwiche L">L. Delwiche</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lurmann, F" uniqKey="Lurmann F">F. Lurmann</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mcconnell, R" uniqKey="Mcconnell R">R. McConnell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jaakkola, J J K" uniqKey="Jaakkola J">J. J. K. Jaakkola</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Parise, H" uniqKey="Parise H">H. Parise</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kislitsin, V" uniqKey="Kislitsin V">V. Kislitsin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lebedeva, N I" uniqKey="Lebedeva N">N. I. Lebedeva</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Spengler, J D" uniqKey="Spengler J">J. D. Spengler</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhao, Z" uniqKey="Zhao Z">Z. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhang, X" uniqKey="Zhang X">X. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liu, R" uniqKey="Liu R">R. Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liu, J" uniqKey="Liu J">J. Liu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gao, D" uniqKey="Gao D">D. Gao</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, Y" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y. Chen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jing, J" uniqKey="Jing J">J. Jing</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hu, Q" uniqKey="Hu Q">Q. Hu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, Y" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y. Chen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hu, H" uniqKey="Hu H">H. Hu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tellez Rojo, M M" uniqKey="Tellez Rojo M">M. M. Téllez-Rojo</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bellinger, D" uniqKey="Bellinger D">D. Bellinger</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Morrissette, J" uniqKey="Morrissette J">J. Morrissette</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Takser, L" uniqKey="Takser L">L. Takser</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="St Amour, G" uniqKey="St Amour G">G. St-Amour</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Smargiassi, A" uniqKey="Smargiassi A">A. Smargiassi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lafond, J" uniqKey="Lafond J">J. Lafond</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mergler, D" uniqKey="Mergler D">D. Mergler</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Crump, K S" uniqKey="Crump K">K. S. Crump</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kjellstrom, T" uniqKey="Kjellstrom T">T. Kjellström</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shipp, A M" uniqKey="Shipp A">A. M. Shipp</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Silvers, A" uniqKey="Silvers A">A. Silvers</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stewart, A" uniqKey="Stewart A">A. Stewart</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Grandjean, P" uniqKey="Grandjean P">P. Grandjean</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weihe, P" uniqKey="Weihe P">P. Weihe</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="White, R F" uniqKey="White R">R. F. White</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Palmer, R F" uniqKey="Palmer R">R. F. Palmer</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Blanchard, S" uniqKey="Blanchard S">S. Blanchard</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stein, Z" uniqKey="Stein Z">Z. Stein</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mandell, D" uniqKey="Mandell D">D. Mandell</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Miller, C" uniqKey="Miller C">C. Miller</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Witorsch, R J" uniqKey="Witorsch R">R. J. Witorsch</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thomas, J A" uniqKey="Thomas J">J. A. Thomas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Guerrero Bosagna, C M" uniqKey="Guerrero Bosagna C">C. M. Guerrero-Bosagna</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Skinner, M K" uniqKey="Skinner M">M. K. Skinner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hu, W Y" uniqKey="Hu W">W. Y. Hu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jones, P D" uniqKey="Jones P">P. D. Jones</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Decoen, W" uniqKey="Decoen W">W. DeCoen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kleszczy Ski, K" uniqKey="Kleszczy Ski K">K. Kleszczyński</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stepnowski, P" uniqKey="Stepnowski P">P. Stepnowski</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Skladanowski, A C" uniqKey="Skladanowski A">A. C. Składanowski</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, Y W" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y. W. Chen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Huang, C F" uniqKey="Huang C">C. F. Huang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, C Y" uniqKey="Yang C">C. Y. Yang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yen, C C" uniqKey="Yen C">C. C. Yen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tsai, K S" uniqKey="Tsai K">K. S. Tsai</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liu, S H" uniqKey="Liu S">S. H. Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Anway, M D" uniqKey="Anway M">M. D. Anway</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Skinner, M K" uniqKey="Skinner M">M. K. Skinner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Skinner, M K" uniqKey="Skinner M">M. K. Skinner</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Manikkam, M" uniqKey="Manikkam M">M. Manikkam</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Guerrero Bosagna, C" uniqKey="Guerrero Bosagna C">C. Guerrero-Bosagna</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liu, Y" uniqKey="Liu Y">Y. Liu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, Q I T" uniqKey="Genuis Q">Q. I. T. Genuis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Martin, J W" uniqKey="Martin J">J. W. Martin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sears, M E" uniqKey="Sears M">M. E. Sears</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schwalfenberg, G" uniqKey="Schwalfenberg G">G. Schwalfenberg</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hope, J" uniqKey="Hope J">J. Hope</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bernhoft, R" uniqKey="Bernhoft R">R. Bernhoft</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jandacek, R J" uniqKey="Jandacek R">R. J. Jandacek</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Birkholz, D" uniqKey="Birkholz D">D. Birkholz</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rodushkin, I" uniqKey="Rodushkin I">I. Rodushkin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Beesoon, S" uniqKey="Beesoon S">S. Beesoon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jandacek, R J" uniqKey="Jandacek R">R. J. Jandacek</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Heubi, J E" uniqKey="Heubi J">J. E. Heubi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Buckley, D D" uniqKey="Buckley D">D. D. Buckley</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Buckeridge, D L" uniqKey="Buckeridge D">D. L. Buckeridge</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Glazier, R" uniqKey="Glazier R">R. Glazier</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Harvey, B J" uniqKey="Harvey B">B. J. Harvey</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Escobar, M" uniqKey="Escobar M">M. Escobar</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Amrhein, C" uniqKey="Amrhein C">C. Amrhein</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Frank, J" uniqKey="Frank J">J. Frank</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Muller, D" uniqKey="Muller D">D. Müller</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Klingelhofer, D" uniqKey="Klingelhofer D">D. Klingelhöfer</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Uibel, S" uniqKey="Uibel S">S. Uibel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Groneberg, D A" uniqKey="Groneberg D">D. A. Groneberg</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ali, R" uniqKey="Ali R">R. Ali</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yu, C L" uniqKey="Yu C">C. L. Yu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wu, M T" uniqKey="Wu M">M. T. Wu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cordier, S" uniqKey="Cordier S">S. Cordier</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mandereau, L" uniqKey="Mandereau L">L. Mandereau</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Preston Martin, S" uniqKey="Preston Martin S">S. Preston-Martin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Colt, J S" uniqKey="Colt J">J. S. Colt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Blair, A" uniqKey="Blair A">A. Blair</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Laslo Baker, D" uniqKey="Laslo Baker D">D. Laslo-Baker</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barrera, M" uniqKey="Barrera M">M. Barrera</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Knittel Keren, D" uniqKey="Knittel Keren D">D. Knittel-Keren</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhou, Y" uniqKey="Zhou Y">Y. Zhou</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhang, S" uniqKey="Zhang S">S. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Li, Z" uniqKey="Li Z">Z. Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Amegah, A K" uniqKey="Amegah A">A. K. Amegah</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jaakkola, J J K" uniqKey="Jaakkola J">J. J. K. Jaakkola</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ritz, B" uniqKey="Ritz B">B. Ritz</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wilhelm, M" uniqKey="Wilhelm M">M. Wilhelm</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lin, S" uniqKey="Lin S">S. Lin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Herdt Losavio, M L" uniqKey="Herdt Losavio M">M. L. Herdt-Losavio</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chapman, B R" uniqKey="Chapman B">B. R. Chapman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Munsie, J" uniqKey="Munsie J">J. Munsie</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olshan, A F" uniqKey="Olshan A">A. F. Olshan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Druschel, C M" uniqKey="Druschel C">C. M. Druschel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Morales Surez Varela, M M" uniqKey="Morales Surez Varela M">M. M. Morales-Surez-Varela</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Toft, G V" uniqKey="Toft G">G. V. Toft</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jensen, M S" uniqKey="Jensen M">M. S. Jensen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Raanan, R" uniqKey="Raanan R">R. Raanan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Balmes, J R" uniqKey="Balmes J">J. R. Balmes</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Harley, K G" uniqKey="Harley K">K. G. Harley</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Engel, S M" uniqKey="Engel S">S. M. Engel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wetmur, J" uniqKey="Wetmur J">J. Wetmur</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, J" uniqKey="Chen J">J. Chen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bouchard, M F" uniqKey="Bouchard M">M. F. Bouchard</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chevrier, J" uniqKey="Chevrier J">J. Chevrier</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Harley, K G" uniqKey="Harley K">K. G. Harley</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perera, F P" uniqKey="Perera F">F. P. Perera</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rauh, V" uniqKey="Rauh V">V. Rauh</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tsai, W" uniqKey="Tsai W">W. Tsai</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whyatt, R M" uniqKey="Whyatt R">R. M. Whyatt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rauh, V" uniqKey="Rauh V">V. Rauh</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barr, D B" uniqKey="Barr D">D. B. Barr</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lafiura, K M" uniqKey="Lafiura K">K. M. Lafiura</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bielawski, D M" uniqKey="Bielawski D">D. M. Bielawski</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Posecion, N C" uniqKey="Posecion N">N. C. Posecion</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Harari, R" uniqKey="Harari R">R. Harari</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Julvez, J" uniqKey="Julvez J">J. Julvez</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Murata, K" uniqKey="Murata K">K. Murata</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vinson, F" uniqKey="Vinson F">F. Vinson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Merhi, M" uniqKey="Merhi M">M. Merhi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Baldi, I" uniqKey="Baldi I">I. Baldi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Raynal, H" uniqKey="Raynal H">H. Raynal</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gamet Payrastre, L" uniqKey="Gamet Payrastre L">L. Gamet-Payrastre</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Curl, C L" uniqKey="Curl C">C. L. Curl</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fenske, R A" uniqKey="Fenske R">R. A. Fenske</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Elgethun, K" uniqKey="Elgethun K">K. Elgethun</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bradman, A" uniqKey="Bradman A">A. Bradman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Quiros Alcala, L" uniqKey="Quiros Alcala L">L. Quiros-Alcala</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Castorina, R" uniqKey="Castorina R">R. Castorina</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lu, C" uniqKey="Lu C">C. Lu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Toepel, K" uniqKey="Toepel K">K. Toepel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Irish, R" uniqKey="Irish R">R. Irish</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fenske, R A" uniqKey="Fenske R">R. A. Fenske</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barr, D B" uniqKey="Barr D">D. B. Barr</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bravo, R" uniqKey="Bravo R">R. Bravo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schwalfenberg, G" uniqKey="Schwalfenberg G">G. Schwalfenberg</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rodushkin, I" uniqKey="Rodushkin I">I. Rodushkin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Counter, S A" uniqKey="Counter S">S. A. Counter</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Buchanan, L H" uniqKey="Buchanan L">L. H. Buchanan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bernhoft, R A" uniqKey="Bernhoft R">R. A. Bernhoft</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jankowski, K" uniqKey="Jankowski K">K. Jankowski</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ciepiela, A G" uniqKey="Ciepiela A">A. G. Ciepiela</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jankowska, J" uniqKey="Jankowska J">J. Jankowska</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wong, M K" uniqKey="Wong M">M. K. Wong</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tan, P" uniqKey="Tan P">P. Tan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wee, Y C" uniqKey="Wee Y">Y. C. Wee</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sheets, R W" uniqKey="Sheets R">R. W. Sheets</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stejskal, V" uniqKey="Stejskal V">V. Stejskal</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stejskal, J" uniqKey="Stejskal J">J. Stejskal</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rollin, H B" uniqKey="Rollin H">H. B. Röllin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rudge, C V C" uniqKey="Rudge C">C. V. C. Rudge</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thomassen, Y" uniqKey="Thomassen Y">Y. Thomassen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mathee, A" uniqKey="Mathee A">A. Mathee</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Odland, J" uniqKey="Odland J">J. Ø. Odland</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Axelrad, D A" uniqKey="Axelrad D">D. A. Axelrad</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bellinger, D C" uniqKey="Bellinger D">D. C. Bellinger</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ryan, L M" uniqKey="Ryan L">L. M. Ryan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Woodruff, T J" uniqKey="Woodruff T">T. J. Woodruff</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ram N, R" uniqKey="Ram N R">R. Ramón</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ballester, F" uniqKey="Ballester F">F. Ballester</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aguinagalde, X" uniqKey="Aguinagalde X">X. Aguinagalde</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="S Rensen, N" uniqKey="S Rensen N">N. Sørensen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Murata, K" uniqKey="Murata K">K. Murata</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Budtz J Rgensen, E" uniqKey="Budtz J Rgensen E">E. Budtz-Jørgensen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weihe, P" uniqKey="Weihe P">P. Weihe</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Grandjean, P" uniqKey="Grandjean P">P. Grandjean</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Grandjean, P" uniqKey="Grandjean P">P. Grandjean</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weihe, P" uniqKey="Weihe P">P. Weihe</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="White, R F" uniqKey="White R">R. F. White</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Debes, F" uniqKey="Debes F">F. Debes</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schnaas, L" uniqKey="Schnaas L">L. Schnaas</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rothenberg, S J" uniqKey="Rothenberg S">S. J. Rothenberg</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Flores, M" uniqKey="Flores M">M. Flores</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bellinger, D C" uniqKey="Bellinger D">D. C. Bellinger</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Johnston, J E" uniqKey="Johnston J">J. E. Johnston</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Valentiner, E" uniqKey="Valentiner E">E. Valentiner</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Maxson, P" uniqKey="Maxson P">P. Maxson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Miranda, M L" uniqKey="Miranda M">M. L. Miranda</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fry, R C" uniqKey="Fry R">R. C. Fry</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, A" uniqKey="Chen A">A. Chen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kippler, M" uniqKey="Kippler M">M. Kippler</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tofail, F" uniqKey="Tofail F">F. Tofail</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gardner, R" uniqKey="Gardner R">R. Gardner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kippler, M" uniqKey="Kippler M">M. Kippler</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wagatsuma, Y" uniqKey="Wagatsuma Y">Y. Wagatsuma</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rahman, A" uniqKey="Rahman A">A. Rahman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rahman, A" uniqKey="Rahman A">A. Rahman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vahter, M" uniqKey="Vahter M">M. Vahter</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ekstrom, E C" uniqKey="Ekstrom E">E.-C. Ekström</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bell, M L" uniqKey="Bell M">M. L. Bell</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Belanger, K" uniqKey="Belanger K">K. Belanger</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ebisu, K" uniqKey="Ebisu K">K. Ebisu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gent, J F" uniqKey="Gent J">J. F. Gent</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Leaderer, B P" uniqKey="Leaderer B">B. P. Leaderer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zheng, G" uniqKey="Zheng G">G. Zheng</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhong, H" uniqKey="Zhong H">H. Zhong</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Guo, Z" uniqKey="Guo Z">Z. Guo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Myers, S L" uniqKey="Myers S">S. L. Myers</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lobdell, D T" uniqKey="Lobdell D">D. T. Lobdell</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liu, Z" uniqKey="Liu Z">Z. Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Colapinto, C K" uniqKey="Colapinto C">C. K. Colapinto</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Arbuckle, T E" uniqKey="Arbuckle T">T. E. Arbuckle</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dubois, L" uniqKey="Dubois L">L. Dubois</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fraser, W" uniqKey="Fraser W">W. Fraser</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mandrioli, D" uniqKey="Mandrioli D">D. Mandrioli</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Silbergeld, E K" uniqKey="Silbergeld E">E. K. Silbergeld</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alsaeed, I" uniqKey="Alsaeed I">I. Alsaeed</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Somali, F" uniqKey="Al Somali F">F. Al-Somali</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sakhnini, L" uniqKey="Sakhnini L">L. Sakhnini</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Divan, H A" uniqKey="Divan H">H. A. Divan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kheifets, L" uniqKey="Kheifets L">L. Kheifets</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Obel, C" uniqKey="Obel C">C. Obel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olsen, J" uniqKey="Olsen J">J. Olsen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Divan, H A" uniqKey="Divan H">H. A. Divan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kheifets, L" uniqKey="Kheifets L">L. Kheifets</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Obel, C" uniqKey="Obel C">C. Obel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olsen, J" uniqKey="Olsen J">J. Olsen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aldad, T S" uniqKey="Aldad T">T. S. Aldad</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gan, G" uniqKey="Gan G">G. Gan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gao, X B" uniqKey="Gao X">X. B. Gao</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Taylor, H S" uniqKey="Taylor H">H. S. Taylor</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Varsier, N" uniqKey="Varsier N">N. Varsier</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dahdouh, S" uniqKey="Dahdouh S">S. Dahdouh</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Serrurier, A" uniqKey="Serrurier A">A. Serrurier</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liorni, I" uniqKey="Liorni I">I. Liorni</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Parazzini, M" uniqKey="Parazzini M">M. Parazzini</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fiocchi, S" uniqKey="Fiocchi S">S. Fiocchi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vereshchako, G G" uniqKey="Vereshchako G">G. G. Vereshchako</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chueshova, N V" uniqKey="Chueshova N">N. V. Chueshova</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gorokh, G A" uniqKey="Gorokh G">G. A. Gorokh</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Naumov, A D" uniqKey="Naumov A">A. D. Naumov</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bedir, R" uniqKey="Bedir R">R. Bedir</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tumkaya, L" uniqKey="Tumkaya L">L. Tumkaya</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey=" Ehito Lu, " uniqKey=" Ehito Lu ">İ. Şehitoğlu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kalkan, Y" uniqKey="Kalkan Y">Y. Kalkan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yilmaz, A" uniqKey="Yilmaz A">A. Yilmaz</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey=" Ahin, O Z" uniqKey=" Ahin O">O. Z. Şahin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ulubay, M" uniqKey="Ulubay M">M. Ulubay</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yahyazadeh, A" uniqKey="Yahyazadeh A">A. Yahyazadeh</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Deniz, O G" uniqKey="Deniz O">Ö. G. Deniz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bas, O" uniqKey="Bas O">O. Bas</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Odaci, E" uniqKey="Odaci E">E. Odaci</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mollaoglu, H" uniqKey="Mollaoglu H">H. Mollaoglu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ucok, K" uniqKey="Ucok K">K. Ucok</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kaplan, S" uniqKey="Kaplan S">S. Kaplan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Odaci, E" uniqKey="Odaci E">E. Odaci</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bas, O" uniqKey="Bas O">O. Bas</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kaplan, S" uniqKey="Kaplan S">S. Kaplan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Odaci, E" uniqKey="Odaci E">E. Odaci</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ikinci, A" uniqKey="Ikinci A">A. Ikinci</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yildirim, M" uniqKey="Yildirim M">M. Yildirim</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rezk, A Y" uniqKey="Rezk A">A. Y. Rezk</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Abdulqawi, K" uniqKey="Abdulqawi K">K. Abdulqawi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mustafa, R M" uniqKey="Mustafa R">R. M. Mustafa</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Abo El Azm, T M" uniqKey="Abo El Azm T">T. M. Abo El-Azm</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Inany, H" uniqKey="Al Inany H">H. Al-Inany</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Vocht, F" uniqKey="De Vocht F">F. de Vocht</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lee, B" uniqKey="Lee B">B. Lee</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Li, D K" uniqKey="Li D">D.-K. Li</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Neutra, R R" uniqKey="Neutra R">R. R. Neutra</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shamsi Mahmoudabadi, F" uniqKey="Shamsi Mahmoudabadi F">F. Shamsi Mahmoudabadi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ziaei, S" uniqKey="Ziaei S">S. Ziaei</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Firoozabadi, M" uniqKey="Firoozabadi M">M. Firoozabadi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kazemnejad, A" uniqKey="Kazemnejad A">A. Kazemnejad</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Li, D K" uniqKey="Li D">D.-K. Li</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, H" uniqKey="Chen H">H. Chen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Odouli, R" uniqKey="Odouli R">R. Odouli</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhao, T Y" uniqKey="Zhao T">T.-Y. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zou, S P" uniqKey="Zou S">S.-P. Zou</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Knapp, P E" uniqKey="Knapp P">P. E. Knapp</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Roos, A J" uniqKey="De Roos A">A. J. De Roos</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olshan, A F" uniqKey="Olshan A">A. F. Olshan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Teschke, K" uniqKey="Teschke K">K. Teschke</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Peters, S" uniqKey="Peters S">S. Peters</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Glass, D C" uniqKey="Glass D">D. C. Glass</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Greenop, K R" uniqKey="Greenop K">K. R. Greenop</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Desrosiers, T A" uniqKey="Desrosiers T">T. A. Desrosiers</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Herring, A H" uniqKey="Herring A">A. H. Herring</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shapira, S K" uniqKey="Shapira S">S. K. Shapira</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olshan, A F" uniqKey="Olshan A">A. F. Olshan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Teschke, K" uniqKey="Teschke K">K. Teschke</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Baird, P A" uniqKey="Baird P">P. A. Baird</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olshan, A F" uniqKey="Olshan A">A. F. Olshan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Teschke, K" uniqKey="Teschke K">K. Teschke</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Baird, P A" uniqKey="Baird P">P. A. Baird</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schnitzer, P G" uniqKey="Schnitzer P">P. G. Schnitzer</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olshan, A F" uniqKey="Olshan A">A. F. Olshan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Erickson, J D" uniqKey="Erickson J">J. D. Erickson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Trasler, J M" uniqKey="Trasler J">J. M. Trasler</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Doerksen, T" uniqKey="Doerksen T">T. Doerksen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nordstrom, S" uniqKey="Nordstrom S">S. Nordstrom</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Birke, E" uniqKey="Birke E">E. Birke</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gustavsson, L" uniqKey="Gustavsson L">L. Gustavsson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mjoen, G" uniqKey="Mjoen G">G. Mjoen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="S Tre, D O" uniqKey="S Tre D">D. O. Sætre</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lie, R T" uniqKey="Lie R">R. T. Lie</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wilkins, J R" uniqKey="Wilkins J">J. R. Wilkins</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Koutras, R A" uniqKey="Koutras R">R. A. Koutras</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Johnson, C C" uniqKey="Johnson C">C. C. Johnson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Spitz, M R" uniqKey="Spitz M">M. R. Spitz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nordenson, I" uniqKey="Nordenson I">I. Nordenson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hansson Mild, K" uniqKey="Hansson Mild K">K. Hansson Mild</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nordstrom, S" uniqKey="Nordstrom S">S. Nordström</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sweins, A" uniqKey="Sweins A">A. Sweins</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Birke, E" uniqKey="Birke E">E. Birke</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Havas, M" uniqKey="Havas M">M. Havas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jackson, P" uniqKey="Jackson P">P. Jackson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Augustin, M A" uniqKey="Augustin M">M. A. Augustin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sanguansri, P" uniqKey="Sanguansri P">P. Sanguansri</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bowman, D M" uniqKey="Bowman D">D. M. Bowman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Calster, G" uniqKey="Van Calster G">G. van Calster</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Friedrichs, S" uniqKey="Friedrichs S">S. Friedrichs</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fadeel, B" uniqKey="Fadeel B">B. Fadeel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alenius, H" uniqKey="Alenius H">H. Alenius</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Savolainen, K" uniqKey="Savolainen K">K. Savolainen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gebel, T" uniqKey="Gebel T">T. Gebel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Marchan, R" uniqKey="Marchan R">R. Marchan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hengstler, J G" uniqKey="Hengstler J">J. G. Hengstler</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bulcke, F" uniqKey="Bulcke F">F. Bulcke</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thiel, K" uniqKey="Thiel K">K. Thiel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dringen, R" uniqKey="Dringen R">R. Dringen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chuang, H C" uniqKey="Chuang H">H. C. Chuang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Juan, H T" uniqKey="Juan H">H. T. Juan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chang, C N" uniqKey="Chang C">C. N. Chang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mohammadipour, A" uniqKey="Mohammadipour A">A. Mohammadipour</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fazel, A" uniqKey="Fazel A">A. Fazel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Haghir, H" uniqKey="Haghir H">H. Haghir</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yamashita, K" uniqKey="Yamashita K">K. Yamashita</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yoshioka, Y" uniqKey="Yoshioka Y">Y. Yoshioka</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Higashisaka, K" uniqKey="Higashisaka K">K. Higashisaka</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ledford, H" uniqKey="Ledford H">H. Ledford</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Netherwood, T" uniqKey="Netherwood T">T. Netherwood</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Martin Orue, S M" uniqKey="Martin Orue S">S. M. Martín-Orúe</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="O Donnell, A G" uniqKey="O Donnell A">A. G. O'Donnell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aris, A" uniqKey="Aris A">A. Aris</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Leblanc, S" uniqKey="Leblanc S">S. Leblanc</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Enskar, K" uniqKey="Enskar K">K. Enskar</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Carlsson, M" uniqKey="Carlsson M">M. Carlsson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Golsater, M" uniqKey="Golsater M">M. Golsater</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hamrin, E" uniqKey="Hamrin E">E. Hamrin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kreuger, A" uniqKey="Kreuger A">A. Kreuger</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schor, E L" uniqKey="Schor E">E. L. Schor</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hauser Cram, P" uniqKey="Hauser Cram P">P. Hauser-Cram</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Warfield, M E" uniqKey="Warfield M">M. E. Warfield</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shonkoff, J P" uniqKey="Shonkoff J">J. P. Shonkoff</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Krauss, M W" uniqKey="Krauss M">M. W. Krauss</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sayer, A" uniqKey="Sayer A">A. Sayer</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Upshur, C C" uniqKey="Upshur C">C. C. Upshur</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ueda, M" uniqKey="Ueda M">M. Ueda</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yamashita, H" uniqKey="Yamashita H">H. Yamashita</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yoshida, K" uniqKey="Yoshida K">K. Yoshida</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Merrick, J" uniqKey="Merrick J">J. Merrick</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kandel, I" uniqKey="Kandel I">I. Kandel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Morad, M" uniqKey="Morad M">M. Morad</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kaiser, E" uniqKey="Kaiser E">E. Kaiser</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lutz, A S" uniqKey="Lutz A">A. S. Lutz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Horton, R" uniqKey="Horton R">R. Horton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olds, D L" uniqKey="Olds D">D. L. Olds</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Henderson, C R" uniqKey="Henderson C">C. R. Henderson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tatelbaum, R" uniqKey="Tatelbaum R">R. Tatelbaum</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chamberlin, R" uniqKey="Chamberlin R">R. Chamberlin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Atrash, H K" uniqKey="Atrash H">H. K. Atrash</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Johnson, K" uniqKey="Johnson K">K. Johnson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Adams, M" uniqKey="Adams M">M. Adams</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cordero, J F" uniqKey="Cordero J">J. F. Cordero</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Howse, J" uniqKey="Howse J">J. Howse</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stotland, N E" uniqKey="Stotland N">N. E. Stotland</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sutton, P" uniqKey="Sutton P">P. Sutton</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Trowbridge, J" uniqKey="Trowbridge J">J. Trowbridge</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Boukhris, T" uniqKey="Boukhris T">T. Boukhris</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sheehy, O" uniqKey="Sheehy O">O. Sheehy</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mottron, L" uniqKey="Mottron L">L. Mottron</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Berard, A" uniqKey="Berard A">A. Berard</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sears, M" uniqKey="Sears M">M. Sears</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schwalfenberg, G" uniqKey="Schwalfenberg G">G. Schwalfenberg</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hope, J" uniqKey="Hope J">J. Hope</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bernhoft, R" uniqKey="Bernhoft R">R. Bernhoft</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genuis, S J" uniqKey="Genuis S">S. J. Genuis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Beesoon, S" uniqKey="Beesoon S">S. Beesoon</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Birkholz, D" uniqKey="Birkholz D">D. Birkholz</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lobo, R A" uniqKey="Lobo R">R. A. Lobo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shin, D" uniqKey="Shin D">D. Shin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lee, K" uniqKey="Lee K">K. Lee</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Song, W" uniqKey="Song W">W. Song</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Winchester, P" uniqKey="Winchester P">P. Winchester</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Proctor, C" uniqKey="Proctor C">C. Proctor</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ying, J" uniqKey="Ying J">J. Ying</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lo, C" uniqKey="Lo C">C. Lo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27314031</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4903143</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/6150976</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Preconception Care: A New Standard of Care within Maternal Health Services</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>Stephen J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">
<sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>Rebecca A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T5H 3V9</aff>
<aff id="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada</aff>
<aff id="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
Millcreek Environmental Health Clinic, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6K 4C1</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">*Stephen J. Genuis:
<email>sgenuis@ualberta.ca</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other">
<p>Academic Editor: Jose Guilherme Cecatti</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>29</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2016</volume>
<elocation-id>6150976</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>18</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 S. J. Genuis and R. A. Genuis.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p> Emerging research suggests that much pediatric affliction has origins in the vulnerable phase of fetal development. Prenatal factors including deficiency of various nutrients and exposure to assorted toxicants are major etiological determinants of myriad obstetrical complications, pediatric chronic diseases, and perhaps some genetic mutations. With recent recognition that modifiable environmental determinants, rather than genetic predestination, are the etiological source of most chronic illness, modification of environmental factors prior to conception offers the possibility of precluding various mental and physical health conditions. Environmental and lifestyle modification through informed patient choice is possible but evidence confirms that, with little to no training in clinical nutrition, toxicology, or environmental exposures, most clinicians are ill-equipped to counsel patients about this important area. With the totality of available scientific evidence that now exists on the potential to modify disease-causing gestational determinants, failure to take necessary precautionary action may render members of the medical community collectively and individually culpable for preventable illness in children. We advocate for environmental health education of maternity health professionals and the widespread adoption and implementation of preconception care. This will necessitate the translation of emerging knowledge from recent research literature, to health professionals, to reproductive-aged women, and to society at large. </p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec1">
<title>1. Introduction</title>
<p>The twentieth and twenty-first centuries have witnessed remarkable advances in maternal-fetal medicine. Puerperal fever causing maternal death, once a plague threatening the life of each and every woman entering a maternity ward [
<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
], now rarely occurs in developed nations with modern obstetrical care [
<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
,
<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
]. Moreover, neonatal and infant death rates over the last century have fallen precipitously in most developed countries [
<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
,
<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
]. Juxtaposed with such epic advancement in obstetric and pediatric healthcare, however, we now face different and emerging concerns in the multifaceted area of maternal-fetal medicine.</p>
<p>Over the last few decades, there has been a significant rise in the incidence of preterm birth, a problem often associated with short- and long-term health issues for offspring [
<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
,
<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
]. The Institute of Medicine estimated the annual costs for the burden of morbidity, disability, and mortality associated with preterm birth in the United States to be at least $26.2 billion [
<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
]. With potential impairment of optimal biome development [
<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
], Caesarean delivery has nevertheless become increasingly common with rates in America soaring from 5 percent in 1970 to 32.7 percent in 2013 [
<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
,
<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
]. The prevalence of mental health problems has rapidly escalated throughout the world [
<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
] with postpartum depressive illness continuing to ravage the well-being of countless young mothers [
<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
]. Finally, the pandemic of diabetes, including gestational glucose intolerance, affects increasing numbers of reproductive aged women [
<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
].</p>
<p>
<italic>Rise in Pediatric Chronic Illness</italic>
. In addition to various challenges in the field of maternal health, the marked rise in chronic and developmental illness in offspring [
<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
] has been an issue of particular concern in the medical community. With chronic disease overtaking infectious disease as the major burden of pediatric affliction [
<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
], rates of a broad spectrum of enduring childhood conditions have been climbing sharply and, at the present time, show no signs of changing direction [
<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
]. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly evident that modifiable prenatal factors may be significant determinants in many of these health problems, a reality which recently prompted FIGO (the International Federation for Obstetrics and Gynecology), an organization which represents obstetrical and gynecological associations from 125 countries, to release a special communication urgently calling for concerted action in the field of maternity healthcare as it relates to preventable childhood disorders [
<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
].</p>
<p>Rates of autism, for example, have risen steeply and emerging evidence suggests that this rise, in part, may be attributed to preventable gestational determinants [
<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
]. Other neurodevelopmental disorders, learning disabilities, and impaired IQ in children have also been associated in some cases with modifiable prenatal factors [
<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
]. Asthma, another condition potentially linked to prenatal determinants [
<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
], involved about 5% of children in 1965 yet now affects over 20% of children in some areas [
<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
]. Furthermore, there are many recent publications attributing the swelling pandemic of pediatric allergy to modifiable prenatal factors [
<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>
<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>
]. Some chromosomal abnormalities [
<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
] as well as various congenital anomalies including open neural tube defects [
<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
] and certain cardiac abnormalities [
<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
] have been linked in some cases to modifiable gestational factors. Hypospadias, an anomaly linked in some cases to prenatal determinants [
<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
], previously affected 1/500 newborn baby boys and now is found in 1/125 male infants [
<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>
]. Furthermore, many lethal pediatric and early adolescent cancers have recently been directly attributed, in large part, to prenatal determinants [
<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
]. Emerging research, however, suggests that the impact of gestational determinants on offspring does not end with childhood.</p>
<p>Increasing recognition of fetal origins of adult disease [
<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
] continues to unfold as various prenatal determinants have been associated with adolescent and adult-onset disease including multiple sclerosis [
<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
], eating disorders [
<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
], cardiovascular disease [
<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
], various metabolic disorders [
<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>
], and some cases of compromised bone health [
<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
