Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Assessment and Reporting of Driving Fitness in Patients with Dementia in Clinical Practice: <italic>Data from SveDem, the Swedish Dementia Registry</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Lovas, Joel" sort="Lovas, Joel" uniqKey="Lovas J" first="Joel" last="Lovas">Joel Lovas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad" sort="Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad" uniqKey="Fereshtehnejad S" first="Seyed-Mohammad" last="Fereshtehnejad">Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery,<institution>McGill University</institution>, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, PQ,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cermakova, Pavla" sort="Cermakova, Pavla" uniqKey="Cermakova P" first="Pavla" last="Cermakova">Pavla Cermakova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>International Clinical Research Center and St.Anne‘s University Hospital</institution>, Brno,<country>Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lundberg, Catarina" sort="Lundberg, Catarina" uniqKey="Lundberg C" first="Catarina" last="Lundberg">Catarina Lundberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Traffic Medicine Centre,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johansson, Bjorn" sort="Johansson, Bjorn" uniqKey="Johansson B" first="Björn" last="Johansson">Björn Johansson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Traffic Medicine Centre,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johansson, Kurt" sort="Johansson, Kurt" uniqKey="Johansson K" first="Kurt" last="Johansson">Kurt Johansson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Traffic Medicine Centre,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winblad, Bengt" sort="Winblad, Bengt" uniqKey="Winblad B" first="Bengt" last="Winblad">Bengt Winblad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Geriatric Medicine,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eriksdotter, Maria" sort="Eriksdotter, Maria" uniqKey="Eriksdotter M" first="Maria" last="Eriksdotter">Maria Eriksdotter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Geriatric Medicine,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Religa, Dorota" sort="Religa, Dorota" uniqKey="Religa D" first="Dorota" last="Religa">Dorota Religa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Geriatric Medicine,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences</institution>, Warsaw,<country>Poland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27163829</idno><idno type="pmc">4969696</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4969696</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4969696</idno><idno type="doi">10.3233/JAD-160254</idno><date when="????">????</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000140</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000140</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Assessment and Reporting of Driving Fitness in Patients with Dementia in Clinical Practice: <italic>Data from SveDem, the Swedish Dementia Registry</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Lovas, Joel" sort="Lovas, Joel" uniqKey="Lovas J" first="Joel" last="Lovas">Joel Lovas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad" sort="Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad" uniqKey="Fereshtehnejad S" first="Seyed-Mohammad" last="Fereshtehnejad">Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery,<institution>McGill University</institution>, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, PQ,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cermakova, Pavla" sort="Cermakova, Pavla" uniqKey="Cermakova P" first="Pavla" last="Cermakova">Pavla Cermakova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>International Clinical Research Center and St.Anne‘s University Hospital</institution>, Brno,<country>Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lundberg, Catarina" sort="Lundberg, Catarina" uniqKey="Lundberg C" first="Catarina" last="Lundberg">Catarina Lundberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Traffic Medicine Centre,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johansson, Bjorn" sort="Johansson, Bjorn" uniqKey="Johansson B" first="Björn" last="Johansson">Björn Johansson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Traffic Medicine Centre,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johansson, Kurt" sort="Johansson, Kurt" uniqKey="Johansson K" first="Kurt" last="Johansson">Kurt Johansson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Traffic Medicine Centre,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winblad, Bengt" sort="Winblad, Bengt" uniqKey="Winblad B" first="Bengt" last="Winblad">Bengt Winblad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Geriatric Medicine,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eriksdotter, Maria" sort="Eriksdotter, Maria" uniqKey="Eriksdotter M" first="Maria" last="Eriksdotter">Maria Eriksdotter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Geriatric Medicine,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Religa, Dorota" sort="Religa, Dorota" uniqKey="Religa D" first="Dorota" last="Religa">Dorota Religa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Geriatric Medicine,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences</institution>, Warsaw,<country>Poland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Alzheimer's Disease</title><idno type="ISSN">1387-2877</idno><idno type="eISSN">1875-8908</idno><imprint><date when="????">????</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold> Driving constitutes a very important aspect of daily life and is dependent on cognitive functions such as attention, visuo-spatial skills and memory, which are often compromised in dementia. Therefore, the driving fitness of patients with dementia needs to be addressed by physicians and those that are deemed unfit should not be allowed to continue driving.</p><p><bold>Objective:</bold> We aimed at investigating to what extent physicians assess driving fitness in dementia patients and determinant factors for revoking of their licenses.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> This study includes 15113 patients with newly diagnosed dementia and driver’s license registered in the Swedish Dementia Registry (SveDem). The main outcomes were reporting to the licensing authority and making an agreement about driving eligibility with the patients.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> Physicians had not taken any action in 16% of dementia patients, whereas 9% were reported to the authority to have their licenses revoked. Males (OR = 3.04), those with an MMSE score between 20–24 (OR = 1.35) and 10–19 (OR = 1.50), patients with frontotemporal (OR = 3.09) and vascular dementia (OR = 1.26) were more likely to be reported to the authority.</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> For the majority of patients with dementia, driving fitness was assessed. Nevertheless, physicians did not address the issue in a sizeable proportion of dementia patients. Type of dementia, cognitive status, age, sex and burden of comorbidities are independent factors associated with the assessment of driving fitness in patients with dementia. Increased knowledge on how these factors relate to road safety may pave the way for more specific guidelines addressing the issue of driving in patients with dementia.