]. In review, it is becoming increasingly apparent that gestational determinants may exert a significant short- and long-term impact on health and well-being. The question arises: if modifiable gestational factors are directly responsible for various obstetric complications and myriad pediatric health problems, is it possible to modify such determinants in order to prevent the development of such morbidity and mortality? This publication will endeavor to (i) explore the etiology of the recent rise in pediatric and maternal-fetal health complications, (ii) discuss the high cost of adverse gestational outcomes, and (iii) advance the case for preconception care as a new standard of care within the spectrum of maternal health services.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2">
<title>2. A Paradigm Shift in the Understanding of Disease Etiology</title>
<p>We are on the cusp of change in our scientific understanding of disease etiology. Throughout human history, scientists and philosophers have sought to uncover the underlying cause of illness and suffering [
<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
]. With wide swings in disease attribution from the metaphysical (the predominant belief when Hippocrates, the Father of Western Scientific Medicine, came onto the scene circa 400 BC [
<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>
]) to the germ theory of the late 19th century, conventional wisdom in much of the 20th and early 21st century has attributed most chronic and otherwise inexplicable illness to genetic factors and the “bad luck” hypothesis. With the recent surge of epigenetic research in the last two decades, however, the belief that those with chronic illness are ill-fated victims of cosmic genetic roulette is quickly fading [
<xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
].</p>
<p>With marked inconsistency of outcomes in identical twin studies [
<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
,
<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>
], with the changing profile of disease incidence and prevalence in geographic pockets [
<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>
,
<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>
], with shifting health outcomes associated with migration [
<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>
], and with extensive research into molecular determinants of illness [
<xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
], it is becoming abundantly apparent that virtually all disease, including affliction in the gestational period, is the result of the interaction between our genes and the environment (
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>
) [
<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>
,
<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>
]. In fact, recent evidence confirms that modifiable environmental factors appear to be responsible for 70–90 percent of illness [
<xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>
,
<xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>
]. In other words, changeable determinants within our environment are interacting with our genome to maintain health or cause illness [
<xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
].</p>
<p>Yet, within the environmental domain, there appear to be only two determinants which make up the environment sphere: (i) are we getting what we need and (ii) are we being exposed to things that are toxic [
<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>
]? Simply put, for any functional system including the human organism to develop and thrive, it must receive determinants which are required and avoid those which are harmful [
<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>
]. During gestation in particular, it appears that the exquisitely intricate processes that direct the growth and development of early human life are profoundly sensitive to nutritional requirements and vulnerable to environmental insults. Insufficiency of required nutrients or minute adverse exposures during critical phases of development, for example, may have serious and life-long consequences [
<xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>
].</p>
<p>Furthermore, it is often thought that various chromosomal abnormalities are simply caused by random, arbitrary genetic mutations. Rather than attributing such outcomes exclusively to our genes, however, recent evidence suggests that this environmental model may also apply to some chromosomal abnormalities. Deficiencies of certain nutrients, for example, are associated with higher rates of chromosomal abnormalities including Down's syndrome [
<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
], and low dose chemical exposures have been found to induce genome instability with enhanced tendency for novel genetic mutation [
<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>
].</p>
<p>A further point of particular importance with regard to the gestational phase in the continuum of life is the pronounced vulnerability of the developing child in utero, as a result of marked physiological differences between what is found in a developing fetus and the inner workings of a toddler or an adult. For example, there is distinct susceptibility to harmful agents during gestation, and exposure levels that may not appear to harm pregnant women, such as with alcohol exposure, may have a profound impact on the fetus [
<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>
<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>
].</p>
<p>A number of physiological factors within the in utero environment account for this exquisite fetal vulnerability to exposures which include the following:
<list list-type="roman-lower">
<list-item>
<p>The placental unit is unable to filter the contemporary array of chemical toxicants.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>The fetal liver is immature and incapable of efficient detoxification of contaminants.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Low levels of fetal binding proteins result in high unbound fractions of bioactive toxicants.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Excretion pathways are undeveloped and excreted urinary pollutants are recycled with repeated reuptake into the nose and mouth through the amniotic fluid.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>The blood-brain barrier is immature and more permeable to adverse chemical agents.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Compared to mother, there is higher toxicant concentrations by weight in the fetus [
<xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>
] which then marinate rapidly developing fetal organs.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
These factors all mark the prenatal period as a time of unique propensity for untoward effects [
<xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>
] and explain why adverse agents tolerated by the mother may damage the rapidly growing tissues of her child [
<xref rid="B56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>
]. Such factors may also explain why levels of some toxic agents, such as the teratogenic toxic element mercury, accumulate in fetal tissues with concentrations considerably higher in offspring than in fish-consuming mothers [
<xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>
].</p>
<p>Furthermore, there is absolute requirement at critical stages of development for essential nutrients in order to secure proper formation, differentiation, and development of fetal tissues. While toddlers and adults may tolerate a temporary insufficiency of specific nutrients and recover when nutritional requirements are replete, the developing child in utero may have altered development and enduring anomaly when essential nutritional biochemicals are lacking at critical periods; it is well-recognized with folate deficiency in early gestation, for example, that insufficiency of required nutrients can have profound long-term implications [
<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
,
<xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>
].</p>
<p>In review, it appears that most human illness, including pregnancy-related disease, is etiologically related to deficiency and toxicity (
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>
) [
<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>
,
<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>
]. Accordingly, the essence of producing a healthy child and avoiding the short- and long-term problems associated with fetal and obstetrical complications is to secure adequacy and avoid toxicity in the gestational phase; this is the foundation and objective of good preconception and prenatal care. As such, it is worth considering what every woman should be adequately apprised of prior to and during her gestation in order to secure optimal health for herself and her child.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3">
<title>3. Requirements for a Healthy Pregnancy and Infant</title>
<p>Since its inception, the constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity [
<xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>
]. For the purposes of this paper, however, we will confine ourselves to discussion of physical requirements for optimal health during the gestational period. Broadly speaking, the human organism needs many fundamental determinants in order to thrive: clean air, fluids, nutrients, rest, sunlight, exercise, healthy microbiota, and so on. Recent research suggests that gestational nutritional deficiencies and insufficiency of optimal biome development in the neonate remain ubiquitous modifiable factors that are contributing to widespread maternal and/or pediatric compromise.</p>
<p>Some health professionals believe that nutrient insufficiency is only a problem among indigent and disadvantaged populations. Many feel that women in the developed world who eat regularly are getting all they need for themselves and their developing children from their diet. These perspectives can be misguided, however, for a number of reasons that have recently come to light including the following:
<list list-type="roman-lower">
<list-item>
<p>There has been a major transition in the way that people eat over the last few decades [
<xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>There has been a significant decline in the nutritional content of some foods [
<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Various processes such as genetic modification of crops and multipesticide application may modify the overall biochemical composition of some common food staples [
<xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Many important nutrients come from sources other than foods, such as human microbiota and sunlight [
<xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Nutrient intake does not automatically translate into nutritional status (
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>
). Various acquired metabolic errors resulting from factors such as toxicant exposures can interfere with digestion, absorption, assimilation, or utilization of nutrients [
<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>
<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
</list>
A woman's nutritional status, however, must be adequate in order for her to support a healthy pregnancy. Various nutritional deficiencies in pregnancy can have dramatic effects on the incidence of illness in her offspring. As mentioned, folate deficiency is perhaps the most well-known example, as without sufficiency of this critical B vitamin, the risks of open neural tube defects [
<xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>
], miscarriage [
<xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>
], and Down's syndrome [
<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
] are significantly elevated. Of late, however, several other micronutrient deficiencies have recently come to light: (a) gestational iron deficiency, for example, is associated with cognitive and immune impairment in offspring [
<xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>
]; (b) maternal iodine requirements rise by 50% in pregnancy to meet fetal requirements; insufficiency can lead to pediatric hypothyroidism and intellectual disabilities [
<xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>
]; (c) concerns have emerged about potential fetal sequelae, including cleft palate, of maternal biotin deficiency [
<xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>
]; and (d) there appears to be increased risk for neural tube defects with low maternal vitamin B12 status [
<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
]. With the recognition of these common gestational deficiencies, great public health efforts have been made to support nutritional adequacy by population-wide fortification of various foods and routine gestational supplementation with a vitamin/mineral supplement.</p>
<p>Nonetheless, two issues arise with this approach. As will be discussed, it has recently been found that some common prenatal supplements used to preclude deficiency are contaminated with toxicants [
<xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>
], thus providing a daily dose of pollutant to the developing child. Accordingly, caution must be taken when considering the source of supplements taken during gestation. Furthermore, rather than relying on supplementation, healthy foods should be the source of most nutrients. Recognizing the widespread problem of fetal prepollution with assorted chemical toxicants [
<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
,
<xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>
,
<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>
] and the reality that foods are an increasing source of toxicant exposure [
<xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>
], the authors recommend a diet with the maximum amount of nutrition and the least amount of toxicant contamination (a credible organic food diet) to supply most required nutrients [
<xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>
]. Secondly, despite healthy eating, there are various micronutrient deficiencies of critical importance which are often overlooked in the care of pregnant women. We will briefly mention three common micronutrient deficiencies.</p>
<sec id="sec3.1">
<title>3.1. Vitamin D</title>
<p>There is general consensus in the medical literature that the vitamin D status of many individuals and population groups throughout much of the world (as reflected by population measurements of serum 25(OH)D levels) is insufficient for optimal health [
<xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>
]. Pregnant women screened in one study in Western Canada, for example, demonstrated that the majority of women in one city had clearly inadequate vitamin D levels [
<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>
]. While a healthy 25(OH)D level throughout pregnancy is considered to be in the 100–150 nmol/L range [
<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>
], 76% of pregnant women in this study had levels under 80 nmol/L and 23% had levels under 40 nmol/L [
<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>
]. Recent evidence, nonetheless, suggests that this critical nutrient is involved in the regulation and expression of over 2700 different genes [
<xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>
]. Recognition of the burden of health sequelae resulting from low maternal vitamin D concentrations continues to expand (Tables
<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">1</xref>
and
<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">2</xref>
).</p>
<p>The literature has discussed that vitamin D insufficiency may be associated with first trimester pregnancy loss [
<xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>
,
<xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>
], gestational diabetes [
<xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>
,
<xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>
], preeclampsia [
<xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>
,
<xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>
], preterm birth [
<xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>
,
<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>
], higher rates of primary and emergency Caesarean delivery [
<xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>
,
<xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>
], small for gestational age infants [
<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>
], and maternal postpartum depression [
<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>
]. The long-term resources required to address the consequences of these conditions are enormous. Furthermore, adverse gestational complications do not end with delivery. It is well-recognized that children born preterm, for example, have much higher rates of chronic physical and mental health problems [
<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
,
<xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>
]. The estimated 10-year costs to care for children born preterm in Canada and the United States, for example, is staggering [
<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
,
<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>
].</p>
<p>An interesting cohort study correlating maternal vitamin D deficiency at 18 weeks' pregnancy and health outcomes of progeny found that gestational vitamin D deficiency is associated with impaired lung development in 6-year-old offspring, neurocognitive difficulties at age 10, increased risk of eating disorders in adolescence, and lower peak bone mass at 20 years [
<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
]. In addition, gestational vitamin D levels may even impact adult health as there is early evidence that vitamin D sufficiency in pregnancy may have a protective role in the development of adult-onset multiple sclerosis [
<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
]. With abundant evidence of myriad health sequelae associated with gestational vitamin D deficiency, there is potential for considerable amelioration of maternal and fetal health outcomes by educational and healthcare measures in the preconception and prenatal period to secure vitamin D sufficiency throughout gestation [
<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>
]. Because of widespread vitamin D insufficiency in many population groups and inconsistent response to fixed doses of vitamin D supplementation, the authors recommend testing for 25(OH)D levels and suitable intervention as required [
<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3.2">
<title>3.2. Magnesium</title>
<p>Another micronutrient which is commonly deficient in much of the general population is the essential mineral magnesium [
<xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>
]. This important nutrient is a cofactor in more than 300 enzymatic reactions required for the proper function of proteins, mitochondria, and nucleic acids [
<xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>
]. Yet, it is estimated that about half of American adults do not receive the average daily requirement for magnesium [
<xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>
,
<xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>
]. Furthermore, it is difficult to diagnose magnesium deficiency as total body levels are difficult to assess given its primarily intracellular and intraosseous nature. In other words, serum testing is inadequate to determine the magnesium status of the body as only about 1% of magnesium is found in plasma and red blood cells [
<xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>
,
<xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>
].</p>
<p>Widespread magnesium insufficiency is occurring for a number of reasons including the following:
<list list-type="roman-lower">
<list-item>
<p>Reduced dietary intake of foods replete in magnesium is widespread [
<xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>
]. Common staples such as meat, dairy, sugar, and white flour have little to no magnesium.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Cooking and boiling of produce results in a significant decline of the food's magnesium content [
<xref rid="B96" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>There are diminished levels of magnesium in many processed foods and some nonorganic foods [
<xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>
]. Most foods in grocery stores are processed.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Reduced gastrointestinal absorption of magnesium occurs in the face of vitamin D deficiency. As discussed, most pregnant women appear to be deficient in vitamin D.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Medications in common usage (e.g., some antibiotics, antacids, and hypertensive drugs) diminish absorption of magnesium.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Some commonly used pesticides have the propensity to chelate minerals [
<xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>
], decreasing the content of magnesium in soil and some crops [
<xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>There is excess excretion of magnesium with alcohol use and the presence of type 1 or type 2 diabetes [
<xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>There is an increased requirement for magnesium in pregnancy [
<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Evidence demonstrates increasing soil depletion of certain essential nutrients as a result of fertilization techniques not providing the spectrum of required minerals [
<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>There has been the expansion of monoculture agricultural techniques which have a tendency to consume and deplete specific nutrients.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
The potential health sequelae of insufficient magnesium intake in the general population are numerous including asthma [
<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>
], cardiovascular disease [
<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>
], mental health problems [
<xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>
], bone health compromise [
<xref rid="B104" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>
], and development of some cancers [
<xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>
]. Although magnesium deficiency occurs frequently in pregnancy [
<xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>
], the consequences of gestational magnesium deficiency are only beginning to be studied. Preliminary evidence suggests that maternal magnesium sufficiency may be linked to pregnancy outcomes as well as long-term health of the infant [
<xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>
]. For example, oral magnesium supplementation given before the 25th week of gestation compared with placebo was associated with a lower frequency of preterm births, low birth weight infants, and fewer small for gestational newborns [
<xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>
]. In one study, magnesium supplementation in pregnancy was associated with lower mean arterial pressure in women along with higher birth weight infants and fewer days spent by offspring in the neonatal intensive care unit [
<xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>
]. There is also early evidence that fetal hypomagnesemia may be associated with metabolic syndrome later in life [
<xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>
].</p>
<p>At this point, however, the consensus is that there is insufficient high quality evidence to conclude that dietary magnesium supplementation should be routinely recommended in pregnancy [
<xref rid="B110" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>
]. If concern about magnesium adequacy is present at assessment of individual patients, the authors suggest that a cautious approach may be to supplement women in the preconception period and then educate them about dietary sources to acquire sufficiency throughout their pregnancy.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3.3">
<title>3.3. Docosahexaenoic Acid</title>
<p>Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential omega-3 fatty acid found most abundantly in seafood. As conversion to DHA from other primary omega-3 fatty acids is variable and dependent on enzymatic availability as well as functionality of metabolic conversion mechanisms, DHA requirements generally focus on direct ingestion of seafood. With increasing awareness of widespread environmental contamination of seafood by assorted toxicants including mercury, however, more and more women are avoiding consumption of fish and other marine products during pregnancy [
<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>
].</p>
<p>If not addressed, the ensuing gestational DHA insufficiency may be problematic as inadequate DHA has been linked to numerous deleterious health outcomes for both mother and child. DHA deficiency has been associated with preterm labour [
<xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>
], pregnancy induced hypertension [
<xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>
], and postpartum depression in women [
<xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>
]. In addition, children born to women with inadequate DHA may be at an increased risk for central nervous system disturbances [
<xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>
], poor sleep patterns [
<xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>
], lower IQs [
<xref rid="B117" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>
], and impaired blood pressure control later in life [
<xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>
]. Education through preconception care about the need and means to secure gestational DHA requirements [
<xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>
,
<xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>
] can significantly reduce the risk for a constellation of maternal and fetal adverse health outcomes associated with DHA insufficiency.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3.4">
<title>3.4. Healthy Biome</title>
<p>A healthy human biome, the biological ecosystem of living organisms found within and upon each person, appears to be a critical and often unrecognized requirement of the human organism [
<xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>
]. Within this biome, sometimes referred to as the last human organ [
<xref rid="B122" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>
], there are approximately ten times more microbial cells than human cells due to the abundance and diversity of the naturally occurring microbiome [
<xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>
]. There is a plethora of ongoing research currently underway to further understand the biome and its practical application to health and disease. As the NIH (National Institutes of Health) sponsored Human Microbiome Project [
<xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>
] is still in its early stages, however, there remains much uncertainty about the microbiome of the in utero environment and its relation to maternal-fetal health outcomes.</p>
<p>It was traditionally thought, for example, that the womb environment was sterile; this idea is being challenged, however, as studies examine the germ environment of the placenta, meconium, and the newborn [
<xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>
<xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>
]. What is certain, however, is that the maternal flora and infant's journey amidst the vaginal flora of the birth canal are important determinants of gestational and pediatric outcomes [
<xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>
]. Dysbiosis, a disordered germ ecosystem, may place a pregnant woman, for example, at increased risk for preterm labour [
<xref rid="B127" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>
]. Bacterial vaginosis is a manifestation of an altered vaginal biome where there is a dramatic reduction in lactobacilli and increase in anaerobes, a finding that has been association with early onset of labour [
<xref rid="B321" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>
<xref rid="B323" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>
].</p>
<p>It appears that the maternal microbial flora changes significantly throughout pregnancy [
<xref rid="B128" ref-type="bibr">144</xref>
] and is decidedly distinct from that of a nonpregnant female. This transition is thought to be important for the developing fetus [
<xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">145</xref>
] and may be involved in normal fetal growth and development. There is concern, however, that alteration of the maternal microbiome at any stage during pregnancy may have an impact on the developing child and gestational health. It is becoming evident, for example, that antibiotic use during pregnancy may potentially disrupt normal maternal-offspring microbiota exchange. New evidence regarding maternal gut-fetal brain connections in animals suggests that use of certain antibiotics around the time of conception may be associated with antisocial behavior and anxiety in offspring [
<xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">146</xref>
] and recent human work has linked a higher offspring risk of childhood obesity with maternal use of antibiotics in the second or third trimester [
<xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>
].</p>
<p>Moreover, if a woman tests positive for vaginal Group B
<italic> Streptococcus</italic>
(GBS) towards the end of her pregnancy (as is found is a significant portion of the normal healthy population) she is often administered antibiotics throughout her labour potentially leading to changes in her flora and an altered gastrointestinal microbiome in her neonate. As a result, it appears that such offspring are subsequently more susceptible to serious bacterial infections in their first three months of life [
<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>
,
<xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>
]. Gestational antibiotic use is only one factor that may affect the biome: other factors include unfiltered chlorine in drinking water [
<xref rid="B134" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>
] and exposure to certain pesticides in food or drink [
<xref rid="B135" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>
].</p>
<p>Pediatric outcomes associated with mode of delivery also appear to verify that the maternal urogenital tract microbiome plays an important role in pediatric health and disease [
<xref rid="B136" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>
]. The link between mode of delivery and subsequent childhood pathology is important with evidence of microbial colonization differences between children born vaginally and those born by Caesarean delivery [
<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
,
<xref rid="B137" ref-type="bibr">151</xref>
,
<xref rid="B138" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>
]. It appears that such differences in the constitution of the biome are significant in relation to subsequent health. In fact, Pediatrics, the official journal of the
<italic> American Academy of Pediatrics</italic>
, recently released a paper which concluded that “children delivered by Caesarean delivery had significantly increased risk of asthma, systemic connective tissue disorders, juvenile arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, immune deficiencies and leukemia” [
<xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">153</xref>
]. Other studies have reported higher rates of celiac disease [
<xref rid="B140" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>
], type 1 diabetes [
<xref rid="B141" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>
], and allergic disease [
<xref rid="B138" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>
,
<xref rid="B140" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>
] among those born by Caesarean delivery.</p>
<p>It is increasingly evident that transmission of a healthy microbiome to the neonate during vaginal delivery may affect health from birth to adulthood [
<xref rid="B142" ref-type="bibr">156</xref>
<xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">158</xref>
]. As operative delivery via Caesarean section may result in deficiency or disruption of a healthy biome, steps to diminish the need for operative delivery by addressing potentially modifiable determinants such as elevated BMI [
<xref rid="B145" ref-type="bibr">159</xref>
] and vitamin D deficiency [
<xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>
] in pregnancy may be in order. Knowledge about the fetal biome may also influence decisions regarding trials of vaginal birth after previous operative deliveries. For example, it is evident that infants delivered after a long labour with a dilated cervix may be exposed to a different microbial environment compared to a child born by elective Caesarean delivery. The risk of asthma, for example, was increased considerably in female offspring of women who underwent a repeat Caesarean delivery without ruptured membranes versus those born in situations with ruptured membranes and/or labour prior to Caesarean delivery [
<xref rid="B146" ref-type="bibr">160</xref>
].</p>
<p>Furthermore, there is increasing discussion of a novel technique entitled “vaginal seeding” [
<xref rid="B147" ref-type="bibr">161</xref>
], using gauze to gather a mother's birth-canal bacteria and then applying them to the Caesarean delivered infant's mouth, skin, and eyes, which results in the baby's biome more closely resembling that of vaginally born babies [
<xref rid="B147" ref-type="bibr">161</xref>
]. At this point, it is unclear whether the routine use of probiotics or fermented foods as a source of healthy organisms has any role in preconception or prenatal care. As we continue to learn more about the important role of the maternal and fetal biome, it seems beneficial to educate women about the need to avoid interventions or exposures whenever possible that may be detrimental to their and their child's germ ecosystem.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec4">
<title>4. What Ought to Be Avoided for a Healthy Pregnancy and Infant</title>
<p>It is widely recognized that maternal exposure to adverse chemicals in cigarette smoke, teratogenic medications, or illicit drugs during pregnancy can have adverse consequences for gestational outcomes and the developing fetus. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, maternal exposure to any amount of alcohol is now considered unsafe throughout pregnancy because of the potential serious and enduring impact that this chemical might have on a developing child [
<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>
]. In each of these situations, it has been appreciated that fetal exposure to potentially toxic substances can be a determinant of chronic adverse sequelae. In the last half century, however, there has been a dramatic escalation of adverse gestational exposures as a result of (i) the chemical revolution, with the introduction and release of tens of thousands of anthropogenic chemicals untested for impact on human health, and (ii) the expanding electrical revolution, with the near ubiquitous exposure to electromagnetic radiation from wireless communication devices, power lines, and myriad other sources. In this section, we will explore some of the emerging evidence of gestational exposures from these two sources.</p>
<sec id="sec4.1">
<title>4.1. Chemical Exposures</title>
<p>Over the last few decades, we have saturated the environment with an exceptional number of untested, unsafe, and unregulated chemical compounds; we are just beginning to understand the consequences of what we have done. The release of thousands of chemical agents into our air, water, soil, and foodstuffs has now resulted in everyday exposure for most people to adverse toxicants primarily through foods and fluids consumed, personal care products applied to skin, and especially through the inhalation of polluted air. With mounting evidence of the particular danger of exposure to toxic chemicals during the gestation period, FIGO (the International Federation for Obstetrics and Gynecology) released a special communication at their Vancouver convention in the fall of 2015, with the explicit message that “exposure to toxic environmental chemicals during pregnancy and breastfeeding is ubiquitous and is a threat to healthy human reproduction” [
<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
].</p>
<p>Although the sequelae of toxicant contamination include a wide range of health problems from autism [
<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
] to mental illness [
<xref rid="B148" ref-type="bibr">162</xref>
], to cancer [
<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
], and to widespread morbidity and mortality from indoor air pollution [
<xref rid="B149" ref-type="bibr">163</xref>
], the in utero phase of the life cycle is a time of particular vulnerability to toxic chemical exposure from assorted sources. The developing fetus in the seemingly isolated world within the amniotic sac has unique physiological characteristics, as previously discussed, that predispose to significant harm once exposure is introduced. As a result, recent cord blood research confirms that most infants are being prepolluted even before their very first breath and that chemical exposure with fetal bioaccumulation is increasingly a routine phenomenon rather than a sporadic event in modern society [
<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
,
<xref rid="B150" ref-type="bibr">164</xref>
,
<xref rid="B151" ref-type="bibr">165</xref>
].</p>
<p>While some suggest that the risk of toxic exposure is irrelevant because toxicant levels are very low, the National Academy of Sciences has concluded that, like gestational alcohol exposure, any level of exposure to toxic chemicals should be assumed to be potentially harmful, that is, that there is no “safe dose” [
<xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">166</xref>
]. This important point is punctuated by considering the reality of normal biochemistry. For example, serum estradiol levels as minuscule as 30 parts per trillion in some phases of the menstrual cycle [
<xref rid="B153" ref-type="bibr">167</xref>
] are enough to regulate and control various physiological functions in adult women; exposure of tiny developing infants to hormonally active endocrine disrupting toxic chemicals at serum levels hundreds and thousands of times higher in parts per billion and parts per million may have potential adverse biological impact [
<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">168</xref>
]. The recent FIGO special communication thus concludes that “there are tens of thousands of chemicals in global commerce, and even small exposures to toxic chemicals during pregnancy can trigger adverse health consequences” [
<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
].</p>
<p>Observational studies of the impact of such contamination on subsequent health and well-being are the subject of much contemporary research and the emerging findings are sobering indeed (
<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">Table 3</xref>
). Toxic chemicals can impact human metabolism in many ways including hormone disruption [
<xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">198</xref>
], epigenetic alteration [
<xref rid="B156" ref-type="bibr">199</xref>
], immune dysregulation [
<xref rid="B157" ref-type="bibr">200</xref>
], direct cytotoxicity [
<xref rid="B158" ref-type="bibr">201</xref>
], carcinogenesis [
<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
], mitochondrial impairment [
<xref rid="B159" ref-type="bibr">202</xref>
], and oxidative damage [
<xref rid="B160" ref-type="bibr">203</xref>
]. The clinical consequences of such pathophysiological disturbances include endocrine disorders, assorted cancers, congenital anomalies, autoimmune disease, allergic states, pediatric and adult neurological conditions, reproductive failure, psychiatric disability, and many other disease states (
<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">Table 3</xref>
). Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that some of the toxicant-induced metabolic alterations can induce epigenetic change and transmit for multiple generations [
<xref rid="B161" ref-type="bibr">204</xref>
,
<xref rid="B162" ref-type="bibr">205</xref>
]. In review, the evidence clearly demonstrates that numerous toxicants are etiologically igniting assorted pathophysiological mechanisms which are consequently resulting in clinical disease states (
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>
).</p>
<p>It was once assumed that the placental barrier acted to safeguard a growing child from any dangerous exposure a mother might have. Over time this has been demonstrably shown to be false as medications, alcohol, and other exposures have had obvious effects on children, leaving no doubt that maternal exposure to toxicants results in contamination of the developing child. The extent to which this is true, however, has become frighteningly clear in the last 15 years as studies of umbilical cord blood have been carried out. In 2004, a sample of American neonates had their cord blood tested for a limited variety of different chemicals. On average, nonetheless, each individual child's sample was found to contain 200 unique toxicants, including pesticides, heavy metals, and many other pollutants [
<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>
]. A similar Canadian analysis of three newborns found 137 different compounds in their cord blood, with each child's sample containing between 55 and 121 identified toxicants [
<xref rid="B151" ref-type="bibr">165</xref>
].</p>
<p>One of the more significant findings in these studies was that toxic chemicals banned several decades ago such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected in the cord blood of children born recently. These findings confirm that bioaccumulated toxicants in mothers from long ago, not only exposures occurring during the current pregnancy, pose a significant risk for the developing child. These findings are concerning, given that many detected chemicals are known to be pathophysiologically active within human tissues. The implications of such scientific research are clear: in addition to precluding exposure to the constellation of toxic agents during each gestation, the importance of detecting accrued compounds and clearing them from the mother's body [
<xref rid="B163" ref-type="bibr">206</xref>
<xref rid="B165" ref-type="bibr">208</xref>
] prior to pregnancy is apparent. A brief review of some of the more common exposures follows: details on testing to assess for toxicant burdens and techniques to facilitate elimination of such toxicants are beyond the scope of this work but are found in other publications [
<xref rid="B163" ref-type="bibr">206</xref>
<xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">211</xref>
].</p>
<sec id="sec4.1.1">
<title>4.1.1. Household and Vehicle Exposures</title>
<p>It is acknowledged that inhalation of contaminants in the air is the most common source of toxicant accrual and explains why, according to the World Health Organization, mortality related to air pollutants, primarily within the home, accounts for about 8 million deaths annually [
<xref rid="B149" ref-type="bibr">163</xref>
]. While more and more people are understandably concerned about the quality and purity of their food, drink, and personal care products they often pay less attention to contaminated air, the largest single environmental health risk [
<xref rid="B149" ref-type="bibr">163</xref>
], and the major source of toxic chemical exposure for most reproductive age women. To highlight this point, one might consider the following: while many individuals in the western world apply about 10–20 mls of personal care products to their skin daily and eat and drink up to about 3 litres per day, each adult breathes around 10,000 litres of air per day. Accordingly, exposures within the indoor air environment of the home, car, and workplace are something that needs to be carefully considered, especially by those planning a pregnancy.</p>
<p>Within the home there are myriad common sources of airborne exposure and contamination, including flame retardants off-gassing from furniture and mattresses, assorted chemicals released from personal care products such as hair sprays, myriad toxicants emitted from the vents of electronic equipment like computer printers, nonstick compounds discharged from synthetic carpeting, solvents released from petroleum-based candles, formaldehyde off-gassing from wood glues and certain wood products, chloroform gas produced from showers using unfiltered chlorinated water, and on and on (see
<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">Table 3</xref>
). Toxic exposures, often from airborne sources during pregnancy, have been associated with myriad adverse outcomes like pediatric allergy [
<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
], decreased IQ [
<xref rid="B169" ref-type="bibr">169</xref>
], infectious disease [
<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>
], pediatric endocrine disorders [
<xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">179</xref>
], respiratory illness [
<xref rid="B171" ref-type="bibr">174</xref>
], autism [
<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
], childhood cancers [
<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
], increased hyperactivity scores [
<xref rid="B169" ref-type="bibr">169</xref>
], congenital birth defects [
<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
], and various other childhood health problems. Once patients are sufficiently educated, however, simple measures such as air purification techniques can often be instituted to eliminate, or at least minimize, exposure and thus preclude consequent sequelae of toxicant-induced metabolic alteration.</p>
<p>Toxicant exposure within vehicles remains poorly studied but represents a chief source of air pollution for many women in the western world. With a small volume of air inside the cabin of most vehicles and the disproportionately high concentration of airborne contaminants delivered to this confined space originating from (i) surrounding traffic exhaust containing myriad toxic pollutants [
<xref rid="B172" ref-type="bibr">212</xref>
,
<xref rid="B173" ref-type="bibr">213</xref>
], (ii) emissions off-gassing from assorted metal, plastic, and petroleum components from a heated engine, and (iii) discharges from upholstery, air fresheners, plastic components, flame retardants, and so on within the cabin, vehicle inhabitants are continuously inhaling untold concentrations of airborne contaminants [
<xref rid="B173" ref-type="bibr">213</xref>
]. As many women, including those who are pregnant, spend more than one hour per day in their cars, respiring about 400–500 litres of contaminated air each hour, credible air filtration and purification within the car is extremely effective in diminishing toxic exposure to the mother and developing child.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec4.1.2">
<title>4.1.2. Maternal Occupational Exposures</title>
<p>There is extensive evidence in the literature that maternal occupational exposure to adverse chemicals in a variety of jobs and professions is directly linked to adverse outcomes in children [
<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
,
<xref rid="B174" ref-type="bibr">214</xref>
<xref rid="B177" ref-type="bibr">217</xref>
], a fact that is often ignored in health discussions with pregnant women. For example, childhood leukemia has been strongly associated with maternal exposure to solvents, paints, and petroleum products during pregnancy as what might occur in a variety of occupations [
<xref rid="B178" ref-type="bibr">218</xref>
]. In fact, women working with solvents in pregnancy have a dramatically higher rate of children born with cardiac and neurological abnormalities [
<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
] and their offspring are also more likely to obtain lower scores on intellectual, language, motor, and neurobehavioral functioning [
<xref rid="B177" ref-type="bibr">217</xref>
].</p>
<p>Occupations involving maternal exposure to traffic-related air pollution may place offspring at increased risk for adverse outcomes including cardiac defects [
<xref rid="B179" ref-type="bibr">219</xref>
,
<xref rid="B180" ref-type="bibr">220</xref>
] while maternal work as a janitor or maid, where airborne exposure to potentially toxic cleaning agents often occurs, has been associated with a number of major birth abnormalities [
<xref rid="B181" ref-type="bibr">221</xref>
]. Gestational exposure to hormone disrupting chemicals has resulted in male offspring of hairdressers and agricultural workers being more likely to exhibit genital malformations [
<xref rid="B182" ref-type="bibr">222</xref>
]. As more and more evidence emerges about toxicant exposures in the workplace and associated adverse pediatric outcomes, it is clearly in the interests of society and individuals to be aware of the risks associated with assorted occupational exposures and for adequate precautionary avoidance to be instituted through locale change or credible air purification and ventilation in the workplace prior to the onset of pregnancy.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec4.1.3">
<title>4.1.3. Food Choices: Insecticide and Herbicide Exposures</title>
<p>There is escalating concern about the potential impact of various common pesticides that are in widespread use [
<xref rid="B135" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>
,
<xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">179</xref>
,
<xref rid="B183" ref-type="bibr">223</xref>
]. While some uncertainty remains about the definitive impact of all the available pesticides in common usage, repeated studies have shown that detectable exposure to assorted insecticides and herbicides is linked to neurological and cardiovascular problems, as well as increased rates of various cancers in offspring of exposed women [
<xref rid="B187" ref-type="bibr">178</xref>
,
<xref rid="B185" ref-type="bibr">180</xref>
,
<xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">181</xref>
,
<xref rid="B184" ref-type="bibr">224</xref>
<xref rid="B193" ref-type="bibr">230</xref>
]. As a result, the discussion about the need to consume a credible organic diet remains a hot topic of debate.</p>
<p>While there has been disagreement about whether the nutritional content of credible organic food (where pesticide use has not been incorporated into the production of such food) is superior to regular conventional foods, the substantive difference is the higher amount of chemical residue found on conventionally grown produce (where pesticide use is employed) [
<xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">231</xref>
]. Various studies have confirmed that an organic food diet is associated with a significant decrease in the detectable levels of various toxic pesticides [
<xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">231</xref>
<xref rid="B196" ref-type="bibr">233</xref>
] and a consequent avoidance of maternal exposure to these agents. It might therefore be prudent to minimize intake of potentially toxic pesticides prior to and during gestation by consuming a diet low in pesticide residues.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec4.1.4">
<title>4.1.4. Exposure to Toxic Elements and Prenatal Supplement Contamination</title>
<p>It is increasingly evident that exposure to various toxic inorganic elements such as mercury, lead, and cadmium through contamination of foodstuffs [
<xref rid="B197" ref-type="bibr">234</xref>
], dental materials [
<xref rid="B198" ref-type="bibr">235</xref>
,
<xref rid="B199" ref-type="bibr">236</xref>
], vehicle exhaust [
<xref rid="B200" ref-type="bibr">237</xref>
], and many other sources [
<xref rid="B198" ref-type="bibr">235</xref>
,
<xref rid="B201" ref-type="bibr">238</xref>
,
<xref rid="B202" ref-type="bibr">239</xref>
] is ubiquitous [
<xref rid="B203" ref-type="bibr">240</xref>
]. Cord blood studies have confirmed that developing children are routinely being exposed to toxic elements as a result of in utero contamination [
<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>
,
<xref rid="B151" ref-type="bibr">165</xref>
,
<xref rid="B204" ref-type="bibr">241</xref>
]. Accordingly, increasing study has endeavored to determine the potential toxicity associated with toxic metal and metalloid exposure. For example, gestational mercury exposure has received significant attention, as elevated maternal levels have been linked in offspring to impaired cognition, small for gestation age, and cardiovascular effects in later life [
<xref rid="B205" ref-type="bibr">195</xref>
,
<xref rid="B209" ref-type="bibr">196</xref>
,
<xref rid="B206" ref-type="bibr">242</xref>
<xref rid="B210" ref-type="bibr">245</xref>
]. Such findings have persuaded regulatory bodies to caution women against excessive consumption of contaminated seafood, a common source of toxic mercury exposure [
<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>
].</p>
<p>At low doses, gestational lead exposure has been associated with infant neurotoxicity and delayed development [
<xref rid="B213" ref-type="bibr">193</xref>
,
<xref rid="B211" ref-type="bibr">246</xref>
,
<xref rid="B212" ref-type="bibr">247</xref>
], as well as an increased risk of pediatric allergic disease [
<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
]. Accordingly, over the last 50 years the defined “safe” level of lead exposure in pregnancy and childhood has been repeatedly revised and lowered as research uncovers the effects of increasingly minute amounts of this toxic heavy metal. More recently, it has been determined that no level of lead exposure appears to be “safe” and even what is defined as a “low” level of exposure in children may be associated with neurodevelopmental deficits [
<xref rid="B212" ref-type="bibr">247</xref>
]. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists now recommends that all pregnant women be screened for lead exposure and, recognizing the serious risk, advises avoidance of breastfeeding if a certain measurable threshold is reached [
<xref rid="B214" ref-type="bibr">248</xref>
]. Fetal gestational exposure to other toxic elements including cadmium, arsenic, and titanium are also associated with adverse outcomes [
<xref rid="B215" ref-type="bibr">249</xref>
<xref rid="B221" ref-type="bibr">255</xref>
].</p>
<p>There are various potential and unsuspected sources of toxic element exposure. A couple of recent research studies, for example, have found various teas to be a source of toxic elements [
<xref rid="B197" ref-type="bibr">234</xref>
,
<xref rid="B222" ref-type="bibr">256</xref>
]. Another noteworthy potential source of toxic element contamination for pregnant women is polluted prenatal supplements. It is routine for most women in the western world to consume prenatal supplements during pregnancy, the most common of which is a general vitamin and mineral supplement. Pregnant women are advised to do so in order to secure the nutritional needs of their developing child. However, a recent study confirmed that many prenatal supplements are contaminated with toxic elements, particularly lead, a bioaccumulative and teratogenic toxic element [
<xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>
]. The daily ingestion of bioaccumulative toxic metals throughout pregnancy can present a serious danger and potentially have an adverse impact on the development and enduring well-being of the child.</p>
<p>Accordingly, it is important for maternity practitioners to caution their patients about this potential source of contamination and for such health providers to secure knowledge of safe, nonpolluted supplements. In addition, regulatory bodies may wish to consider published recommendations to increase the safety of commonly used supplements [
<xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>
]. It may also be important to identify and label the source of supplement ingredients, as inexpensive raw materials originating from heavily polluted parts of the world are commonly used in manufacturing supplements and may be associated with more contamination [
<xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>
].</p>
<p>In review, chemical toxicant exposure has become an expanding and ubiquitous problem. From morning to night, unsuspecting women are being exposed to a spectrum of toxic chemicals in their work, homes, community gathering sites, and places of leisure that have potential adverse impact on developing children. As discussed in paper entitled Nowhere to Hide [
<xref rid="B223" ref-type="bibr">257</xref>
], published nearly 10 years ago in Reproductive Toxicology: “Contemporary reproductive aged women and their offspring are facing an unprecedented onslaught of toxicant exposures from myriad sources in their day-to-day life” [
<xref rid="B223" ref-type="bibr">257</xref>
]. Matters relating to toxicology, however, have historically failed as a field to elicit efficient and timely decision-making in public health [
<xref rid="B224" ref-type="bibr">258</xref>
]. With extensive evidence now linking maternal toxicant exposures to adverse fetal outcomes, it is certainly time to respond.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec4.2">
<title>4.2. Electrical Exposures</title>
<p>Another exposure that remains generally unrecognized in gestational care is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) [
<xref rid="B225" ref-type="bibr">259</xref>
]. Recent research is raising concern about the impact of exposure in pregnancy to energy fields emitted by wireless systems, power lines, various electronic devices, and ubiquitous mobile and cell phones [
<xref rid="B225" ref-type="bibr">259</xref>
<xref rid="B237" ref-type="bibr">271</xref>
]. Recent laboratory research from Yale University, for example, demonstrated that pregnant mice exposed to cell phone radiation produced offspring with hyperactivity and poorer memories compared to a nonexposed control group [
<xref rid="B229" ref-type="bibr">263</xref>
]. In human study, UCLA researchers studied large groups of mothers and children, finding that regular prenatal cellphone exposure to expectant mothers was associated with elevated risk for pediatric behavioral disorders and hyperactivity among their offspring [
<xref rid="B227" ref-type="bibr">261</xref>
,
<xref rid="B228" ref-type="bibr">262</xref>
].</p>
<p>Recent evidence in human study also demonstrates that maternal EMR exposure emitted by mobile phones may lead to an increased fetal heart rate and decreased cardiac output [
<xref rid="B238" ref-type="bibr">272</xref>
] while close residential proximity to sources of extremely low frequency EMR in pregnancy is associated with a significant decrease in birth weight [
<xref rid="B239" ref-type="bibr">273</xref>
]. Furthermore, EMR exposure in pregnancy has been linked to a dose-dependent increase in the risk of miscarriage [
<xref rid="B240" ref-type="bibr">274</xref>
,
<xref rid="B241" ref-type="bibr">275</xref>
]. Recent epidemiological evidence also suggests that maternal EMR exposure may also be linked to the development of asthma in offspring [
<xref rid="B242" ref-type="bibr">276</xref>
]. In addition, exposure to wireless radiation in general has the potential to damage or destroy neurological cells [
<xref rid="B243" ref-type="bibr">277</xref>
], and rats prenatally exposed to wireless radiation also show evidence of spinal cord damage [
<xref rid="B237" ref-type="bibr">271</xref>
]. While definitive conclusive evidence is hard to obtain as observational research may be confounded by a multiplicity of exposures, emerging evidence of potential risks associated with EMR exposure in pregnancy warrants a precautionary gestational approach. While some naysayers contend that such exposure is everywhere and cannot be avoided, simple measures can be taught through preconception and prenatal education to considerably diminish maternal and fetal exposure to EMR.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec4.3">
<title>4.3. Emerging Exposures of Concern</title>
<sec id="sec4.3.1">
<title>4.3.1. Paternal Exposures</title>
<p>Another area of consideration is the role of paternal exposure and birth outcomes. While not extensively studied, there are several indications that male chemical and electrical exposures can impact the developing child [
<xref rid="B176" ref-type="bibr">216</xref>
,
<xref rid="B244" ref-type="bibr">278</xref>
]. For example, paternal exposure to certain solvents in the year prior to conception is linked with an increased rate of childhood cancer [
<xref rid="B245" ref-type="bibr">279</xref>
]. Specific occupations have been repeatedly linked to birth defects, including artists, landscapers and groundskeepers, gas and petroleum workers, sawmill employees, chemical workers, farmers, firemen, and printers [
<xref rid="B246" ref-type="bibr">280</xref>
<xref rid="B249" ref-type="bibr">283</xref>
], likely due to repeated job-related chemical exposures.</p>
<p>The exact mechanisms of toxicant-induced harm from the paternal side have not been elucidated but likely occur as a result of some combination of exposures. First, it may be that the father transfers toxicants to his partner in semen and thus elevates her toxicant burden. Secondly, the paternal exposure may affect the genetics of his sperm, which eventually fertilize the egg and thus influence fetal development [
<xref rid="B250" ref-type="bibr">284</xref>
]. Finally, the father may come home with contamination from his work on clothing that the mother may inhale on contact or through washing clothes. It is important that practitioners alert couples to the possibility of such exposure.</p>
<p>In addition to adverse chemical exposures, there is also concern about the fetal impact of paternal EMR radiation. With an increased tendency towards malformations among children of men in some high EMR exposed occupations [
<xref rid="B251" ref-type="bibr">285</xref>
], researchers have surmised that paternal EMR exposure may be a factor in adverse gestational and pediatric outcomes. Significant electrical exposure of fathers, for example, has been associated with higher rates of preterm birth [
<xref rid="B252" ref-type="bibr">286</xref>
]. The developments of atypical sperm, chromosomal aberrations, and congenital defects in offspring have also been linked in some cases to male EMR exposure [
<xref rid="B251" ref-type="bibr">285</xref>
,
<xref rid="B253" ref-type="bibr">287</xref>
<xref rid="B256" ref-type="bibr">290</xref>
]. Fathers employed in industries with higher than average EMR exposure have been noted to have offspring with higher rates of subsequent brain and spinal cord tumours [
<xref rid="B253" ref-type="bibr">287</xref>
,
<xref rid="B254" ref-type="bibr">288</xref>
]. More research needs to be undertaken to conclusively determine the link between paternal EMR exposure and reproductive outcomes, but preliminary evidence suggests that young couples should be apprised of the potential risk so that precautionary measures may be considered.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec4.3.2">
<title>4.3.2. Nanoparticles</title>
<p>There continues to be the manufacture and release of new types of potential toxicants for which there are uncertain sequelae on human health. Expanding production and release of engineered nanoparticles, for example, may be affecting human health including the health of pregnant mothers and their offspring [
<xref rid="B257" ref-type="bibr">291</xref>
]. In developed cultures, these ultraminuscule agents are being incorporated into an ever-increasing number of products. For example, reproductive aged women are routinely exposed through some processed foods containing nanoparticles [
<xref rid="B258" ref-type="bibr">292</xref>
] (increasingly being used as a mechanism for flavor enhancement) and through cosmetics for esthetic purposes [
<xref rid="B259" ref-type="bibr">293</xref>
] as well as in sunscreen lotions.</p>
<p>The field of nanotoxicology [
<xref rid="B260" ref-type="bibr">294</xref>
] is gathering more and more attention with the finding that these exceptionally small agents can bypass human defense mechanisms and penetrate into cells and disrupt biological function [
<xref rid="B261" ref-type="bibr">295</xref>
<xref rid="B263" ref-type="bibr">297</xref>
]. Of particular note is emerging animal study that raises concern in relation to gestational exposure to some types of nanoparticles [
<xref rid="B264" ref-type="bibr">298</xref>
]. Recent study, for example, confirms that nanoparticles cross the placenta, some nanoparticles are linked to fetal neurotoxicity [
<xref rid="B265" ref-type="bibr">299</xref>
], and specific nanoparticles are associated with structural and functional abnormalities within the placenta [
<xref rid="B265" ref-type="bibr">299</xref>
]. Simple instruction can be provided to prospective mothers alerting them to the risks of nanoparticle exposure and educating them about means to minimize exposure to these potentially teratogenic agents.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec4.3.3">
<title>4.3.3. Genetically Modified Foods</title>
<p>There has been widespread manufacture, release, and consumption of genetically engineered or transgenic foods—foodstuffs where the basic genetic material of the food has been modified to allegedly enhance some aspect in the continuum of food growth, production, and food provision. For example, there has been the recent manufacture and release of genetically modified salmon; in this case, the gene modification results in persistent release of growth hormone to facilitate enlarged fish to purportedly increase food availability [
<xref rid="B266" ref-type="bibr">300</xref>
]. While unchecked growth hormone in humans is considered pathological, long-term outcomes of consuming fish tissues stimulated by incessant growth hormone are uncertain. There has also been concern expressed about the potential impact of uptake and incorporation of modified genetic material from such foods into the human biome [
<xref rid="B267" ref-type="bibr">301</xref>
], as recent study has confirmed that components of genetically modified foods are now found in nearly all pregnant women and their developing children [
<xref rid="B268" ref-type="bibr">302</xref>
].</p>
<p>Much is uncertain about the potential risks and consequences associated with the consumption of transgenic foods as this recent technology does not have the benefit of independent long-term outcome study. As many processed foods now contain genetically modified components, however, this issue has become an intensely controversial topic, particularly as there is no regulation to label such foods and to provide consumers with choice in food selection. While many food regulators in North America contend that these ingested products are totally safe, regulators in some other jurisdictions have come to different conclusions resulting in the banning of such foodstuffs in many European nations. Until more is known about the lasting impact of these food alterations, some maternity health providers have encouraged and taught a precautionary approach in order to preclude any yet unforeseen risk.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec5">
<title>5. The Economic, Emotional, and Social Costs of Preventable Gestational Complications</title>
<p>The short- and long-term fiscal expenditures associated with preventable gestational complications are enormous and provide an incalculable load on already overburdened healthcare systems. According to FIGO, the global health and economic burden related to toxic environmental chemicals is in excess of billions of dollars every year [
<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
]. The enduring costs of caring for offspring with chronic disabilities as a result of health problems resulting from gestational toxic exposure are untold. Nutritional deficiency in pregnancy is also associated with massive consumption of resources [
<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>
]. For example, preterm birth appears to be a common consequence of nutrient deficiency [
<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>
,
<xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>
,
<xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>
]. As mentioned, the annual costs associated with premature births are overwhelming [
<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
]. Furthermore, many health problems sustained by children born prematurely continue far beyond their childhood years [
<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
] with ongoing economic encumbrance placed on health, education, and social service resources.</p>
<p>The emotional labour and cost to families caring for children with chronic illness are also enormous [
<xref rid="B269" ref-type="bibr">303</xref>
<xref rid="B271" ref-type="bibr">305</xref>
]. A study of mothers whose infants were diagnosed with health problems soon after birth found these women to be at a significantly greater risk of developing postpartum depression [
<xref rid="B272" ref-type="bibr">306</xref>
]. If the childhood diagnosis is not fatal, the ongoing care rarely ends during the pediatric years as the family will usually have to contend with additional, long-term healthcare needs and/or special educational services to optimize their offspring's health outcomes. While these efforts are valiant, prevention of enduring suffering and hardship for families is clearly preferable.</p>
<p>The issue of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in America provides a clear example which highlights the social costs of preventable gestational complication and the need for urgent action in the area of reproductive health services. Autism was a relatively uncommon condition with a prevalence rate of about 2–5 per 10,000 in the 1950s [
<xref rid="B273" ref-type="bibr">307</xref>
]. The occurrence of this chronic neuropsychiatric condition rose steadily to about 1 in 2500 in the mid-1980s and to 1 in 150 by 2002 [
<xref rid="B274" ref-type="bibr">308</xref>
]. The incidence of ASD continued its colossal ascent to a 2015 estimated prevalence by the Centres for Disease Control of 1 in 45 or 2.24% of the pediatric population [
<xref rid="B275" ref-type="bibr">309</xref>
], with no sign of abatement in the near future. Furthermore, there are some local pockets in America such as the Somali community in Minnesota with a 2008 reported rate of 1 in 28 [
<xref rid="B276" ref-type="bibr">310</xref>
]. This is of particular interest since this community often refers to autism in children as the “American Disease” or the “Minnesota Disease” since most in the community report never having heard of it among children in their country of origin. Based on recent and current trends, some research scientists anticipate ASD prevalence rates that are unthinkable over the next two short decades [
<xref rid="B277" ref-type="bibr">311</xref>
]. While genomic research suggests that genetic predisposition can be identified in a smaller percentage of ASD children, mounting evidence submits that exposure of the fetus or infant to adverse environmental toxicity is a significant determinant of this condition [
<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
].</p>
<p>The personal, fiscal, and social costs of this disorder are enormous indeed. As well as the enduring challenges faced by families and healthcare systems in caring for these precious children, the emerging concern about provision and care for the rapidly swelling numbers of young and soon-to-be aging adults with this mental disability is just beginning to unfold. Many parents of ASD children are fearfully asking where the resources will come from and who will provide care for their children when parents are aged and pass on. With the continuing rise of disabled people unable to take care of themselves, to earn a living, or to contribute to the tax base as a result of the rapidly escalating pandemic of chronic illness [
<xref rid="B278" ref-type="bibr">312</xref>
], there is concern about a growing caretaker society where there are more people requiring care than there are people able to take care of them. Preventing ASD and other developmental afflictions by addressing modifiable gestational determinants that are often etiologically involved in such disorders has evident benefits.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec6">
<title>6. Practical Application of Preconception Care</title>
<p>The medical community has made great efforts to develop and deliver prenatal care over the last few decades, resulting in a significant decline in the number of women who do not receive gestational healthcare, and with overall improved outcomes for at-risk populations [
<xref rid="B279" ref-type="bibr">313</xref>
,
<xref rid="B280" ref-type="bibr">314</xref>
]. At this point in history, however, a leading maternal health journal has declared that the next “maternal and child health frontier of prevention” lies in preconception care (PCC) [
<xref rid="B281" ref-type="bibr">315</xref>
]. Furthermore, the March of Dimes, an international advocate for maternal and child health, agrees that primary care providers should be taking every opportunity to provide this kind of care for reproductive aged women at “the time when it really can make a difference” [
<xref rid="B282" ref-type="bibr">316</xref>
].</p>
<p>In recent study as to why health providers have failed to provide comprehensive information about toxic exposures in pregnancy despite abundant information in the scientific literature, some respondents claimed that they worried about inflicting stress on pregnant women [
<xref rid="B283" ref-type="bibr">317</xref>
]. Although this is a legitimate concern in the immediate situation, the long-term sequelae of failing to provide crucial instruction in order to preclude adverse gestational outcomes have the potential to induce much more enduring stress and difficulty for all involved. It is important to be aware that rather than taking a negative and fear-inducing approach with patients, it is preferable and more effective from the authors' considerable experience in this area to educate patients on how to “creatively engage” with the realities of the modern world in their particular circumstances. Rather than general platitudes about diet and exposure avoidance, individual patients and couples need to learn how to meet their specific needs.</p>
<p>Accordingly, there has been more and more call for a multifaceted approach to PCC (preconception care) [
<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
,
<xref rid="B281" ref-type="bibr">315</xref>
]: (i) public education; (ii) government regulation of toxicant release into the environment; (iii) provision of targeted group instruction; and (iv) provision of personalized services to address particular requirements. In some sense, all women of reproductive age are potentially preconceptive, and public health measures to educate them about gestational requirements as well as exposures and avoidance could make a substantial difference in outcomes. Although public and societal services and government regulation are beyond the scope of this paper, consideration of healthcare services by maternity health providers will be discussed.</p>
<p>The preconception period is of particular importance for several reasons:
<list list-type="roman-lower">
<list-item>
<p>Most women do not begin to receive prenatal care until part way through or near the end of their first trimester. At this point, much of the critical development has already occurred as the fetus has formed the beginnings of all of its major organs. The first trimester, therefore, represents a most crucial time of exposure avoidance and adequate nutrition.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Given that some women feel fatigued or less than optimal during the first trimester of pregnancy, it is a challenging time to start suggesting that they make significant lifestyle changes. If they are apprised of necessary information prior to pregnancy, their ability to plan and prepare is greatly increased.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Certain interventions are not advisable during pregnancy (i.e., specific immunizations, detoxification); and appropriate interventions performed prior to conception can optimize outcomes.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Certain medical conditions and pharmaceutical use are best addressed ahead of conception (i.e., diabetes control, antidepressant medication [
<xref rid="B284" ref-type="bibr">318</xref>
]) and may require significant amounts of time to effectively address (i.e., smoking cessation, alcohol/drug use).</p>
</list-item>
</list>
Accordingly we recommend and offer PCC to all reproductive aged women in the form of generalized instruction as well as individualized personal care.</p>
<p>Generalized classes are offered in our clinic which provide an overview of important gestational determinants discussed in the scientific literature and which offer lifestyle and environmental choices that deliver the best chance of having optimal pregnancies and delivering healthy, happy children. Instructions on practical aspects of nutrition, dietary measures, toxicant avoidance, prudent supplement use, and other lifestyle interventions are systematically discussed (see Appendix). Measures to secure clean air, water, and foodstuffs are incorporated into group discussions. These are provided on a regular basis at the medical clinic and are well-received.</p>
<p>Personalized PCC services are offered by physicians in our clinic. Dietary and nutritional histories are taken and environmental exposure inventories are completed (see Appendix) and discussed in detail. Required counselling to provide practical solutions to preclude toxic exposures is included in the preconception care visits. Patients should be educated about how to avoid toxic environmental chemicals and providers should learn about resources in the community that can assist in education. In our view, all members of the reproductive healthcare team need to be apprised of the information found in the scientific literature and to acquire the necessary skills to provide this type of instruction.</p>
<p>For patients keen to be assessed for an already existing internal dose of toxicant bioaccumulation, toxicological testing is discussed and offered. If individuals are found to have accrued a considerable dose of toxicants on testing, medical intervention is provided to address and substantially eliminate the burden of toxicants prior to pregnancy [
<xref rid="B163" ref-type="bibr">206</xref>
,
<xref rid="B164" ref-type="bibr">207</xref>
,
<xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">209</xref>
,
<xref rid="B167" ref-type="bibr">210</xref>
,
<xref rid="B285" ref-type="bibr">319</xref>
,
<xref rid="B286" ref-type="bibr">320</xref>
] in order to preclude exposure to the fetus. Eliminating the toxicant burden and precluding the passage of teratogens to the vulnerable fetus have clear benefit.</p>
<p>
<italic>Examples of Specific Recommendations Routinely Discussed in Preconception Care</italic>
</p>
<p>
<italic>(I) Secure Food Health and Safety </italic>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Caution must be taken with supplements chosen during gestation [
<xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Minimize refined sugar intake in pregnancy [
<xref rid="B319" ref-type="bibr">321</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<italic>(II) Secure Maternal and Fetal Sufficiency </italic>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Avoid common nutritional deficiencies in pregnancy (
<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>
).</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Secure optimal fetal biome development:</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>For example, consider vaginal swab seeding in Caesarean sections [
<xref rid="B147" ref-type="bibr">161</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>For example, avoid gestational antibiotic use if possible.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<italic>(III) Precautionary Avoidance of Adverse Chemical Exposure [
<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
]</italic>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Avoid exposure to adverse chemicals in air, water, and food, as much as possible [
<xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Avoid foods that are contaminated with pesticides [
<xref rid="B320" ref-type="bibr">322</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Avoid seafood in pregnancy [
<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>
].</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<italic> (IV) Precautionary Avoidance of Electromagnetic Radiation [
<xref rid="B225" ref-type="bibr">259</xref>
<xref rid="B237" ref-type="bibr">271</xref>
] </italic>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Avoid carrying mobile phones, cordless or cell phones, anywhere on the body.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Only use cell phones on a speaker setting as far away from the body as possible.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Avoid the use of wireless systems in the home or car.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Establish a hard-wired system for computer use in the home and workplace.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Avoid being in close proximity to routers and smart meters.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec7">
<title>7. Conclusion</title>
<p>It now appears that while hazards of gestation to the mother have receded considerably over the last many years, hazards to the fetus seem to be growing. Moreover, while increasing attention has been devoted over the last decade to screening techniques in order to identify fetal abnormalities and to provide the option of pregnancy termination, there is little recognition that many obstetrical and fetal health problems can be entirely precluded if adequate precaution is taken. Modification of such determinants has the potential to prevent the development of maternal or fetal problems and also to obviate the difficult choice of pregnancy dissolution. Furthermore, the expanding range of fetal screening measures is unable to predetermine the overwhelming majority of common pediatric afflictions such as autism, allergic disease, pediatric cancer, and learning disability. The recent realization that many of these conditions are often related to modifiable gestational determinants [
<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
,
<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
,
<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>
,
<xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>
,
<xref rid="B287" ref-type="bibr">185</xref>
] and can be prevented in many cases by informed preconception and gestational choices demands an official response from the medical community. So what can be done?</p>
<p>Nelson Mandela's admonition that “education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world” is particularly apposite with regard to preconception care. Although there are some individuals who, despite adequate education, will continue to engage in high risk activities for fetal harm in pregnancy such as smoking and alcohol use, most prospective parents are keen to be apprised of and to implement necessary measures to maximize health outcomes for their developing child. With the majority of the gestational population deficient in required nutrients [
<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>
] and recent cord blood testing confirming widespread prepollution with disease-inducing toxic chemicals [
<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>
,
<xref rid="B151" ref-type="bibr">165</xref>
], there is much that remains to be done to optimize outcomes in pregnancy. It appears unethical and unscientific for the medical community to withhold essential and available information from prospective parents which would empower them to avoid serious preventable illness in their children. Furthermore, with the totality of available scientific evidence that now exists in the literature on the potential to modify disease-causing gestational determinants, failure to implement necessary precautionary education may render members of the medical community collectively and individually culpable and liable for preventable illness in children. So where does the problem rest?</p>
<p>A recent survey of American obstetricians revealed that the overwhelming majority of maternal health providers have come to recognize the profound impact of environmental determinants on reproductive health and the instrumental role that physicians might play in prevention of obstetric and pediatric sequelae [
<xref rid="B283" ref-type="bibr">317</xref>
]. Despite this awareness, however, less than 20% of respondents routinely question their patients about potential adverse exposures [
<xref rid="B283" ref-type="bibr">317</xref>
], as more than 90% claim they have had no training in the field of environmental health sciences and toxic exposures [
<xref rid="B283" ref-type="bibr">317</xref>
]. While most physicians have the skills to provide education about smoking, alcohol, and drug cessation, the plethora of other equally or more serious potential exposures continues to accumulate and health providers lack training in assessing or dealing with this modern reality. Furthermore, broad training about practical nutritional biochemistry including requirements and common deficiencies has long been absent in the education of medical health professionals [
<xref rid="B288" ref-type="bibr">323</xref>
].</p>
<p>The special communication by FIGO at the recent scientific assembly recommended that environmental health becomes a fundamental part of healthcare [
<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
] and concluded that “on the basis of accumulating robust evidence of exposures and adverse health impacts related to toxic environmental chemicals, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) joins other leading reproductive health professional societies in calling for timely action to prevent harm” [
<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
]. Along with societal efforts through educational systems, government programs, and media initiatives to secure knowledge translation in the area of preconception care, it is the authors' recommendation that such care with explicit education and instruction about common deficiencies as well as avoiding and addressing toxicant exposure and bioaccumulation be adopted immediately and become the required standard of care in reproductive health services; the consequences for individuals, for society, and for the medical community of failing to do so are far too high.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<app-group>
<app>
<title>Appendix</title>
<p>The following is an extract from Preconception Care Questionnaire for patients.</p>
<sec id="secA">
<title>Preconception Care Questionnaire</title>
<p>Name: — </p>
<p>Pregnancy is a very exciting time in a woman's life. It has the potential to bring great joy and anticipation as you await the arrival of your child. When challenges arise in pregnancy or with the developing child, families can suffer significant anxiety and uncertainty. By creatively engaging with some of the realities of modern society, decisions and choices can be made to optimize the outcomes of your pregnancy and the health and well-being of both mother and child(ren). In this Preconception Care (PCC) program, every effort will be made to provide you with practical information that will allow you to maximize your health and the health of your future child(ren). To clarify, PCC (preconception care) is the care of women
<italic> prior to their conceiving a child</italic>
, in order to optimize their health during pregnancy and the health of their future children.</p>
<p>The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, a medical group which monitors maternal health care throughout the world, recently released a special communication regarding a particular concern for pregnant women. They stated that “
<italic>Exposure to toxic environmental chemicals during pregnancy and breastfeeding is ubiquitous and is a threat to healthy human reproduction. There are tens of thousands of chemicals in global commerce, and even small exposures to toxic chemicals during pregnancy can trigger adverse health consequences</italic>
”. In our clinic, we endeavor to make sure you will receive all the nutrients you need in pregnancy, but also carefully assess for possible exposures that might cause problems for you or your developing child(ren). By learning about measures to avoid or eliminate toxic exposures, you can avoid the risks and worry associated with adverse health consequences as mentioned above.</p>
<p>With PCC, we aim to educate patients and their partners about the potential benefits and harms in their everyday environment and to teach them how lifestyle modifications can have a profound and positive impact on health outcomes for them and their children. This program will approach patient care by regularly reviewing emerging scientific literature and translating that information into practical recommendations for healthy living and optimal health.</p>
<p>Through a series of individual appointments, you will be invited to review the questionnaire with the physician. There are also biweekly classes at our clinic. There are specific classes which are particularly relevant to this program that you will be encouraged to attend, but an entire class schedule will be available to you.</p>
<p>We look forward to working with you,</p>
<p>Dr. Stephen J. Genuis and Dr. Rebecca A. Genuis.</p>
<p>
<italic>Diet and Nutrition</italic>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Please give three average (for you) daily breakfasts:</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Please give three average (for you) daily mid-morning snacks:</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Please give three average (for you) daily lunches:</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Please give three average (for you) daily mid-afternoon snacks:</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Please give three average (for you) daily dinners:</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Please give three average (for you) daily evening snacks:</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Which supplements do you take?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you eat seafood?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>How many servings per week? —</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Type of seafood (e.g., salmon, tuna, etc.) —</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>What percent of your diet is organic?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Regular—%</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Organic—%</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>What percentage of the food you consume is</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Cooked? —%</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Raw? —%</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you eat genetically modified foods?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Don't know—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you eat irradiated food?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Don't know—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you eat food with trans-fat?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Don't know—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Are you exposed to fumes from cooking oils?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>None—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Little—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Moderate amount—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Quite a lot—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>What kind of oil do you use to cook with?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you eat a lot of processed food?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Never—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Rarely—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Moderate Amount—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Frequently—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you use artificial sweeteners such as Aspartame, Splenda or Nutra Sweet?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>None—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Little—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Moderate amount—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Quite a lot—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>On average, how many times per week do you eat at restaurants or fast food establishments?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you have an induction stove top?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you eat margarine regularly?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you use aluminum cookware?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you use any non-stick cookware?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>How much of the following beverages do you consume regularly and have you linked any symptoms with drinking them?</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Beer: Number of bottles per week—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Wine: Number of glasses per week—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Coffee - Caffeinated: Number of cups per 24 hours—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Coffee - Decaffeinated: Number of cups per 24 hours—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Regular Tea: Number of cups per 24 hours—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Herbal Tea: Number of cups per 24 hours—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Pop - Regular: Number of glasses per 24 hours—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Diet Pop: Number of glasses per 24 hours—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you regularly drink from plastic containers?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you drink carbonated (fizzy) drinks?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Never—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Rarely—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Moderate Amount—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Frequently—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you eat fruits and vegetables on a regular basis?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>How many servings/day?—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you eat raw nuts?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>How many servings/week?—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<italic>Human Chemical Exposure Assessment</italic>
</p>
<p>
<italic>(1) Exposure to Smoke</italic>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Are you currently a smoker?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>If yes, average number of cigarettes per day:</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>If yes, total number of years smoked throughout your life?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>— years</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>If yes, how many times have you previously tried to quit smoking?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>If not currently smoking, have you ever been a smoker?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>If yes, for how many years?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>If stopped smoking previously, which year did you stop?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Are you the regular recipient of second-hand smoke?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Are you often exposed to smoke from candles or campfires?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Are you often exposed to smoke from barbeques?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<italic>(2) Inhalant Exposures</italic>
</p>
<p>Are you regularly exposed to:
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Fabric Softener</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Scented Products</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Glues</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Bleach</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Perfume/Cologne</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Incense</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Furniture Polish</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Disinfectants</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Air Fresheners</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Printers/photocopy machines?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Gasoline fumes</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Paint thinner</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Nail Polish/Remover</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>New carpet</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Paint</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Dry cleaning</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Cosmetics</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Solvents</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Industry fumes</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Dust</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you have Hepa filtration in your home?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Please provide details—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you have a mechanism to have ongoing ventilation in your home?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Please provide details—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<italic>(3) Mold & Mycotoxins</italic>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Is there mold in your home or workplace?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Don't know—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Have you ever been exposed to indoor mold?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Don't know—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you have a humidifier in your home?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you have any water stains on your ceilings?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<italic>(4) Motor Vehicles</italic>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>How much time do you spend in total in the average day in a motor vehicle?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p></p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Has your car ever had treatment for seat, leather, upholstery or stain protection?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Don't know—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<italic>Human Electrical Exposure Assessment</italic>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Are you aware of the health concerns related to electromagnetic radiation exposure?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Aware—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Have heard of it—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Not aware—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you use a cell phone or tablet on a regular basis?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you use a cordless phone on a regular basis?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you use compact fluorescent light-bulbs in your home?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you have any electric heating in your home?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you use an electric blanket?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you use a heating pad?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you spend much time under fluorescent lights?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you have any dimmer switches in your home?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you use tanning salons?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Never—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Occasionally—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Regularly—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you have an electrical device such as a clock radio near to your head overnight?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you currently live close to overhead Power Lines?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you currently live close to a Power Generating Station?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Are various power and electrical devices in close proximity to your body on a regular basis?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Hair dryer</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Electric shaver</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Vacuum cleaner</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Power tools</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Massage Chair</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Sewing machine</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you use an electric or battery powered toothbrush</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you use a laptop computer on your lap?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>How often?—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you have a wireless computer network in your home or workplace?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Home—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Workplace—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Both—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you have a wireless security system in your home or workplace?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Home—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Workplace—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Both—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Do you have a communications satellite emitting signal close to your home or workplace?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>How close?—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Are you aware of the health concerns related to dirty electricity or stray voltage?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Does your car have a seat warmer that you sometimes use while driving?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Don't know—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Does the electrical power enter your residence near your bedroom?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Don't know—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Is there a power transformer in your yard?</p>
<p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Yes—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>No—</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label></label>
<p>Don't know—</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</sec>
</app>
</app-group>
<sec>
<title>Competing Interests</title>
<p>The authors declare that there are no competing interests.</p>
</sec>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Spirer</surname>
<given-names>H. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Spirer</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Death and numbers: Semmelweis the statistician</article-title>
<source>
<italic>PSR Quarterly</italic>
</source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>52</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<collab>United States Department of Health Education and Welfare</collab>
<source>
<italic>Infant, Fetal, and Maternal Mortality: United States—1963</italic>
</source>
<year>1966</year>
<publisher-loc>Washington, DC, USA</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>United States Department of Health Education and Welfare</publisher-name>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_20/sr20_003acc.pdf">http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_20/sr20_003acc.pdf</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<comment>United States Department of Health and Human Services. Health—United States 2004, Hyattsville, Md, USA, 2004,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus04.pdf">http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus04.pdf</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Loftin</surname>
<given-names>R. W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Habli</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Snyder</surname>
<given-names>C. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cormier</surname>
<given-names>C. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lewis</surname>
<given-names>D. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Defranco</surname>
<given-names>E. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Late preterm birth</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>10</fpage>
<lpage>19</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20508778</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Beck</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wojdyla</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Say</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Bulletin of the World Health Organization</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>31</fpage>
<lpage>38</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2471/BLT.08.062554</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20428351</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Behrman</surname>
<given-names>R. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Butler</surname>
<given-names>A. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding</surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source>
<italic>Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention</italic>
</source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc>Washington, DC, USA</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>National Academies Press</publisher-name>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dominguez-Bello</surname>
<given-names>M. G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Costello</surname>
<given-names>E. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Contreras</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>107</volume>
<issue>26</issue>
<fpage>11971</fpage>
<lpage>11975</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1002601107</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20566857</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hamilton</surname>
<given-names>B. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Martin</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Osterman</surname>
<given-names>M. J. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Curlin</surname>
<given-names>S. C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source>
<italic>National Vital Statisctics Reports. Births: Preliminary Data for 2013</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</publisher-name>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Whiteford</surname>
<given-names>H. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Degenhardt</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rehm</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Lancet</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>382</volume>
<issue>9904</issue>
<fpage>1575</fpage>
<lpage>1586</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61611-6</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84887259083</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cristescu</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Behrman</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jones</surname>
<given-names>S. V.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chouliaras</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ebmeier</surname>
<given-names>K. P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Be vigilant for perinatal mental health problems</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Practitioner</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>259</volume>
<issue>1780</issue>
<fpage>19</fpage>
<lpage>23, 2-3</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26062269</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Durnwald</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Gestational diabetes: linking epidemiology, excessive gestational weight gain, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and future metabolic syndrome</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Seminars in Perinatology</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>254</fpage>
<lpage>258</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/j.semperi.2015.05.002</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84937975336</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26093518</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Perrin</surname>
<given-names>J. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bloom</surname>
<given-names>S. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gortmaker</surname>
<given-names>S. L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The increase of childhood chronic conditions in the United States</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of the American Medical Association</italic>
</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>297</volume>
<issue>24</issue>
<fpage>2755</fpage>
<lpage>2759</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.297.24.2755</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-34347238256</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17595277</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Evolution in pediatric health care</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Pediatrics International</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>640</fpage>
<lpage>643</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1442-200X.2010.03106.x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20202152</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Di Renzo</surname>
<given-names>G. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Conry</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Blake</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics opinion on reproductive health impacts of exposure to toxic environmental chemicals</article-title>
<source>
<italic>International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>131</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>219</fpage>
<lpage>225</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.09.002</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26433469</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rossignol</surname>
<given-names>D. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Frye</surname>
<given-names>R. E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Environmental toxicants and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Translational Psychiatry</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>4, article e360</volume>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/tp.2014.4</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Herbstman</surname>
<given-names>J. B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sjödin</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kurzon</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>712</fpage>
<lpage>719</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.0901340</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20056561</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>S. N.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hsieh</surname>
<given-names>C. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kuo</surname>
<given-names>H. F.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>The effects of environmental toxins on allergic inflammation</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>478</fpage>
<lpage>484</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4168/aair.2014.6.6.478</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Devereux</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The increase in the prevalence of asthma and allergy: food for thought</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nature Reviews Immunology</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>869</fpage>
<lpage>874</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nri1958</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Reichrtova</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ciznar</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Prachar</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Palkovicova</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Veningerova</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cord serum immunoglobulin E related to the environmental contamination of human placentas with organochlorine compounds</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>107</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>895</fpage>
<lpage>899</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2307/3454477</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10544157</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jedrychowski</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Galas</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pac</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prenatal ambient air exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the occurrence of respiratory symptoms over the first year of life</article-title>
<source>
<italic>European Journal of Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>775</fpage>
<lpage>782</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10654-005-1048-1</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-25444449773</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16170661</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jedrychowski</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Perera</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Maugeri</surname>
<given-names>U.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Intrauterine exposure to lead may enhance sensitization to common inhalant allergens in early childhood: a prospective prebirth cohort study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Research</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>119</fpage>
<lpage>124</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.envres.2010.11.002</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21094490</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Grandjean</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Poulsen</surname>
<given-names>L. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Heilmann</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Steuerwald</surname>
<given-names>U.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Weihe</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Allergy and sensitization during childhood associated with prenatal and lactational exposure to marine pollutants</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>1429</fpage>
<lpage>1433</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1002289</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20562055</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Okada</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sasaki</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Saijo</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and relationship with allergies and infectious diseases in infants</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Research</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>112</volume>
<fpage>118</fpage>
<lpage>125</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.envres.2011.10.003</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22030285</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Miyashita</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sasaki</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Saijo</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of prenatal exposure to dioxin-like compounds on allergies and infections during infancy</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Research</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>551</fpage>
<lpage>558</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.envres.2011.01.021</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-79955103226</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21324443</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Stølevik</surname>
<given-names>S. B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Nygaard</surname>
<given-names>U. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Namork</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins is associated with increased risk of wheeze and infections in infants</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Food and Chemical Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>1843</fpage>
<lpage>1848</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.fct.2011.05.002</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-79958763804</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21571030</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barkai</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Arbuzova</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Berkenstadt</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Heifetz</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cuckle</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Frequency of Down's syndrome and neural-tube defects in the same family</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Lancet</italic>
</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>361</volume>
<issue>9366</issue>
<fpage>1331</fpage>
<lpage>1335</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13080-2</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0242585035</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ray</surname>
<given-names>J. G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wyatt</surname>
<given-names>P. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Thompson</surname>
<given-names>M. D.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Vitamin B12 and the risk of neural tube defects in a folic-acid-fortified population</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>362</fpage>
<lpage>366</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.ede.0000257063.77411.e9</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-34247218125</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17474166</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Khattak</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>K-Moghtader</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>McMartin</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Barrera</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kennedy</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Koren</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to organic solvents: a prospective controlled study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Journal of the American Medical Association</italic>
</source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>281</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>1106</fpage>
<lpage>1109</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.281.12.1106</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0033620399</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10188661</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ormond</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Nieuwenhuijsen</surname>
<given-names>M. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Nelson</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Endocrine disruptors in the workplace, hair spray, folate supplementation, and risk of hypospadias: case-control study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>117</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>303</fpage>
<lpage>307</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.11933</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-60749091238</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19270804</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Paulozzi</surname>
<given-names>L. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>International trends in rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>107</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>297</fpage>
<lpage>302</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.99107297</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0032945377</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10090709</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Knox</surname>
<given-names>E. G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Childhood cancers and atmospheric carcinogens</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>101</fpage>
<lpage>105</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jech.2004.021675</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-12344337261</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15650139</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barker</surname>
<given-names>D. J. P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gluckman</surname>
<given-names>P. D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Robinson</surname>
<given-names>J. S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Conference report: fetal origins of adult disease-report of the first international study group, Sydney, 29-30 October 1994</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Placenta</italic>
</source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>317</fpage>
<lpage>320</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0143-4004(95)90118-3</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0029063052</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7638112</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mirzaei</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Michels</surname>
<given-names>K. B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Munger</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Gestational vitamin D and the risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Annals of Neurology</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>30</fpage>
<lpage>40</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ana.22456</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21786297</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hart</surname>
<given-names>P. H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lucas</surname>
<given-names>R. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Walsh</surname>
<given-names>J. P.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Vitamin D in fetal development: findings from a birth cohort study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Pediatrics</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>135</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>e167</fpage>
<lpage>e173</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1542/peds.2014-1860</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25511121</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nguyen</surname>
<given-names>M. U.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wallace</surname>
<given-names>M. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pepe</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Menheniott</surname>
<given-names>T. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Moss</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Burgner</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Perinatal inflammation: a common factor in the early origins of cardiovascular disease?</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Clinical Science</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>129</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>769</fpage>
<lpage>784</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1042/cs20150045</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26223841</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Weber</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ayoubi</surname>
<given-names>J. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Picone</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Nutrition of pregnant women: consequences for fetal growth and adult diseases</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Archives de Pédiatrie</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>116</fpage>
<lpage>118</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.arcped.2014.10.017</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25440770</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Allen</surname>
<given-names>R. E. E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source>
<italic>Greek Philosophy: Thales to Aristotle</italic>
</source>
<year>1991</year>
<edition>3rd</edition>
<publisher-loc>New York, NY, USA</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>The Free Press</publisher-name>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Adams</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source>
<italic>The Genuine Works of Hippocrates</italic>
</source>
<year>1891</year>
<publisher-loc>New York, NY, USA</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>William Wood and Company</publisher-name>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Our genes are not our destiny: incorporating molecular medicine into clinical practice</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>94</fpage>
<lpage>102</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00808.x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-38349039342</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18211650</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Goldman</surname>
<given-names>S. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Quinlan</surname>
<given-names>P. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ross</surname>
<given-names>G. W.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Solvent exposures and parkinson disease risk in twins</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Annals of Neurology</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>776</fpage>
<lpage>784</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ana.22629</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22083847</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Selmi</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lu</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Humble</surname>
<given-names>M. C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Heritability versus the role of the environment in autoimmunity</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Autoimmunity</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>249</fpage>
<lpage>252</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jaut.2012.07.011</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22980030</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kurtzke</surname>
<given-names>J. F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis: an update with special reference to Europe and the Mediterranean region</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Acta Neurologica Scandinavica</italic>
</source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>65</fpage>
<lpage>80</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-0404.1980.tb03006.x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0018902631</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6971038</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cramer</surname>
<given-names>D. W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The epidemiology of endometrial and ovarian cancer</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>12</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hoc.2011.10.009</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22244658</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hewitt</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gulaid</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hamre</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<comment>Minneapolis Somali Autism Spectrum Disorder Prevalence Project—Research & Training Center on Community Living (RTC), Institute on Community Integration (ICI) University of Minnesota (U of M)2013,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://rtc.umn.edu/autism/doc/Autism_report.pdf">http://rtc.umn.edu/autism/doc/Autism_report.pdf</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>What's out there making us sick?</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Environmental and Public Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>2012</volume>
<fpage>10</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">605137</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2012/605137</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84855261141</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<comment>Office of Genomics and Disease Prevention: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human S. Gene-Environment Interaction Fact Sheet. 2000</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rappaport</surname>
<given-names>S. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>M. T.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Environment and disease risks</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Science</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>330</volume>
<issue>6003</issue>
<fpage>460</fpage>
<lpage>461</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1192603</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20966241</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Powers</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zhu</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hannun</surname>
<given-names>Y. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Substantial contribution of extrinsic risk factors to cancer development</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nature</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>529</volume>
<issue>7584</issue>
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>47</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature16166</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26675728</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The chemical erosion of human health: adverse environmental exposure and in-utero pollution—determinants of congenital disorders and chronic disease</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Perinatal Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>185</fpage>
<lpage>195</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1515/jpm.2006.033</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-33645773914</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16602837</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Langie</surname>
<given-names>S. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Koppen</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Desaulniers</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Causes of genome instability: the effect of low dose chemical exposures in modern society</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Carcinogenesis</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>supplement 1</issue>
<fpage>S61</fpage>
<lpage>S88</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/carcin/bgv031</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26106144</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barton</surname>
<given-names>H. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cogliano</surname>
<given-names>V. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Flowers</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Valcovic</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Setzer</surname>
<given-names>R. W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Woodruff</surname>
<given-names>T. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Assessing susceptibility from early-life exposure to carcinogens</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>113</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>1125</fpage>
<lpage>1133</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.7667</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-25844504236</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16140616</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Makri</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Goveia</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Balbus</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Parkin</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Children's susceptibility to chemicals: a review by developmental stage</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews</italic>
</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>417</fpage>
<lpage>435</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/10937400490512465</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-8444235339</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Birnbaum</surname>
<given-names>L. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fenton</surname>
<given-names>S. E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cancer and developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>389</fpage>
<lpage>394</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.111-a389</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0038746906</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12676588</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<collab>American Academy of Pediatrics</collab>
<source>
<italic>Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2015/10/13/peds.2015-3113.full.pdf">http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2015/10/13/peds.2015-3113.full.pdf</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>55</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Health issues and the environment—an emerging paradigm for providers of obstetrical and gynaecological health care</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Human Reproduction</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>2201</fpage>
<lpage>2208</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/humrep/del181</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-33749572441</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16775159</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<label>56</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Donald</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source>
<italic>Practical Obstetric Problems</italic>
</source>
<year>1979</year>
<publisher-loc>London, UK</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Lloyd-Luke</publisher-name>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<label>57</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>E. H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>I. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kwon</surname>
<given-names>J. Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>S. W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Park</surname>
<given-names>Y. W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The effect of fish consumption on blood mercury levels of pregnant women</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Yonsei Medical Journal</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>626</fpage>
<lpage>633</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3349/ymj.2006.47.5.626</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-33750733249</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17066506</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<label>58</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>George</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mills</surname>
<given-names>J. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Johansson</surname>
<given-names>A. L. V.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Plasma folate levels and risk of spontaneous abortion</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Journal of the American Medical Association</italic>
</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>288</volume>
<issue>15</issue>
<fpage>1867</fpage>
<lpage>1873</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.288.15.1867</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0037120820</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12377085</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<label>59</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<collab>WHO</collab>
<source>
<italic>Constitution of the World Health Organization. Basic Developments</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<edition>45th</edition>
<publisher-loc>Geneva, Switzerland</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>WHO</publisher-name>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf">http://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<label>60</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Nutritional transition: a determinant of global health</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>615</fpage>
<lpage>617</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jech.2004.028985</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-23144465671</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16020633</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<label>61</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pawlick</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source>
<italic>The End of Food</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc>Vancouver, Canada</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Douglas and McIntyre Publishing Group</publisher-name>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<label>62</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hoy</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Swanson</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Seneff</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The high cost of pesticides: human and animal diseases</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Poultry, Fisheries & Wildlife Sciences</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<fpage>p. 132</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4172/2375-446X.1000132</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<label>63</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sonnenburg</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sonnenburg</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source>
<italic>The Good Gut: Taking Control of Your Weight, Your Mood, and Your Long-Term Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc>London, UK</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Bantam Press</publisher-name>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<label>64</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schwalfenberg</surname>
<given-names>G. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Vitamin D, essential minerals, and toxic elements: exploring interactions between nutrients and toxicants in clinical medicine</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Scientific World Journal</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>2015</volume>
<fpage>8</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">318595</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/318595</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84940882318</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<label>65</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Moss</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Drugs as anti-nutrients</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>149</fpage>
<lpage>166</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13590840701352740</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-36649005969</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<label>66</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Werbach</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source>
<italic>Foundations of Nutritional Medicine: A Sourcebook of Clinical Research</italic>
</source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc>Tarzana, Calif, USA</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Third Line Press</publisher-name>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<label>67</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Czeizel</surname>
<given-names>A. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dudás</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prevention of the first occurrence of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The New England Journal of Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>327</volume>
<issue>26</issue>
<fpage>1832</fpage>
<lpage>1835</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/nejm199212243272602</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0027080461</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1307234</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<label>68</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bailey</surname>
<given-names>R. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>West</surname>
<given-names>K. P.</given-names>
<suffix>Jr.</suffix>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Black</surname>
<given-names>R. E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<issue>supplement 2</issue>
<fpage>22</fpage>
<lpage>33</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000371618</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26045325</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<label>69</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>American Academy of Pediatrics</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rose</surname>
<given-names>S. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>American Thyroid Association</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Brown</surname>
<given-names>R. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society</surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Update of newborn screening and therapy for congenital hypothyroidism</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Pediatrics</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>117</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>2290</fpage>
<lpage>2303</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1542/peds.2006-0915</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16740880</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<label>70</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mock</surname>
<given-names>D. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Quirk</surname>
<given-names>J. G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mock</surname>
<given-names>N. I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Marginal biotin deficiency during normal pregnancy</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>295</fpage>
<lpage>299</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0036154636</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11815321</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<label>71</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schwalfenberg</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Siy</surname>
<given-names>A. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rodushkin</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sem</surname>
<given-names>D. S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Toxic element contamination of natural health products and pharmaceutical preparations</article-title>
<source>
<italic>PLoS ONE</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">e49676</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0049676</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<label>72</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<collab>Environmental Working Group</collab>
<article-title>Body burden—the pollution in newborns: a benchmark investigation of industrial chemicals, pollutants and pesticides in umbilical cord blood</article-title>
<comment>(Executive Summary) July 2005,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ewg.org/research/body-burden-pollution-newborns">http://www.ewg.org/research/body-burden-pollution-newborns</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<label>73</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barański</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Średnicka-Tober</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Volakakis</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses</article-title>
<source>
<italic>British Journal of Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>112</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>794</fpage>
<lpage>811</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/s0007114514001366</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24968103</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<label>74</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Holick</surname>
<given-names>M. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>T. C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>1080S</fpage>
<lpage>1086S</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18400738</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<label>75</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schwalfenberg</surname>
<given-names>G. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hiltz</surname>
<given-names>M. N.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vaselenak</surname>
<given-names>S. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Vitamin D status of clinical practice populations at higher latitudes: analysis and applications</article-title>
<source>
<italic>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>151</fpage>
<lpage>173</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph6010151</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-61549085311</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19440275</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<label>76</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal and pediatric health outcomes in relation to gestational vitamin D sufficiency</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Obstetrics and Gynecology International</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>2015</volume>
<fpage>9</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">501829</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/501829</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<label>77</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ramagopalan</surname>
<given-names>S. V.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Heger</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Berlanga</surname>
<given-names>A. J.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>A ChIP-seq defined genome-wide map of vitamin D receptor binding: associations with disease and evolution</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Genome Research</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>1352</fpage>
<lpage>1360</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1101/gr.107920.110</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20736230</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B289">
<label>78</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Exploring the association between maternal and pediatric health outcomes in relation to gestational vitamin d sufficiency</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Obstetrics and Gynecology International</italic>
</source>
<comment>In press</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B111">
<label>79</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>To sea or not to sea: benefits and risks of gestational fish consumption</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Reproductive Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>81</fpage>
<lpage>85</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.08.002</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-53249100300</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18762241</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B107">
<label>80</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barbosa</surname>
<given-names>N. O.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Okay</surname>
<given-names>T. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Leone</surname>
<given-names>C. R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Magnesium and intrauterine growth restriction</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of the American College of Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>10</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/07315724.2005.10719437</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15670979</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B109">
<label>81</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rudnicki</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Frolich</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rasmussen</surname>
<given-names>W. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>McNair</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The effect of magnesium on maternal blood pressure in pregnancy-induced hypertension. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica</italic>
</source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>445</fpage>
<lpage>450</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/00016349109007158</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0026325717</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1763608</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B127">
<label>82</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Doyle</surname>
<given-names>R. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Alber</surname>
<given-names>D. G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jones</surname>
<given-names>H. E.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Term and preterm labour are associated with distinct microbial community structures in placental membranes which are independent of mode of delivery</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Placenta</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>1099</fpage>
<lpage>1101</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.placenta.2014.10.007</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84922401094</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25458966</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B133">
<label>83</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Glasgow</surname>
<given-names>T. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Young</surname>
<given-names>P. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wallin</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Association of intrapartum antibiotic exposure and late-onset serious bacterial infections in infants</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Pediatrics</italic>
</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>116</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>696</fpage>
<lpage>702</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1542/peds.2004-2421</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-33644620522</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16140710</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B131">
<label>84</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mueller</surname>
<given-names>N. T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Whyatt</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hoepner</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prenatal exposure to antibiotics, cesarean section and risk of childhood obesity</article-title>
<source>
<italic>International Journal of Obesity</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>665</fpage>
<lpage>670</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ijo.2014.180</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25298276</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<label>85</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ota</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dambaeva</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Han</surname>
<given-names>A.-R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Beaman</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gilman-Sachs</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kwak-Kim</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for recurrent pregnancy losses by increasing cellular immunity and autoimmunity</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Human Reproduction</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>208</fpage>
<lpage>219</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/humrep/det424</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84893113042</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24277747</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79">
<label>86</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Andersen</surname>
<given-names>L. B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jorgensen</surname>
<given-names>J. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jensen</surname>
<given-names>T. K.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with increased risk of first-trimester miscarriage in the Odense Child Cohort</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>633</fpage>
<lpage>638</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3945/ajcn.114.103655</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26178723</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B290">
<label>87</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lau</surname>
<given-names>S. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gunton</surname>
<given-names>J. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Athayde</surname>
<given-names>N. P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Byth</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cheung</surname>
<given-names>N. W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and glycated haemoglobin levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Medical Journal of Australia</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>194</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>334</fpage>
<lpage>337</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-79955516359</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21470081</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B291">
<label>88</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Soheilykhah</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mojibian</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rashidi</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rahimi-Saghand</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jafari</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal vitamin D status in gestational diabetes mellitus</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nutrition in Clinical Practice</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>524</fpage>
<lpage>527</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0884533610379851</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-78649963290</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20962313</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B82">
<label>89</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bodnar</surname>
<given-names>L. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Catov</surname>
<given-names>J. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Simhan</surname>
<given-names>H. N.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Holick</surname>
<given-names>M. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Powers</surname>
<given-names>R. W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Roberts</surname>
<given-names>J. M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism</italic>
</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>3517</fpage>
<lpage>3522</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/jc.2007-0718</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-34548771389</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17535985</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B292">
<label>90</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Halhali</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bourges</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Carrillo</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Garabedian</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Lower circulating insulin-like growth factor I and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in preeclampsia</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Revista de Investigacion Clinica</italic>
</source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>259</fpage>
<lpage>266</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0029146735</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8525127</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B293">
<label>91</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Halhali</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tovar</surname>
<given-names>A. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Torres</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bourges</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Garabedian</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Larrea</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preeclampsia is associated with low circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in maternal and umbilical cord compartments</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism</italic>
</source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>1828</fpage>
<lpage>1833</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/jcem.85.5.6528</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0034456706</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10843160</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B84">
<label>92</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bodnar</surname>
<given-names>L. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Platt</surname>
<given-names>R. W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Simhan</surname>
<given-names>H. N.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Early-pregnancy vitamin D deficiency and risk of preterm birth subtypes</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Obstetrics & Gynecology</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>125</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>439</fpage>
<lpage>447</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/AOG.0000000000000621</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25569002</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B85">
<label>93</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zhu</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>T. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ge</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kong</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>L. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>High prevalence of maternal vitamin D deficiency in preterm births in northeast China, Shenyang</article-title>
<source>
<italic>International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>1459</fpage>
<lpage>1465</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25973031</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B86">
<label>94</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Merewood</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mehta</surname>
<given-names>S. D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>T. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bauchner</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Holick</surname>
<given-names>M. F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Association between vitamin D deficiency and primary cesarean section</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism</italic>
</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>940</fpage>
<lpage>945</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/jc.2008-1217</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19106272</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B88">
<label>95</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Y.-H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fu</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hao</surname>
<given-names>J.-H.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy elevates the risks of small for gestational age and low birth weight infants in Chinese population</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>100</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>1912</fpage>
<lpage>1919</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/jc.2014-4407</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25774884</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B89">
<label>96</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fu</surname>
<given-names>C. W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>J. T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tu</surname>
<given-names>W. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>J. Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cao</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels measured 24 hours after delivery and postpartum depression</article-title>
<source>
<italic>BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>1688</fpage>
<lpage>1694</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/1471-0528.13111</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25233808</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B294">
<label>97</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zosky</surname>
<given-names>G. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hart</surname>
<given-names>P. H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Whitehouse</surname>
<given-names>A. J. O.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Vitamin D deficiency at 16 to 20 weeks' gestation is associated with impaired lung function and asthma at 6 years of age</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Annals of the American Thoracic Society</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>571</fpage>
<lpage>577</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1513/AnnalsATS.201312-423OC</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84903610678</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24601713</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B295">
<label>98</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Devereux</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Litonjua</surname>
<given-names>A. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Turner</surname>
<given-names>S. W.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>853</fpage>
<lpage>859</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-33847795670</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17344509</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B296">
<label>99</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Whitehouse</surname>
<given-names>A. J. O.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Holt</surname>
<given-names>B. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Serralha</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Holt</surname>
<given-names>P. G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kusel</surname>
<given-names>M. M. H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hart</surname>
<given-names>P. H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal serum vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring neurocognitive development</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Pediatrics</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>129</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>485</fpage>
<lpage>493</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1542/peds.2011-2644</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84857928043</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22331333</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B297">
<label>100</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zhu</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Whitehouse</surname>
<given-names>A. J. O.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hart</surname>
<given-names>P. H.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and bone mass in offspring at 20 years of age: a prospective cohort study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Bone and Mineral Research</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>1088</fpage>
<lpage>1095</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jbmr.2138</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84899046947</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24189972</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B298">
<label>101</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Javaid</surname>
<given-names>M. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Crozier</surname>
<given-names>S. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Harvey</surname>
<given-names>N. C.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Lancet</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>367</volume>
<issue>9504</issue>
<fpage>36</fpage>
<lpage>43</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0140-6736(06)67922-1</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-29844452110</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B299">
<label>102</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Allen</surname>
<given-names>K. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Byrne</surname>
<given-names>S. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kusel</surname>
<given-names>M. M. H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hart</surname>
<given-names>P. H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Whitehouse</surname>
<given-names>A. J. O.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring eating disorder risk in adolescence</article-title>
<source>
<italic>International Journal of Eating Disorders</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>669</fpage>
<lpage>676</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/eat.22147</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84886946670</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23804538</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80">
<label>103</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dror</surname>
<given-names>D. K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Vitamin D status during pregnancy: maternal, fetal, and postnatal outcomes</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>422</fpage>
<lpage>426</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GCO.0b013e32834cb791</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21986726</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B81">
<label>104</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Brannon</surname>
<given-names>P. M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Vitamin D and adverse pregnancy outcomes: beyond bone health and growth</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Proceedings of the Nutrition Society</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>205</fpage>
<lpage>212</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/s0029665111003399</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22260841</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B83">
<label>105</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barrera</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Díaz</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Noyola-Martínez</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Halhali</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Vitamin D and inflammatory cytokines in healthy and preeclamptic pregnancies</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nutrients</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>6465</fpage>
<lpage>6490</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/nu7085293</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84940840040</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26247971</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B87">
<label>106</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Loy</surname>
<given-names>S. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lek</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yap</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Association of maternal vitamin D status with glucose tolerance and caesarean section in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort: the growing up in Singapore towards healthy outcomes study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>PLOS ONE</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>11, article e0142239</issue>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0142239</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B90">
<label>107</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>McCormick</surname>
<given-names>M. C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The New England Journal of Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>312</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>82</fpage>
<lpage>90</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM198501103120204</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3880598</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B91">
<label>108</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Johnston</surname>
<given-names>K. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gooch</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Korol</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>The economic burden of prematurity in Canada</article-title>
<source>
<italic>BMC Pediatrics</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>14, article 93</volume>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2431-14-93</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B92">
<label>109</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rosanoff</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Weaver</surname>
<given-names>C. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rude</surname>
<given-names>R. K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated?</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nutrition Reviews</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>153</fpage>
<lpage>164</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00465.x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22364157</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B93">
<label>110</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jahnen-Dechent</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ketteler</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Magnesium basics</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Clinical Kidney Journal</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>supplement 1</issue>
<fpage>i3</fpage>
<lpage>i14</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26069819</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B94">
<label>111</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ford</surname>
<given-names>E. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mokdad</surname>
<given-names>A. H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Dietary magnesium intake in a national sample of US adults</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>133</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>2879</fpage>
<lpage>2882</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12949381</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B95">
<label>112</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Volpe</surname>
<given-names>S. L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname>Erdman</surname>
<given-names>J. W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Macdonald</surname>
<given-names>I. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zeisel</surname>
<given-names>S. H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Magnesium</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Present Knowledge in Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<edition>10th</edition>
<publisher-loc>Ames, Iowa, USA</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>John Wiley & Sons</publisher-name>
<fpage>459</fpage>
<lpage>474</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B96">
<label>113</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Swaminathan</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Magnesium metabolism and its disorders</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Clinical Biochemist Reviews</italic>
</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>47</fpage>
<lpage>66</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B97">
<label>114</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Griffiths</surname>
<given-names>A. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cook</surname>
<given-names>D. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Eggett</surname>
<given-names>D. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Christensen</surname>
<given-names>M. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A retail market study of organic and conventional potatoes (
<italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic>
): mineral content and nutritional implications</article-title>
<source>
<italic>International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>393</fpage>
<lpage>401</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/09637486.2011.629602</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84861033542</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22022779</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B98">
<label>115</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Seneff</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Samsel</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases III: manganese, neurological diseases, and associated pathologies</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Surgical Neurology International</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>6, article 45</volume>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/2152-7806.153876</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B99">
<label>116</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cakmak</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yazici</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tutus</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ozturk</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Glyphosate reduced seed and leaf concentrations of calcium, manganese, magnesium, and iron in non-glyphosate resistant soybean</article-title>
<source>
<italic>European Journal of Agronomy</italic>
</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>114</fpage>
<lpage>119</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.eja.2009.07.001</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-69249221301</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B100">
<label>117</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fawcett</surname>
<given-names>W. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Haxby</surname>
<given-names>E. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Male</surname>
<given-names>D. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Magnesium: physiology and pharmacology</article-title>
<source>
<italic>British Journal of Anaesthesia</italic>
</source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>302</fpage>
<lpage>320</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/bja/83.2.302</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10618948</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B101">
<label>118</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Das</surname>
<given-names>S. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Haldar</surname>
<given-names>A. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ghosh</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Saha</surname>
<given-names>S. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Das</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Biswas</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Serum magnesium and stable asthma: is there a link?</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Lung India</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>205</fpage>
<lpage>208</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0970-2113.71944</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21139715</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B102">
<label>119</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Douban</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Brodsky</surname>
<given-names>M. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Whang</surname>
<given-names>D. D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Whang</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Significance of magnesium in congestive heart failure</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Heart Journal</italic>
</source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>132</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>664</fpage>
<lpage>671</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0002-8703(96)90253-7</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0029959125</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8800040</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B103">
<label>120</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Eby</surname>
<given-names>G. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Eby</surname>
<given-names>K. L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesium treatment</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Medical Hypotheses</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>362</fpage>
<lpage>370</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mehy.2006.01.047</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16542786</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B104">
<label>121</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rude</surname>
<given-names>R. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Olerich</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Magnesium deficiency: Possible role in osteoporosis associated with gluten-sensitive enteropathy</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Osteoporosis International</italic>
</source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>453</fpage>
<lpage>461</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF01629578</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0030457672</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9116391</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B105">
<label>122</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wark</surname>
<given-names>P. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lau</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Norat</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kampman</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Magnesium intake and colorectal tumor risk: a case-control study and meta-analysis</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>622</fpage>
<lpage>631</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3945/ajcn.111.030924</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22854408</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B106">
<label>123</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Takaya</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kaneko</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Small for gestational age and magnesium in cord blood platelets: intrauterine magnesium deficiency may induce metabolic syndrome in later life</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Pregnancy</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>2011</volume>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">270474</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2011/270474</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84864429989</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B108">
<label>124</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Makrides</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Crowther</surname>
<given-names>C. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</italic>
</source>
<year>2001</year>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>p. CD000937</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84921537574</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B110">
<label>125</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Makrides</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Crosby</surname>
<given-names>D. D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bain</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Crowther</surname>
<given-names>C. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">CD000937</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/14651858.cd000937.pub2</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84928255244</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B112">
<label>126</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Olsen</surname>
<given-names>S. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Secher</surname>
<given-names>N. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Low consumption of seafood in early pregnancy as a risk factor for preterm delivery: prospective cohort study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>British Medical Journal</italic>
</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>324</volume>
<issue>7335</issue>
<fpage>447</fpage>
<lpage>450</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.324.7335.447</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0037160682</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11859044</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B113">
<label>127</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>M. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zingheim</surname>
<given-names>R. W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>King</surname>
<given-names>I. B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zebelman</surname>
<given-names>A. M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Omega-3 fatty acids in maternal erythrocytes and risk of preeclampsia</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>232</fpage>
<lpage>237</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00001648-199505000-00007</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0028907110</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7619928</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B114">
<label>128</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Makrides</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Crowther</surname>
<given-names>C. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gibson</surname>
<given-names>R. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gibson</surname>
<given-names>R. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Skeaff</surname>
<given-names>C. M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Docosahexaenoic acid and post-partum depression—is there a link?</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>supplement</issue>
<fpage>p. S37</fpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B115">
<label>129</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>McCann</surname>
<given-names>J. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ames</surname>
<given-names>B. N.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for development of normal brain function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>281</fpage>
<lpage>295</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-24044480353</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16087970</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B116">
<label>130</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cheruku</surname>
<given-names>S. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Montgomery-Downs</surname>
<given-names>H. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Farkas</surname>
<given-names>S. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Thoman</surname>
<given-names>E. B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lammi-Keefe</surname>
<given-names>C. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Higher maternal plasma docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy is associated with more mature neonatal sleep-state patterning</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>608</fpage>
<lpage>613</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0036721492</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12198007</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B117">
<label>131</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Helland</surname>
<given-names>I. B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Saarem</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Saugstad</surname>
<given-names>O. D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Drevon</surname>
<given-names>C. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Pediatrics</italic>
</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>e39</fpage>
<lpage>e44</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1542/peds.111.1.e39</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0037268730</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12509593</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B118">
<label>132</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Armitage</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pearce</surname>
<given-names>A. D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sinclair</surname>
<given-names>A. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vingrys</surname>
<given-names>A. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Weisinger</surname>
<given-names>R. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Weisinger</surname>
<given-names>H. S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Increased blood pressure later in life may be associated with perinatal n-3 fatty acid deficiency</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Lipids</italic>
</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>459</fpage>
<lpage>464</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11745-003-1084-y</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0037633068</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12848294</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B119">
<label>133</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A fishy recommendation: Omega-3 fatty acid intake in pregnancy</article-title>
<source>
<italic>BJOG</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>115</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>4</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01570.x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-36749073941</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18053097</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B120">
<label>134</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schwalfenberg</surname>
<given-names>G. K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Time for an oil check: the role of essential omega-3 fatty acids in maternal and pediatric health</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Perinatology</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>359</fpage>
<lpage>365</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/sj.jp.7211519</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-33744546326</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16688204</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B121">
<label>135</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Turnbaugh</surname>
<given-names>P. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ley</surname>
<given-names>R. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hamady</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fraser-Liggett</surname>
<given-names>C. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Knight</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gordon</surname>
<given-names>J. I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The human microbiome project</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nature</italic>
</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>449</volume>
<issue>7164</issue>
<fpage>804</fpage>
<lpage>810</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature06244</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17943116</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B122">
<label>136</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Baquero</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Nombela</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The microbiome as a human organ</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Clinical Microbiology and Infection</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>supplement 4</issue>
<fpage>2</fpage>
<lpage>4</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03916.x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22647038</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B123">
<label>137</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Aagaard</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Antony</surname>
<given-names>K. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ganu</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Petrosino</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Versalovic</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The placenta harbors a unique microbiome</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Science Translational Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>237</issue>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">237ra65</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B124">
<label>138</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jiménez</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fernández</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Marín</surname>
<given-names>M. L.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Isolation of commensal bacteria from umbilical cord blood of healthy neonates born by cesarean section</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Current Microbiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>270</fpage>
<lpage>274</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00284-005-0020-3</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16187156</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B125">
<label>139</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Satokari</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gronroos</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Laitinen</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Salminen</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Isolauri</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus DNA in the human placenta</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Letters in Applied Microbiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>8</fpage>
<lpage>12</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02475.x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19018955</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B126">
<label>140</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jiménez</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Marín</surname>
<given-names>M. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Martín</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile?</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Research in Microbiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>159</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>187</fpage>
<lpage>193</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.resmic.2007.12.007</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18281199</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B321">
<label>141</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Laxmi</surname>
<given-names>U.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Agrawal</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Raghunandan</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Randhawa</surname>
<given-names>V. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Saili</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Association of bacterial vaginosis with adverse fetomaternal outcome in women with spontaneous preterm labor: a prospective cohort study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>64</fpage>
<lpage>67</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/14767058.2011.565390</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84055217545</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21557693</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B322">
<label>142</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gómez</surname>
<given-names>L. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sammel</surname>
<given-names>M. D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Appleby</surname>
<given-names>D. H.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Evidence of a gene environment interaction that predisposes to spontaneous preterm birth: a role for asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and DNA variants in genes that control the inflammatory response</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>202</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>e381</fpage>
<lpage>e386</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.042</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-77949894377</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B323">
<label>143</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jones</surname>
<given-names>N. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Holzman</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Friderici</surname>
<given-names>K. H.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Interplay of cytokine polymorphisms and bacterial vaginosis in the etiology of preterm delivery</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Reproductive Immunology</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<fpage>82</fpage>
<lpage>89</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jri.2010.06.158</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-78449281638</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20965572</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B128">
<label>144</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Koren</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Goodrich</surname>
<given-names>J. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cullender</surname>
<given-names>T. C.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Cell</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>150</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>470</fpage>
<lpage>480</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.008</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22863002</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B129">
<label>145</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ganu</surname>
<given-names>R. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Aagaard</surname>
<given-names>K. M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The role of microbial communities in parturition: is there evidence of association with preterm birth and perinatal morbidity and mortality?</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Perinatology</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>613</fpage>
<lpage>624</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-0032-1329693</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84883135194</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23161352</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B130">
<label>146</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Takser</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Discussion on results of new research related to the maternal gut-fetal brain connection</article-title>
<comment>2015</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B132">
<label>147</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jauréguy</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Carton</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Panel</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Foucaud</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Butel</surname>
<given-names>M.-J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Doucet-Populaire</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis on intestinal bacterial colonization in infants</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>5184</fpage>
<lpage>5188</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/JCM.42.11.5184-5188.2004</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-8644224866</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15528713</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B134">
<label>148</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Van den Abbeele</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Verstraete</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>El Aidy</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Geirnaert</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Van de Wiele</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prebiotics, faecal transplants and microbial network units to stimulate biodiversity of the human gut microbiome</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Microbial Biotechnology</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>335</fpage>
<lpage>340</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/1751-7915.12049</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84879013594</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23594389</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B135">
<label>149</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Samsel</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Seneff</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Glyphosate’s suppression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and amino acid biosynthesis by the gut microbiome: pathways to modern diseases</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Entropy</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>1416</fpage>
<lpage>1463</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/e15041416</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B136">
<label>150</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Solt</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cohavy</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The great obstetrical syndromes and the human microbiome—a new frontier</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">e0009</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5041/rmmj.10076</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B137">
<label>151</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Azad</surname>
<given-names>M. B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Konya</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Maughan</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Canadian Medical Association Journal</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>185</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>385</fpage>
<lpage>394</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1503/cmaj.121189</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23401405</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B138">
<label>152</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Neu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rushing</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cesarean versus vaginal delivery: long-term infant outcomes and the hygiene hypothesis</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Clinics in Perinatology</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>321</fpage>
<lpage>331</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.clp.2011.03.008</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21645799</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B139">
<label>153</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sevelsted</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stokholm</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bonnelykke</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bisgaard</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cesarean section and chronic immune disorders</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Pediatrics</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>135</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>e92</fpage>
<lpage>e98</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1542/peds.2014-0596</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25452656</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B140">
<label>154</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cho</surname>
<given-names>C. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Norman</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cesarean section and development of the immune system in the offspring</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>208</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>249</fpage>
<lpage>254</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.009</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22939691</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B141">
<label>155</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cardwell</surname>
<given-names>C. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stene</surname>
<given-names>L. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Joner</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Diabetologia</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>726</fpage>
<lpage>735</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00125-008-0941-z</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-41849111273</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18292986</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B142">
<label>156</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Solt</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The human microbiome and the great obstetrical syndromes: a new frontier in maternal-fetal medicine</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>165</fpage>
<lpage>175</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.04.024</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25242582</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B143">
<label>157</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Matamoros</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gras-Leguen</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Le Vacon</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Potel</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>de La Cochetiere</surname>
<given-names>M.-F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Development of intestinal microbiota in infants and its impact on health</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Trends in Microbiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>167</fpage>
<lpage>173</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tim.2012.12.001</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84875851340</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23332725</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B144">
<label>158</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Collado</surname>
<given-names>M. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cernada</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Baüerl</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vento</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pérez-Martínez</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Microbial ecology and host-microbiota interactions during early life stages</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Gut Microbes</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>352</fpage>
<lpage>365</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4161/gmic.21215</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22743759</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B145">
<label>159</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bernardi</surname>
<given-names>J. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pinheiro</surname>
<given-names>T. V.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mueller</surname>
<given-names>N. T.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cesarean delivery and metabolic risk factors in young adults: a Brazilian birth cohort study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>295</fpage>
<lpage>301</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3945/ajcn.114.105205</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26085513</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B146">
<label>160</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Renz-Polster</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>David</surname>
<given-names>M. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Buist</surname>
<given-names>A. S.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Caesarean section delivery and the risk of allergic disorders in childhood</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Clinical & Experimental Allergy</italic>
</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>1466</fpage>
<lpage>1472</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02356.x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16297144</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B147">
<label>161</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dominguez-Bello</surname>
<given-names>M. G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>De Jesus-Laboy</surname>
<given-names>K. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Shen</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nature Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<fpage>250</fpage>
<lpage>253</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nm.4039</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B148">
<label>162</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Toxic causes of mental illness are overlooked</article-title>
<source>
<italic>NeuroToxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>1147</fpage>
<lpage>1149</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuro.2008.06.005</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-56249086068</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18621076</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B149">
<label>163</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<collab>World Health Organization</collab>
<comment>Burden of disease from Household Air Pollution for 2012, 2014,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/HAP_BoD_results_March2014.pdf">http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/HAP_BoD_results_March2014.pdf</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B150">
<label>164</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<collab>Environmental Working Group</collab>
<comment>Polluton in people: cord blood contaminants in minority newborns, 2009,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ewg.org/files/2009-minority-cord-blood-report.pdf">http://www.ewg.org/files/2009-minority-cord-blood-report.pdf</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B151">
<label>165</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<collab>Environmental Defence</collab>
<article-title>Pre-polluted: a report on toxic substances in the umbilical cord blood of Canadian newborns</article-title>
<comment>2013,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://environmentaldefence.ca/wp.../01/CordBloodReport_EnglishWEB.pdf">http://environmentaldefence.ca/wp.../01/CordBloodReport_EnglishWEB.pdf</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B152">
<label>166</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<collab>National Research Council</collab>
<source>
<italic>Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment</italic>
</source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc>Washington, DC, USA</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>National Academies Press</publisher-name>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B153">
<label>167</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sofronescu</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Estradiol</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<comment>2015,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089003-overview">http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089003-overview</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B154">
<label>168</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Welshons</surname>
<given-names>W. V.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Thayer</surname>
<given-names>K. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Judy</surname>
<given-names>B. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Taylor</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Curran</surname>
<given-names>E. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>vom Saal</surname>
<given-names>F. S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Large effects from small exposures. I. Mechanisms for endocrine-disrupting chemicals with estrogenic activity</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>994</fpage>
<lpage>1006</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.5494</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0038015544</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12826473</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B169">
<label>169</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yolton</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rauch</surname>
<given-names>S. A.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prenatal polybrominated diphenyl ether exposures and neurodevelopment in U.S. children through 5 years of age: the HOME study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>856</fpage>
<lpage>862</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1307562</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24870060</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B300">
<label>170</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chevrier</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Harley</surname>
<given-names>K. G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bradman</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gharbi</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sjödin</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Eskenazi</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>1444</fpage>
<lpage>1449</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1001905</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-77957891534</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20562054</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B301">
<label>171</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Spanier</surname>
<given-names>A. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kahn</surname>
<given-names>R. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kunselman</surname>
<given-names>A. R.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Bisphenol A exposure and the development of wheeze and lung function in children through age 5 years</article-title>
<source>
<italic>JAMA Pediatrics</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>168</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>1131</fpage>
<lpage>1137</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.1397</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84925226123</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25286153</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B302">
<label>172</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Huo</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Xia</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wan</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal urinary bisphenol A levels and infant low birth weight: a nested case-control study of the Health Baby Cohort in China</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environment International</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<fpage>96</fpage>
<lpage>103</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.005</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84941985115</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26382648</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B303">
<label>173</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Veiga-Lopez</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kannan</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Liao</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ye</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Domino</surname>
<given-names>S. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Padmanabhan</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Gender-specific effects on gestational length and birth weight by early pregnancy BPA exposure</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>100</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>E1394</fpage>
<lpage>E1403</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/jc.2015-1724</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26406292</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B171">
<label>174</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Whyatt</surname>
<given-names>R. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Perzanowski</surname>
<given-names>M. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Just</surname>
<given-names>A. C.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Asthma in inner-city children at 5–11 years of age and prenatal exposure to phthalates: the columbia center for children’s environmental health cohort</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>1141</fpage>
<lpage>1146</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1307670</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84907626856</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25230320</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B304">
<label>175</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Factor-Litvak</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Insel</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Calafat</surname>
<given-names>A. M.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Persistent associations between maternal prenatal exposure to phthalates on child IQ at age 7 years</article-title>
<source>
<italic>PLoS ONE</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">e114003</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0114003</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B305">
<label>176</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mu</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gao</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fan</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Shen</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Peng</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Levels of phthalate metabolites in urine of pregnant women and risk of clinical pregnancy loss</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Science & Technology</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<issue>17</issue>
<fpage>10651</fpage>
<lpage>10657</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/acs.est.5b02617</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26251123</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B306">
<label>177</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Swan</surname>
<given-names>S. H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sathyanarayana</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Barrett</surname>
<given-names>E. S.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>First trimester phthalate exposure and anogenital distance in newborns</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Human Reproduction</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>963</fpage>
<lpage>972</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/humrep/deu363</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25697839</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B187">
<label>178</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shelton</surname>
<given-names>J. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Geraghty</surname>
<given-names>E. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tancredi</surname>
<given-names>D. J.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Neurodevelopmental disorders and prenatal residential proximity to agricultural pesticides: the CHARGE study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>1103</fpage>
<lpage>1109</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1307044</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24954055</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B170">
<label>179</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Saldana</surname>
<given-names>T. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Basso</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hoppin</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Pesticide exposure and self-reported gestational diabetes mellitus in the Agricultural Health Study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Diabetes Care</italic>
</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>529</fpage>
<lpage>534</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2337/dc06-1832</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17327316</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B185">
<label>180</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rauh</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Arunajadai</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Horton</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Seven-year neurodevelopmental scores and prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos, a common agricultural pesticide</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>1196</fpage>
<lpage>1201</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1003160</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-79961050803</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21507777</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B192">
<label>181</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wigle</surname>
<given-names>D. T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Turner</surname>
<given-names>M. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Krewski</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A systematic review and meta-analysis of childhood leukemia and parental occupational pesticide exposure</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>117</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>1505</fpage>
<lpage>1513</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.0900582</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20019898</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B307">
<label>182</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pino-Lopez</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Romero-Ayuso</surname>
<given-names>D. M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Parental occupational exposures and autism spectrum disorder in children</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Revista Española de de Salud Pública</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>73</fpage>
<lpage>85</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B308">
<label>183</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cordier</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Garlantézec</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Labat</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Exposure during pregnancy to glycol ethers and chlorinated solvents and the risk of congenital malformations</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>806</fpage>
<lpage>812</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/ede.0b013e31826c2bd8</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23007043</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B309">
<label>184</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>McCanlies</surname>
<given-names>E. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fekedulegn</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mnatsakanova</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Parental occupational exposures and autism spectrum disorder</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>2323</fpage>
<lpage>2334</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10803-012-1468-1</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84867846381</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22399411</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B287">
<label>185</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Knox</surname>
<given-names>E. G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gilman</surname>
<given-names>E. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Hazard proximities of childhood cancers in Great Britain from 1953–80</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health</italic>
</source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>151</fpage>
<lpage>159</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9196644</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B310">
<label>186</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>P.-C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Roberts</surname>
<given-names>J. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Catov</surname>
<given-names>J. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Talbott</surname>
<given-names>E. O.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ritz</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>First trimester exposure to ambient air pollution, pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes in Allegheny County, PA</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Maternal and Child Health Journal</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>545</fpage>
<lpage>555</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10995-012-1028-5</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84880712911</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22544506</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B311">
<label>187</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bobak</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Outdoor air pollution, low birth weight, and prematurity</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>108</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>173</fpage>
<lpage>176</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.00108173</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10656859</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B312">
<label>188</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Raaschou-Nielsen</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hertel</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Thomsen</surname>
<given-names>B. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Olsen</surname>
<given-names>J. H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Air pollution from traffic at the residence of children with cancer</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>153</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>433</fpage>
<lpage>443</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aje/153.5.433</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0035283242</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11226975</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B313">
<label>189</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Volk</surname>
<given-names>H. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hertz-Picciotto</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Delwiche</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lurmann</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>McConnell</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Residential proximity to freeways and autism in the CHARGE study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>873</fpage>
<lpage>877</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1002835</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21156395</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B314">
<label>190</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jaakkola</surname>
<given-names>J. J. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Parise</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kislitsin</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lebedeva</surname>
<given-names>N. I.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Spengler</surname>
<given-names>J. D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Asthma, wheezing, and allergies in Russian schoolchildren in relation to new surface materials in the home</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Public Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>560</fpage>
<lpage>562</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2105/ajph.94.4.560</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-1842425354</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15054004</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B315">
<label>191</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prenatal and early life home environment exposure in relation to preschool children's asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in Taiyuan, China</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Chinese Science Bulletin</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<issue>34</issue>
<fpage>4245</fpage>
<lpage>4251</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11434-013-5705-6</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84888010768</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B316">
<label>192</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gao</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jing</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hu</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Lead exposure at each stage of pregnancy and neurobehavioral development of neonates</article-title>
<source>
<italic>NeuroToxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>7</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuro.2014.03.003</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84900825419</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24704588</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B213">
<label>193</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hu</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Téllez-Rojo</surname>
<given-names>M. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bellinger</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Fetal lead exposure at each stage of pregnancy as a predictor of infant mental development</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>1730</fpage>
<lpage>1735</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.9067</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17107860</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B317">
<label>194</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morrissette</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Takser</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>St-Amour</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Smargiassi</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lafond</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mergler</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Temporal variation of blood and hair mercury levels in pregnancy in relation to fish consumption history in a population living along the St. Lawrence River</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Research</italic>
</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>363</fpage>
<lpage>374</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.envres.2003.12.007</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-3042598193</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15220070</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B205">
<label>195</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Crump</surname>
<given-names>K. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kjellström</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Shipp</surname>
<given-names>A. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Silvers</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stewart</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Influence of prenatal mercury exposure upon scholastic and psychological test performance: benchmark analysis of a New Zealand cohort</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Risk Analysis</italic>
</source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>701</fpage>
<lpage>713</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1023/b:rian.0000005917.52151.e6</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0032438305</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9972579</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B209">
<label>196</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Grandjean</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Weihe</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>White</surname>
<given-names>R. F.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Neurotoxicology and Teratology</italic>
</source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>417</fpage>
<lpage>428</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0892-0362(97)00097-4</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0030710168</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9392777</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B318">
<label>197</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Palmer</surname>
<given-names>R. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Blanchard</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stein</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mandell</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Miller</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Environmental mercury release, special education rates, and autism disorder: an ecological study of Texas</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Health and Place</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>203</fpage>
<lpage>209</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.11.005</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-28844448883</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16338635</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B155">
<label>198</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Witorsch</surname>
<given-names>R. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Thomas</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Personal care products and endocrine disruption: a critical review of the literature</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Critical Reviews in Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<issue>supplement 3</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>30</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/10408444.2010.515563</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20932229</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B156">
<label>199</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Guerrero-Bosagna</surname>
<given-names>C. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Skinner</surname>
<given-names>M. K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Environmental epigenetics and phytoestrogen/phytochemical exposures</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>139</volume>
<fpage>270</fpage>
<lpage>276</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.011</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23274117</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B157">
<label>200</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Sensitivity-related illness: the escalating pandemic of allergy, food intolerance and chemical sensitivity</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Science of the Total Environment</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>408</volume>
<issue>24</issue>
<fpage>6047</fpage>
<lpage>6061</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.047</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-77958107727</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20920818</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B158">
<label>201</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hu</surname>
<given-names>W. Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jones</surname>
<given-names>P. D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>DeCoen</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Alterations in cell membrane properties caused by perfluorinated compounds</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology</italic>
</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>135</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>77</fpage>
<lpage>88</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s1532-0456(03)00043-7</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0037674834</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12781843</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B159">
<label>202</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kleszczyński</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stepnowski</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Składanowski</surname>
<given-names>A. C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Mechanism of cytotoxic action of perfluorinated acids II. Disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology</italic>
</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>235</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>182</fpage>
<lpage>190</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.taap.2008.11.021</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19135466</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B160">
<label>203</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Y. W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>C. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>C. Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yen</surname>
<given-names>C. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tsai</surname>
<given-names>K. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>S. H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Inorganic mercury causes pancreatic
<italic>β</italic>
-cell death via the oxidative stress-induced apoptotic and necrotic pathways</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>243</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>323</fpage>
<lpage>331</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.taap.2009.11.024</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20006636</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B161">
<label>204</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Anway</surname>
<given-names>M. D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Skinner</surname>
<given-names>M. K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Epigenetic programming of the germ line: effects of endocrine disruptors on the development of transgenerational disease</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Reproductive BioMedicine Online</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>23</fpage>
<lpage>25</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60553-6</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-38849199328</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18252044</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B162">
<label>205</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Skinner</surname>
<given-names>M. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Manikkam</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Guerrero-Bosagna</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Reproductive Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>337</fpage>
<lpage>343</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.10.012</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21055462</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B163">
<label>206</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Elimination of persistent toxicants from the human body</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Human & Experimental Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>18</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0960327110368417</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20400489</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B164">
<label>207</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>Q. I. T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Martin</surname>
<given-names>J. W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Phlebotomy treatment for elimination of perfluoroalkyl acids in a highly exposed family: a retrospective case-series</article-title>
<source>
<italic>PLoS ONE</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>12, article e114295</issue>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0114295</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84918787393</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B165">
<label>208</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sears</surname>
<given-names>M. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schwalfenberg</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hope</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bernhoft</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Clinical detoxification: elimination of persistent toxicants from the human body</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Scientific World Journal</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>2013</volume>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">238347</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2013/238347</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B166">
<label>209</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jandacek</surname>
<given-names>R. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>An assessment of the intestinal lumen as a site for intervention in reducing body burdens of organochlorine compounds</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Scientific World Journal</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>2013</volume>
<fpage>10</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">205621</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2013/205621</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B167">
<label>210</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Birkholz</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rodushkin</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Beesoon</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Blood, urine, and sweat (BUS) study: monitoring and elimination of bioaccumulated toxic elements</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>344</fpage>
<lpage>357</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00244-010-9611-5</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21057782</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B168">
<label>211</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jandacek</surname>
<given-names>R. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Heubi</surname>
<given-names>J. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Buckley</surname>
<given-names>D. D.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Reduction of the body burden of PCBs and DDE by dietary intervention in a randomized trial</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>483</fpage>
<lpage>488</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.002</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24629911</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B172">
<label>212</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Buckeridge</surname>
<given-names>D. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Glazier</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Harvey</surname>
<given-names>B. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Escobar</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Amrhein</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Frank</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effect of motor vehicle emissions on respiratory health in an urban area</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>293</fpage>
<lpage>300</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.02110293</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0036196641</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11882481</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B173">
<label>213</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Müller</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Klingelhöfer</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Uibel</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Groneberg</surname>
<given-names>D. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Car indoor air pollution—analysis of potential sources</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>p. 33</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1745-6673-6-33</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B174">
<label>214</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ali</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yu</surname>
<given-names>C. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>M. T.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>A case-control study of parental occupation, leukemia, and brain tumors in an industrial city in Taiwan</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>985</fpage>
<lpage>992</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.jom.0000138913.75380.13</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15354065</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B175">
<label>215</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cordier</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mandereau</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Preston-Martin</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Parental occupations and childhood brain tumors: results of an international case-control study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Cancer Causes and Control</italic>
</source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>865</fpage>
<lpage>874</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1023/a:1012277703631</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0034771466</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11714115</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B176">
<label>216</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Colt</surname>
<given-names>J. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Blair</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Parental occupational exposures and risk of childhood cancer</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>106</volume>
<issue>supplement 3</issue>
<fpage>909</fpage>
<lpage>925</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.98106909</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9646055</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B177">
<label>217</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Laslo-Baker</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Barrera</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Knittel-Keren</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Child neurodevelopmental outcome and maternal occupational exposure to solvents</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>158</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>956</fpage>
<lpage>961</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archpedi.158.10.956</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-4744374859</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15466682</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B178">
<label>218</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal benzene exposure during pregnancy and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies</article-title>
<source>
<italic>PLoS ONE</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">e110466</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0110466</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B179">
<label>219</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Amegah</surname>
<given-names>A. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jaakkola</surname>
<given-names>J. J. K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Work as a street vendor, associated traffic-related air pollution exposures and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Accra, Ghana</article-title>
<source>
<italic>International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>217</volume>
<issue>2-3</issue>
<fpage>354</fpage>
<lpage>362</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.07.010</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84892678933</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23973506</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B180">
<label>220</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ritz</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wilhelm</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: methodologic issues in an emerging field</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>182</fpage>
<lpage>190</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00161.x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18226073</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B181">
<label>221</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Herdt-Losavio</surname>
<given-names>M. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chapman</surname>
<given-names>B. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Munsie</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Olshan</surname>
<given-names>A. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Druschel</surname>
<given-names>C. M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal occupation and the risk of major birth defects: a follow-up analysis from the National Birth Defects Prevention study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>216</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>317</fpage>
<lpage>323</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.05.006</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22695106</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B182">
<label>222</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morales-Surez-Varela</surname>
<given-names>M. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Toft</surname>
<given-names>G. V.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jensen</surname>
<given-names>M. S.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Parental occupational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and male genital malformations: a study in the danish national birth cohort study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>1, article 3</issue>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1476-069x-10-3</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-78651362864</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B183">
<label>223</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Raanan</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Balmes</surname>
<given-names>J. R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Harley</surname>
<given-names>K. G.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Decreased lung function in 7-year-old children with early-life organophosphate exposure</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Thorax</italic>
</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<fpage>148</fpage>
<lpage>153</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206622</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26634937</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B184">
<label>224</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Engel</surname>
<given-names>S. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wetmur</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prenatal exposure to organophosphates, paraoxonase 1, and cognitive development in childhood</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>1182</fpage>
<lpage>1188</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1003183</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21507778</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B186">
<label>225</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bouchard</surname>
<given-names>M. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chevrier</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Harley</surname>
<given-names>K. G.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and IQ in 7-year-old children</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>1189</fpage>
<lpage>1195</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1003185</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21507776</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B188">
<label>226</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Perera</surname>
<given-names>F. P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rauh</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tsai</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of transplacental exposure to environmental pollutants on birth outcomes in a multiethnic population</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>201</fpage>
<lpage>205</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.5742</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12573906</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B189">
<label>227</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Whyatt</surname>
<given-names>R. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rauh</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Barr</surname>
<given-names>D. B.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prenatal insecticide exposures and birth weight and length among an urban minority cohort</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>112</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>1125</fpage>
<lpage>1132</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.6641</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-3543069454</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15238288</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B190">
<label>228</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lafiura</surname>
<given-names>K. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bielawski</surname>
<given-names>D. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Posecion</surname>
<given-names>N. C.</given-names>
<suffix>Jr.</suffix>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Association between prenatal pesticide exposures and the generation of leukemia-associated T(8;21)</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Pediatric Blood and Cancer</italic>
</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>624</fpage>
<lpage>628</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/pbc.21283</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-35148813483</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17610268</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B191">
<label>229</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Harari</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Julvez</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Murata</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Neurobehavioral deficits and increased blood pressure in school-age children prenatally exposed to pesticides</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>890</fpage>
<lpage>896</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.0901582</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-77953249502</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20185383</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B193">
<label>230</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vinson</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Merhi</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Baldi</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Raynal</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gamet-Payrastre</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Exposure to pesticides and risk of childhood cancer: a meta-analysis of recent epidemiological studies</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Occupational and Environmental Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>694</fpage>
<lpage>702</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/oemed-2011-100082</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-80051801782</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21606468</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B194">
<label>231</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Curl</surname>
<given-names>C. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fenske</surname>
<given-names>R. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Elgethun</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Organophosphorus pesticide exposure of urban and suburban preschool children with organic and conventional diets</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>377</fpage>
<lpage>382</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12611667</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B195">
<label>232</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bradman</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Quiros-Alcala</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Castorina</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effect of organic diet intervention on pesticide exposures in young children living in low-income urban and agricultural communities</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>123</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>1086</fpage>
<lpage>1093</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1408660</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25861095</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B196">
<label>233</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lu</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Toepel</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Irish</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fenske</surname>
<given-names>R. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Barr</surname>
<given-names>D. B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bravo</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Organic diets significantly lower children's dietary exposure to organophosphorus pesticides</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>260</fpage>
<lpage>263</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.8418</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-32044445089</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16451864</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B197">
<label>234</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schwalfenberg</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rodushkin</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The benefits and risks of consuming brewed tea: beware of toxic element contamination</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>2013</volume>
<fpage>8</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">370460</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2013/370460</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84887375059</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B198">
<label>235</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Counter</surname>
<given-names>S. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Buchanan</surname>
<given-names>L. H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Mercury exposure in children: a review</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology</italic>
</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>198</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>209</fpage>
<lpage>230</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.032</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15236954</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B199">
<label>236</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bernhoft</surname>
<given-names>R. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Environmental and Public Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>2012</volume>
<fpage>10</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">460508</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2012/460508</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B200">
<label>237</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jankowski</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ciepiela</surname>
<given-names>A. G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jankowska</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Content of lead and cadmium in aboveground plant organs of grasses growing on the areas adjacent to a route of big traffic</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>978</fpage>
<lpage>987</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11356-014-3634-9</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25292297</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B201">
<label>238</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wong</surname>
<given-names>M. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tan</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wee</surname>
<given-names>Y. C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Heavy metals in some Chinese herbal plants</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Biological Trace Element Research</italic>
</source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>135</fpage>
<lpage>142</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF02783172</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7681305</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B202">
<label>239</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sheets</surname>
<given-names>R. W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Release of heavy metals from European and Asian porcelain dinnerware</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Science of the Total Environment</italic>
</source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>212</volume>
<issue>2-3</issue>
<fpage>107</fpage>
<lpage>113</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0048-9697(97)00315-x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0032495798</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9573626</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B203">
<label>240</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Stejskal</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stejskal</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Toxic metals as a key factor in disease. Forword</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Neuroendocrinology Letters</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<issue>supplement 1</issue>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>4</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17261996</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B204">
<label>241</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Röllin</surname>
<given-names>H. B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rudge</surname>
<given-names>C. V. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Thomassen</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mathee</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Odland</surname>
<given-names>J. Ø.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Levels of toxic and essential metals in maternal and umbilical cord blood from selected areas of South Africa—results of A Pilot Study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Environmental Monitoring</italic>
</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>618</fpage>
<lpage>627</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1039/b816236k</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-62149099103</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19280040</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B206">
<label>242</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Axelrad</surname>
<given-names>D. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bellinger</surname>
<given-names>D. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ryan</surname>
<given-names>L. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Woodruff</surname>
<given-names>T. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Dose-response relationship of prenatal mercury exposure and IQ: an integrative analysis of epidemiologic data</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>115</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>609</fpage>
<lpage>615</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.9303</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17450232</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B207">
<label>243</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ramón</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ballester</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Aguinagalde</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Fish consumption during pregnancy, prenatal mercury exposure, and anthropometric measures at birth in a prospective mother-infant cohort study in Spain</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>1047</fpage>
<lpage>1055</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3945/ajcn.2009.27944</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-70349783302</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19710189</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B208">
<label>244</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sørensen</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Murata</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Budtz-Jørgensen</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Weihe</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Grandjean</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prenatal methylmercury exposure as a cardiovascular risk factor at seven years of age</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>370</fpage>
<lpage>375</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00001648-199907000-00006</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0032999396</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10401870</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B210">
<label>245</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Grandjean</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Weihe</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>White</surname>
<given-names>R. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Debes</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cognitive performance of children prenatally exposed to ‘safe’ levels of methylmercury</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Research</italic>
</source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>165</fpage>
<lpage>172</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1006/enrs.1997.3804</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0032076668</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9600810</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B211">
<label>246</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schnaas</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rothenberg</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Flores</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Reduced intellectual development in children with prenatal lead exposure</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>791</fpage>
<lpage>797</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.8552</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16675439</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B212">
<label>247</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bellinger</surname>
<given-names>D. C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Very low lead exposures and children's neurodevelopment</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Current Opinion in Pediatrics</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>172</fpage>
<lpage>177</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/mop.0b013e3282f4f97b</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18332714</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B214">
<label>248</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<collab>The Americcan College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists</collab>
<comment>Lead Screening During Pregnancy and Lactation, 2015,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Lead-Screening-During-Pregnancy-and-Lactation">http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Lead-Screening-During-Pregnancy-and-Lactation</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B215">
<label>249</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Johnston</surname>
<given-names>J. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Valentiner</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Maxson</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Miranda</surname>
<given-names>M. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fry</surname>
<given-names>R. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal cadmium levels during pregnancy associated with lower birth weight in infants in a North Carolina cohort</article-title>
<source>
<italic>PLoS ONE</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>10, article e109661</issue>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0109661</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B216">
<label>250</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kippler</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tofail</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gardner</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal cadmium exposure during pregnancy and size at birth: a prospective cohort study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>284</fpage>
<lpage>289</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1103711</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84856706368</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21862444</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B217">
<label>251</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kippler</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wagatsuma</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rahman</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Environmental exposure to arsenic and cadmium during pregnancy and fetal size: a longitudinal study in rural Bangladesh</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Reproductive Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>504</fpage>
<lpage>511</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.08.002</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84866147575</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22985739</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B218">
<label>252</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rahman</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vahter</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ekström</surname>
<given-names>E.-C.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Association of arsenic exposure during pregnancy with fetal loss and infant death: a cohort study in Bangladesh</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>165</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>1389</fpage>
<lpage>1396</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aje/kwm025</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-34547445075</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17351293</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B219">
<label>253</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bell</surname>
<given-names>M. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Belanger</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ebisu</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gent</surname>
<given-names>J. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Leaderer</surname>
<given-names>B. P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Relationship between birth weight and exposure to airborne fine particulate potassium and titanium during gestation</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Research</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>117</volume>
<fpage>83</fpage>
<lpage>89</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.envres.2012.05.004</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22705336</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B220">
<label>254</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zheng</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zhong</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Guo</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Levels of heavy metals and trace elements in umbilical cord blood and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Biological Trace Element Research</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>160</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>437</fpage>
<lpage>444</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12011-014-0057-x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25008990</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B221">
<label>255</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Myers</surname>
<given-names>S. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lobdell</surname>
<given-names>D. T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal drinking water arsenic exposure and perinatal outcomes in Inner Mongolia, China</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>325</fpage>
<lpage>329</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jech.2008.084392</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-77950215822</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19692727</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B222">
<label>256</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Colapinto</surname>
<given-names>C. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Arbuckle</surname>
<given-names>T. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dubois</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fraser</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Is there a relationship between tea intake and maternal whole blood heavy metal concentrations?</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2016</year>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/jes.2015.86</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B223">
<label>257</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Nowhere to hide: chemical toxicants and the unborn child</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Reproductive Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>115</fpage>
<lpage>116</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.03.009</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-67349125224</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B224">
<label>258</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mandrioli</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Silbergeld</surname>
<given-names>E. K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Evidence from toxicology: the most essential science for prevention</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Health Perspectives</italic>
</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>124</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>6</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1509880</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26091173</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B225">
<label>259</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Fielding a current idea: exploring the public health impact of electromagnetic radiation</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Public Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>113</fpage>
<lpage>124</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.puhe.2007.04.008</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-38349066289</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17572456</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B226">
<label>260</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alsaeed</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Al-Somali</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sakhnini</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Autism-relevant social abnormalities in mice exposed perinatally to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields</article-title>
<source>
<italic>International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<fpage>58</fpage>
<lpage>64</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.010</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84903976130</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24970316</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B227">
<label>261</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Divan</surname>
<given-names>H. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kheifets</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Obel</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Olsen</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prenatal and postnatal exposure to cell phone use and behavioral problems in children</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>523</fpage>
<lpage>529</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/ede.0b013e318175dd47</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18467962</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B228">
<label>262</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Divan</surname>
<given-names>H. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kheifets</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Obel</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Olsen</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cell phone use and behavioural problems in young children</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>524</fpage>
<lpage>529</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jech.2010.115402</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84864015457</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21138897</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B229">
<label>263</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Aldad</surname>
<given-names>T. S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gan</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gao</surname>
<given-names>X. B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Taylor</surname>
<given-names>H. S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Fetal radiofrequency radiation exposure from 800–1900 Mhz-rated cellular telephones affects neurodevelopment and behavior in mice</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Scientific Reports</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>2, article 312</volume>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep00312</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B230">
<label>264</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Varsier</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dahdouh</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Serrurier</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Influence of pregnancy stage and fetus position on the whole-body and local exposure of the fetus to RF-EMF</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Physics in Medicine and Biology</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<issue>17</issue>
<fpage>4913</fpage>
<lpage>4926</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1088/0031-9155/59/17/4913</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84906330607</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25098501</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B231">
<label>265</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Liorni</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Parazzini</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fiocchi</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Dosimetric study of fetal exposure to uniform magnetic fields at 50 Hz</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Bioelectromagnetics</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>580</fpage>
<lpage>597</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/bem.21878</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25266786</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B232">
<label>266</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vereshchako</surname>
<given-names>G. G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chueshova</surname>
<given-names>N. V.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gorokh</surname>
<given-names>G. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Naumov</surname>
<given-names>A. D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>State of the reproductive systemin in male rats of 1st generation obtained from irradiated parents and exposed to electromagnetic radiation (897 MHz) during embryogenesis and postnatal development</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Radiatsionnaia Biologiia, Radioecologiia</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>186</fpage>
<lpage>192</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84928766528</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B233">
<label>267</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bedir</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tumkaya</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Şehitoğlu</surname>
<given-names>İ.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kalkan</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yilmaz</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Şahin</surname>
<given-names>O. Z.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The effect of exposure of rats during prenatal period to radiation spreading from mobile phones on renal development</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Renal Failure</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>305</fpage>
<lpage>309</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/0886022X.2014.985995</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25691088</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B234">
<label>268</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ulubay</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yahyazadeh</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Deniz</surname>
<given-names>Ö. G.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of prenatal 900 MHz electromagnetic field exposures on the histology of rat kidney</article-title>
<source>
<italic>International Journal of Radiation Biology</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>35</fpage>
<lpage>41</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/09553002.2014.950436</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84923091703</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25084839</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B235">
<label>269</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bas</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Odaci</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mollaoglu</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ucok</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kaplan</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chronic prenatal exposure to the 900 megahertz electromagnetic field induces pyramidal cell loss in the hippocampus of newborn rats</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Toxicology and Industrial Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>377</fpage>
<lpage>384</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0748233709106442</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-68949086341</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19671630</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B236">
<label>270</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Odaci</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bas</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kaplan</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on the dentate gyrus of rats: a stereological and histopathological study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Brain Research</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>1238</volume>
<fpage>224</fpage>
<lpage>229</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.013</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-55349143473</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18761003</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B237">
<label>271</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Odaci</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ikinci</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yildirim</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>The effects of 900 megahertz electromagnetic field applied in the prenatal period on spinal cord morphology and motor behavior in female rat pups</article-title>
<source>
<italic>NeuroQuantology</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>573</fpage>
<lpage>581</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84890370363</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B238">
<label>272</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rezk</surname>
<given-names>A. Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Abdulqawi</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mustafa</surname>
<given-names>R. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Abo El-Azm</surname>
<given-names>T. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Al-Inany</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Fetal and neonatal responses following maternal exposure to mobile phones</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Saudi Medical Journal</italic>
</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>218</fpage>
<lpage>223</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-40749152329</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18246230</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B239">
<label>273</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>de Vocht</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Residential proximity to electromagnetic field sources and birth weight: minimizing residual confounding using multiple imputation and propensity score matching</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environment International</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<fpage>51</fpage>
<lpage>57</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.012</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84899856259</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24815339</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B240">
<label>274</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>D.-K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Neutra</surname>
<given-names>R. R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Magnetic fields and miscarriage</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>237</fpage>
<lpage>238</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00001648-200203000-00024</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11880770</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B241">
<label>275</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shamsi Mahmoudabadi</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ziaei</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Firoozabadi</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kazemnejad</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion: a case-control study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Research in Health Sciences</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>131</fpage>
<lpage>134</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84884262584</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24077469</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B242">
<label>276</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>D.-K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Odouli</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal exposure to magnetic fields during pregnancy in relation to the risk of asthma in offspring</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>165</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>945</fpage>
<lpage>950</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.135</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84864795110</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21810627</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B243">
<label>277</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>T.-Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zou</surname>
<given-names>S.-P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Knapp</surname>
<given-names>P. E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Exposure to cell phone radiation up-regulates apoptosis genes in primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Neuroscience Letters</italic>
</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>412</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>34</fpage>
<lpage>38</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.092</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17187929</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B244">
<label>278</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>De Roos</surname>
<given-names>A. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Olshan</surname>
<given-names>A. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Teschke</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Parental occupational exposures to chemicals and incidence of neuroblastoma in offspring</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>154</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>106</fpage>
<lpage>114</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aje/154.2.106</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0035879585</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11447042</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B245">
<label>279</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Peters</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Glass</surname>
<given-names>D. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Greenop</surname>
<given-names>K. R.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Childhood brain tumours: associations with parental occupational exposure to solvents</article-title>
<source>
<italic>British Journal of Cancer</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>998</fpage>
<lpage>1003</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/bjc.2014.358</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24960405</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B246">
<label>280</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Desrosiers</surname>
<given-names>T. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Herring</surname>
<given-names>A. H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Shapira</surname>
<given-names>S. K.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Paternal occupation and birth defects: findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Occupational and Environmental Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>534</fpage>
<lpage>542</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/oemed-2011-100372</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22782864</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B247">
<label>281</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Olshan</surname>
<given-names>A. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Teschke</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Baird</surname>
<given-names>P. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Paternal occupation and congenital anomalies in offspring</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Industrial Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>447</fpage>
<lpage>475</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ajim.4700200403</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0025951552</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1785611</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B248">
<label>282</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Olshan</surname>
<given-names>A. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Teschke</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Baird</surname>
<given-names>P. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Birth defects among offspring of firemen</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>131</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>312</fpage>
<lpage>321</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0025381318</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2296983</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B249">
<label>283</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schnitzer</surname>
<given-names>P. G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Olshan</surname>
<given-names>A. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Erickson</surname>
<given-names>J. D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Paternal occupation and risk of birth defects in offspring</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>577</fpage>
<lpage>583</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00001648-199511000-00003</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0028819835</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8589087</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B250">
<label>284</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Trasler</surname>
<given-names>J. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Doerksen</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Teratogen update: paternal exposures—reproductive risks</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Teratology</italic>
</source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>161</fpage>
<lpage>172</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0032879936</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10471901</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B251">
<label>285</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nordstrom</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Birke</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gustavsson</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Reproductive hazards among workers at high voltage substations</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Bioelectromagnetics</italic>
</source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>91</fpage>
<lpage>101</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/bem.2250040109</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0020614297</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6838670</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B252">
<label>286</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mjoen</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sætre</surname>
<given-names>D. O.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lie</surname>
<given-names>R. T.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Paternal occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and risk of adverse pregnancy outcome</article-title>
<source>
<italic>European Journal of Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>529</fpage>
<lpage>535</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10654-006-9030-0</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16858619</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B253">
<label>287</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wilkins</surname>
<given-names>J. R.</given-names>
<suffix>III</suffix>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Koutras</surname>
<given-names>R. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Paternal occupation and brain cancer in offspring: a mortality-based case-control study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Industrial Medicine</italic>
</source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>299</fpage>
<lpage>318</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0023758729</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3189347</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B254">
<label>288</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Johnson</surname>
<given-names>C. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Spitz</surname>
<given-names>M. R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Childhood nervous system tumours: an assessment of risk associated with paternal occupations involving use, repair or manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment</article-title>
<source>
<italic>International Journal of Epidemiology</italic>
</source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>756</fpage>
<lpage>762</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/18.4.756</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0024811054</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2621010</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B255">
<label>289</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nordenson</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hansson Mild</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Nordström</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sweins</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Birke</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Clastogenic effects in human lymphocytes of power frequency electric fields: in vivo and in vitro studies</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Radiation and Environmental Biophysics</italic>
</source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>191</fpage>
<lpage>201</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/bf01213221</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0021222914</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6473704</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B256">
<label>290</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Havas</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Biological effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic energy: a critical review of the reports by the US National Research Council and the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences as they relate to the broad realm of EMF bioeffects</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Reviews</italic>
</source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>173</fpage>
<lpage>253</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1139/a00-004</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0009581914</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B257">
<label>291</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jackson</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<comment>(National Research Centre for the Working Environment), Pulmonary exposure to nanoparticles during pregnancy: Effects in prenatally exposed offspring, 2015,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arbejdsmiljoforskning.dk/~/media/boeger-og-rapporter/pja-phd.pdf">http://www.arbejdsmiljoforskning.dk/~/media/boeger-og-rapporter/pja-phd.pdf</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B258">
<label>292</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Augustin</surname>
<given-names>M. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sanguansri</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Nanostructured materials in the food industry</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Advances in Food and Nutrition Research</italic>
</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<issue>chapter 5</issue>
<fpage>183</fpage>
<lpage>213</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1043-4526(09)58005-9</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19878860</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B259">
<label>293</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bowman</surname>
<given-names>D. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>van Calster</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Friedrichs</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Nanomaterials and regulation of cosmetics</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nature Nanotechnology</italic>
</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>2, article 92</issue>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nnano.2010.12</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B260">
<label>294</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fadeel</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Alenius</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Savolainen</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Nanotoxicology</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>313</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>2</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tox.2013.09.010</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24063892</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B261">
<label>295</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gebel</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Marchan</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hengstler</surname>
<given-names>J. G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The nanotoxicology revolution</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Archives of Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>2057</fpage>
<lpage>2062</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00204-013-1158-6</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24202081</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B262">
<label>296</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bulcke</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Thiel</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dringen</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Uptake and toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in cultured primary brain astrocytes</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nanotoxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>775</fpage>
<lpage>785</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/17435390.2013.829591</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23889294</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B263">
<label>297</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chuang</surname>
<given-names>H. C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Juan</surname>
<given-names>H. T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chang</surname>
<given-names>C. N.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cardiopulmonary toxicity of pulmonary exposure to occupationally relevant zinc oxide nanoparticles</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nanotoxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>593</fpage>
<lpage>604</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/17435390.2013.809809</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23738974</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B264">
<label>298</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mohammadipour</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fazel</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Haghir</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles during pregnancy; impaired memory and decreased hippocampal cell proliferation in rat offspring</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>617</fpage>
<lpage>625</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.etap.2014.01.014</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84896724707</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24577229</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B265">
<label>299</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yamashita</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yoshioka</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Higashisaka</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticles cause pregnancy complications in mice</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nature Nanotechnology</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>321</fpage>
<lpage>328</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nnano.2011.41</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B266">
<label>300</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ledford</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Salmon approval heralds rethink of transgenic animals</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nature</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>527</volume>
<issue>7579</issue>
<fpage>417</fpage>
<lpage>418</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/527417a</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26607518</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B267">
<label>301</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Netherwood</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Martín-Orúe</surname>
<given-names>S. M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>O'Donnell</surname>
<given-names>A. G.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Assessing the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human gastrointestinal tract</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nature Biotechnology</italic>
</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>204</fpage>
<lpage>209</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nbt934</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0742270982</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B268">
<label>302</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Aris</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Leblanc</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Reproductive Toxicology</italic>
</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>528</fpage>
<lpage>533</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.02.004</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-79956347715</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21338670</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B269">
<label>303</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Enskar</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Carlsson</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Golsater</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hamrin</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kreuger</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Parental reports of changes and challenges that result from parenting a child with cancer</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing</italic>
</source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>156</fpage>
<lpage>163</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s1043-4542(97)90051-5</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9260407</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B270">
<label>304</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schor</surname>
<given-names>E. L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on the F. Family pediatrics: report of the Task Force on the Family</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Pediatrics</italic>
</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<issue>6, part 2</issue>
<fpage>1541</fpage>
<lpage>1571</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12777595</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B271">
<label>305</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hauser-Cram</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Warfield</surname>
<given-names>M. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Shonkoff</surname>
<given-names>J. P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Krauss</surname>
<given-names>M. W.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sayer</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Upshur</surname>
<given-names>C. C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Children with disabilities: a longitudinal study of child development and parent well-being</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development</italic>
</source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>126</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0042993892</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B272">
<label>306</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ueda</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yamashita</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yoshida</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Impact of infant health problems on postnatal depression: pilot study to evaluate a health visiting system</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>182</fpage>
<lpage>189</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01484.x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-33644964333</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16594942</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B273">
<label>307</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Merrick</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kandel</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Morad</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Trends in autism</article-title>
<source>
<italic>International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>75</fpage>
<lpage>78</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15148861</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B274">
<label>308</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
<comment>Identified prevalence of autsim spectrum disorder,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html">http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B275">
<label>309</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<collab>US Department of Health and Human Services</collab>
<source>
<italic>Estimated Prevalence of Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities Following Questionnaire Changes in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr087.pdf">http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr087.pdf</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B276">
<label>310</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kaiser</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The Minnesota Disease: Autism in the Somali community</article-title>
<comment>2008,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.citypages.com/news/the-minnesota-disease-autism-in-the-somali-community-6573346">http://www.citypages.com/news/the-minnesota-disease-autism-in-the-somali-community-6573346</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B277">
<label>311</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lutz</surname>
<given-names>A. S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Autism Apocalypse by 2025?</article-title>
<comment>Psychology Today, 2014,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/inspectrum/201409/autism-apocalypse-2025">https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/inspectrum/201409/autism-apocalypse-2025</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B278">
<label>312</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Horton</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The neglected epidemic of chronic disease</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Lancet</italic>
</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>366</volume>
<issue>9496</issue>
<fpage>p. 1514</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67454-5</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-27544511526</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B279">
<label>313</label>
<element-citation publication-type="other">
<collab>Child Trends Data Bank</collab>
<article-title>Late or no prenatal care: indicators on children and youth</article-title>
<comment>2015,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/25_Prenatal_Care.pdf">http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/25_Prenatal_Care.pdf</ext-link>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B280">
<label>314</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Olds</surname>
<given-names>D. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Henderson</surname>
<given-names>C. R.</given-names>
<suffix>Jr.</suffix>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tatelbaum</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chamberlin</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy: a randomized trial of nurse home visitation</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Pediatrics</italic>
</source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>16</fpage>
<lpage>28</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0022631121</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3510017</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B281">
<label>315</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Atrash</surname>
<given-names>H. K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Johnson</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Adams</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cordero</surname>
<given-names>J. F.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Howse</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preconception care for improving perinatal outcomes: the time to act</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Maternal and Child Health Journal</italic>
</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>S1</issue>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10995-006-0100-4</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B282">
<label>316</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<collab>March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation</collab>
<article-title>March of Dimes Updates: Is early prenatal care too late?</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Contemporary OB/GYN</italic>
</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<fpage>54</fpage>
<lpage>72</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B283">
<label>317</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Stotland</surname>
<given-names>N. E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sutton</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Trowbridge</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Counseling patients on preventing prenatal environmental exposures—a mixed-methods study of obstetricians</article-title>
<source>
<italic>PLoS ONE</italic>
</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">e98771</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0098771</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B284">
<label>318</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Boukhris</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sheehy</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mottron</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Berard</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in children</article-title>
<source>
<italic>JAMA Pediatrics</italic>
</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>170</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>117</fpage>
<lpage>124</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.3356</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26660917</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B285">
<label>319</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sears</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schwalfenberg</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hope</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bernhoft</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Clinical detoxification: elimination of persistent toxicants from the human body</article-title>
<source>
<italic>The Scientific World Journal</italic>
</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>2013</volume>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">238347</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2013/238347</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B286">
<label>320</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genuis</surname>
<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Beesoon</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Birkholz</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lobo</surname>
<given-names>R. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Human excretion of bisphenol A: blood, urine, and sweat (BUS) study</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Journal of Environmental and Public Health</italic>
</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>2012</volume>
<fpage>10</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">185731</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2012/185731</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B319">
<label>321</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shin</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Song</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Dietary patterns during pregnancy are associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Nutrients</italic>
</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>9369</fpage>
<lpage>9382</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/nu7115472</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26569302</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B320">
<label>322</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Winchester</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Proctor</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ying</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>County-level pesticide use and risk of shortened gestation and preterm birth</article-title>
<source>
<italic>Acta Paediatrica</italic>
</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>e107</fpage>
<lpage>e115</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/apa.13288</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26613363</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B288">
<label>323</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lo</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Integrating nutrition as a theme throughout the medical school curriculum</article-title>
<source>
<italic>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</italic>
</source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<issue>3, supplement</issue>
<fpage>882S</fpage>
<lpage>889S</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0033839164</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10966917</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<floats-group>
<fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Etiology of illness.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-6150976.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Determinants of nutritional status.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-6150976.002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Pathway to clinical disease [
<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>
].</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-6150976.003"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Common deficiencies in pregnancy.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Deficiency</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Associated effects</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitamin D deficiency</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Myriad potential sequelae (see
<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Table 2</xref>
), for example, increased risk for decreased bone mass, respiratory issues, short-sightedness, and crooked teeth in offspring</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assessment of maternal serum levels in preconception period and supplementation as necessary-seasonal adjustments may be required [
<xref rid="B289" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) deficiency</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preterm labour and postpartum depression in mothers
<break></break>
Central nervous system disturbance, poor sleep pattern, lower IQ, and impaired blood pressure control later in life in offspring</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Distilled cod liver oil supplement prior to and throughout pregnancy [
<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Magnesium deficiency</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potential determinant of adverse gestational outcomes [
<xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>
,
<xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supplementation in preconception period
<break></break>
Education about foods high in magnesium</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compromised microbiome environment</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preterm labour [
<xref rid="B127" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>
]
<break></break>
Serious bacterial infection in first 3 months of life in offspring [
<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>
] and potential long-term pediatric complications [
<xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avoidance of unnecessary antibiotics
<break></break>
Good quality probiotic
<break></break>
Fermented foods and drink in preconception and prenatal period</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Potential sequelae of maternal vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Association</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specific study finding</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<italic>Maternal sequelae</italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Early pregnancy loss</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47% of women with repeated pregnancy loss found to have vitamin D deficiency [
<xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>
] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitamin D deficiency associated with twofold increased risk of first trimester miscarriage [
<xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Gestational diabetes</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Third trimester serum 25(OH)D level inversely correlated with HbA1c [
<xref rid="B290" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Significantly lower serum 25(OH)D levels found in women with glucose intolerance and GDM at 24–28 weeks of gestation [
<xref rid="B291" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Preeclampsia</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In nulliparous women, 25(OH)D levels were 15% lower in early pregnancy for those who went on to develop preeclampsia compared to those who did not; women with serum level < 37.5 nmol/L had 5-fold increased odds of developing preeclampsia [
<xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Women with preeclampsia had significantly lower vitamin D levels in mid-late pregnancy [
<xref rid="B292" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal and umbilical cord serum 1,25(OH)2D levels were significantly lower in women with preeclampsia as compared to controls [
<xref rid="B293" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Preterm births</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incidence of preterm birth increased significantly as serum 25(OH)D levels decreased [
<xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Women with preterm births before 31 weeks had nearly double the rate of vitamin D deficiency as controls [
<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>
] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Higher rates of Caesarean section</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Women with a 25(OH)D level less than 37.5 nmol/L had nearly quadruple the rate of Caesarean sections than those with levels greater than 37.5 nmol/L [
<xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Small for dates infants</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Women with vitamin D deficiency had a 12 times increased relative risk for low birth weight babies compared to controls with sufficient vitamin D [
<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal postpartum depression</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Women with 25(OH)D serum levels less than 35.4 nmol/L had a 7-fold increased risk of developing postpartum depression [
<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<italic>Sequelae in offspring</italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Impaired lung development </td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal vitamin D deficiency at 18 weeks associated with poorer lung function and increased risk of wheezing at age 6 [
<xref rid="B294" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lower maternal vitamin D intake in pregnancy associated with persistent wheeze in 5-year-old offspring [
<xref rid="B295" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>
] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neurocognitive development</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal vitamin D < 70 nmol/L at 18 weeks gestation associated with nearly twofold increase in impaired language development at age 5 and 10 in offspring [
<xref rid="B296" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Bone strength</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal vitamin D < 50 nmol/L in midpregnancy associated with lower peak bone mass in offspring at 20 years of age [
<xref rid="B297" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal vitamin D deficiency in late pregnancy associated with reduced bone mineral content in offspring at age 9 [
<xref rid="B298" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eating disorder</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal vitamin D deficiency at 18 weeks of pregnancy associated with 1.8-fold increased risk of development of adolescent eating disorder in offspring [
<xref rid="B299" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Multiple sclerosis </td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lower maternal vitamin D intake in pregnancy associated with elevated risk of development of multiple sclerosis in offspring [
<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Examples of gestational toxicant exposures and associated outcomes.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Toxicant</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sources of exposure</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study findings</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Flame retardant chemicals</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Polyurethane foam in mattresses, furniture, carpet padding, car seats, and so forth (particularly those made before 2005)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cord blood flame retardant levels linked to impaired mental and physical function at 1, 3, and 6 years of age [
<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prenatal PBDE exposure linked to decreased IQ and increased hyperactivity at 5 years of age [
<xref rid="B169" ref-type="bibr">169</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dose-dependent inverse relationship between serum levels of PBDEs and thyroid stimulating hormone in pregnant women [
<xref rid="B300" ref-type="bibr">170</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Bisphenol A</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Hard plastics used in food storage, leaching from lining of canned food and drink, water coolers, dental sealants, contact lenses</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A associated with persistent wheezing in offspring [
<xref rid="B301" ref-type="bibr">171</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elevated maternal serum BPA at delivery associated with increased risk of low birth weight babies [
<xref rid="B302" ref-type="bibr">172</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twofold increase in first trimester maternal serum BPA associated with 55 g less birth weight in offspring [
<xref rid="B303" ref-type="bibr">173</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Phthalates</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Plasticizer in soft plastics, fragrances, perfume, cosmetics, paint, flooring</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prenatal phthalate exposure linked to 70% increased risk of asthma [
<xref rid="B171" ref-type="bibr">174</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal phthalate levels linked to decreased IQ in offspring at 7 years of age [
<xref rid="B304" ref-type="bibr">175</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elevated phthalate metabolite urine concentration associated with increased risk of spontaneous abortion in dose-dependent fashion [
<xref rid="B305" ref-type="bibr">176</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elevated phthalate metabolites in maternal urine in early pregnancy associated with decreased anogenital distance in male offspring [
<xref rid="B306" ref-type="bibr">177</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Pesticides, insecticides, herbicides</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Nearby farms, parks, cemeteries, golf courses; pesticide residue on foods Spraying on lawns of patient and neighbours</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pregnant women living within 1.5 miles of an area sprayed with pesticides and insecticides associated with 60% increase in autism spectrum disorder [
<xref rid="B187" ref-type="bibr">178</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agricultural pesticide exposure associated with 2-fold increase in odds of developing gestational diabetes [
<xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">179</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Every standard deviation increase in chlorpyrifos (a common insecticide) exposure corresponded to 1.4% decline in IQ and 2.8% decline in working memory in 7-year-old children [
<xref rid="B185" ref-type="bibr">180</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In a meta-analysis, OR was 2.1–2.4 for childhood leukemia with prenatal maternal occupational pesticide exposure; risk also elevated with prenatal maternal occupational exposure to insecticides (OR 2.72) or herbicides (OR 3.62) [
<xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">181</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Solvents</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Occupational exposures (cleaners, nurses, hairdressers, chemists) Inhalational exposure from paints, cleaning products, cosmetics, air pollution from nearby industry</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parental exposure to solvents associated with a nearly 3-fold increased risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring [
<xref rid="B307" ref-type="bibr">182</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solvent exposure in early pregnancy associated with dose-dependent increased risk of birth defects, particularly oral clefts, urinary tract malformations, and male genital malformations [
<xref rid="B308" ref-type="bibr">183</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Occupational exposure to solvents in first trimester of pregnancy associated with 13-fold increased risk of major malformations [
<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From 3-month preconception through to the end of breast feeding period, parents of children with autism are more likely to have been exposed to lacquer, varnish, xylene, asphalt, and other solvents compared to parents of controls [
<xref rid="B309" ref-type="bibr">184</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1">Air pollution</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1">Benzene and other volatile gases from car exhaust, petroleum derived volatile chemicals from nearby industry, (oil refineries, car factories/repair shops), and so forth</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Childhood cancers geographically associated with birth address of mother when proximate to specific industries and airborne exposures [
<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
,
<xref rid="B287" ref-type="bibr">185</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exposure to ozone and fine particulate matter associated with increased risk of gestational hypertension and preterm delivery [
<xref rid="B310" ref-type="bibr">186</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased risk of low birth weight and premature infants with increasing exposure to sulfur dioxide and measured levels of total suspended particles [
<xref rid="B311" ref-type="bibr">187</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25–51% increased rate of Hodgkin's lymphoma in offspring with maternal high exposure to traffic-related air pollution in pregnancy [
<xref rid="B312" ref-type="bibr">188</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal residence in pregnancy proximate to a freeway more common in mothers of children with autism than mothers of controls [
<xref rid="B313" ref-type="bibr">189</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Home renovation</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VOCs from flooring and painting; flame retardants in furniture and carpets; formaldehyde from particleboard; and so forth</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Home renovation or redecoration within past 12 months (including flooring, painting, and new furniture) associated with increased risk of wheezing, allergy, and asthma symptoms in offspring [
<xref rid="B314" ref-type="bibr">190</xref>
]
<break></break>
New furniture in the home in the year before birth associated with significant increase in wheezing, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in offspring [
<xref rid="B315" ref-type="bibr">191</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Heavy metals</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">
<italic>Lead</italic>
: old, flaking lead paint, cosmetics, food contamination from elevated soil levels, old water pipes, and so forth</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal exposure to levels of lead as low as 5 
<italic>μ</italic>
g/dL associated with lower developmental functioning in newborns, particularly if exposed in first trimester [
<xref rid="B316" ref-type="bibr">192</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal lead exposure related to significant decrease in Mental Development Index [
<xref rid="B213" ref-type="bibr">193</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">
<italic>Mercury</italic>
: dental amalgams, dietary consumption (seafood), and so forth </td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Significant relationship between fish consumption in pregnancy and mercury levels in mothers and newborn infants [
<xref rid="B317" ref-type="bibr">194</xref>
] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6- and 7-year olds scholastic and psychological test scores significantly associated with mercury levels in mothers during their pregnancy [
<xref rid="B205" ref-type="bibr">195</xref>
] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7-year-old children neurophysiological testing demonstrated association between elevated maternal mercury level in pregnancy and lower testing scores [
<xref rid="B209" ref-type="bibr">196</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">For every 1000 lb of environmentally released mercury, a corresponding geographical 61% increase in autism rates was found [
<xref rid="B318" ref-type="bibr">197</xref>
] </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Canada/explor/ParkinsonCanadaV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000166 | SxmlIndent | more

Ou

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000166 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Wicri/Canada
   |area=    ParkinsonCanadaV1
   |flux=    Pmc
   |étape=   Corpus
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     PMC:4903143
   |texte=   Preconception Care: A New Standard of Care within Maternal Health Services
}}

Pour générer des pages wiki

HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i   -Sk "pubmed:27314031" \
       | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd   \
       | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a ParkinsonCanadaV1 

Wicri

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.29.
Data generation: Thu May 4 22:20:19 2017. Site generation: Fri Dec 23 23:17:26 2022