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Alzheimers Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Alzheimers Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JAD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Alzheimer's Disease</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1387-2877</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1875-8908</issn><issn-l>1387-2877</issn-l><publisher><publisher-name>IOS Press</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Nieuwe Hemweg 6B, 1013 BG Amsterdam, The Netherlands</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27163829</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4969696</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JAD160254</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3233/JAD-160254</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Assessment and Reporting of Driving Fitness in Patients with Dementia in Clinical Practice: <italic>Data from SveDem, the Swedish Dementia Registry</italic></article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="left-running-head">J. Lovas et al.</alt-title><alt-title alt-title-type="right-running-head">Driving Fitness in Dementia</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lovas</surname><given-names>Joel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fereshtehnejad</surname><given-names>Seyed-Mohammad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">b</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cermakova</surname><given-names>Pavla</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">d</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lundberg</surname><given-names>Catarina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Johansson</surname><given-names>Björn</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Johansson</surname><given-names>Kurt</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Winblad</surname><given-names>Bengt</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">f</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eriksdotter</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">b</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">f</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Religa</surname><given-names>Dorota</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">f</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">g</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>a</label>Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>b</label>Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS),<institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>c</label>Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery,<institution>McGill University</institution>, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, PQ,<country>Canada</country></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>d</label><institution>International Clinical Research Center and St.Anne‘s University Hospital</institution>, Brno,<country>Czech Republic</country></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>e</label>Traffic Medicine Centre,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></aff><aff id="aff6"><label>f</label>Department of Geriatric Medicine,<institution>Karolinska University Hospital</institution>, Stockholm,<country>Sweden</country></aff><aff id="aff7"><label>g</label><institution>Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences</institution>, Warsaw,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Correspondence to: Dorota Religa, MD, PhD, Karolinska Institutet, NVS, Novum, plan 5, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel.: +46 08585000; E-mail: <email>Dorota.Religa@ki.se</email>.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date date-type="preprint" publication-format="electronic"><day>5</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>53</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>631</fpage><lpage>638</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><bold>Background:</bold> Driving constitutes a very important aspect of daily life and is dependent on cognitive functions such as attention, visuo-spatial skills and memory, which are often compromised in dementia. Therefore, the driving fitness of patients with dementia needs to be addressed by physicians and those that are deemed unfit should not be allowed to continue driving.</p><p><bold>Objective:</bold> We aimed at investigating to what extent physicians assess driving fitness in dementia patients and determinant factors for revoking of their licenses.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> This study includes 15113 patients with newly diagnosed dementia and driver’s license registered in the Swedish Dementia Registry (SveDem). The main outcomes were reporting to the licensing authority and making an agreement about driving eligibility with the patients.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> Physicians had not taken any action in 16% of dementia patients, whereas 9% were reported to the authority to have their licenses revoked. Males (OR = 3.04), those with an MMSE score between 20–24 (OR = 1.35) and 10–19 (OR = 1.50), patients with frontotemporal (OR = 3.09) and vascular dementia (OR = 1.26) were more likely to be reported to the authority.</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> For the majority of patients with dementia, driving fitness was assessed. Nevertheless, physicians did not address the issue in a sizeable proportion of dementia patients. Type of dementia, cognitive status, age, sex and burden of comorbidities are independent factors associated with the assessment of driving fitness in patients with dementia. Increased knowledge on how these factors relate to road safety may pave the way for more specific guidelines addressing the issue of driving in patients with dementia.</p></abstract><kwd-group><label>Keywords</label><kwd>Dementia</kwd><kwd>Alzheimer’s disease</kwd><kwd>frontotemporal dementia</kwd><kwd>driving license</kwd><kwd>cognitive status</kwd><kwd>agreement</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec0005"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Driving a car is one of the most frequently used means of transport among the elderly, allowing them independence in social participation and access to medical services [<xref rid="ref001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. With the continuously rising life expectancy and prevalence of age-related diseases [<xref rid="ref002" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>], the number of older drivers affected by comorbidities is increasing [<xref rid="ref003" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. This has raised concerns, since diseases that are more common in older age groups, such as dementia, contribute to poor driving and may increase the risk of car crashes [<xref rid="ref003" ref-type="bibr">3, 4</xref>].</p><p>Driving is a complex task that requires a sufficient level of cognitive functioning in domains such as attention, visuo-spatial skills and memory [<xref rid="ref005" ref-type="bibr">5, 6</xref>]. These may be impaired in dementia, of which the most common underlying pathology is Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [<xref rid="ref004" ref-type="bibr">4, 7</xref>]. Lack of judgement that characterizes patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and motor symptoms of patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) may also impair driving ability [<xref rid="ref008" ref-type="bibr">8, 9</xref>]. Moreover, cardiovascular comorbidities, common particularly in mixed and vascular dementia [<xref rid="ref010" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>], can compromise one’s the ability to drive safely [<xref rid="ref011" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>].</p><p>Patients with dementia who are not fit to drive fitness should cease driving and be reported to authorities following appropriate assessments [<xref rid="ref012" ref-type="bibr">12, 13</xref>]. It has been shown that physicians’ warning to unfit drivers including the ones with cognitive impairment reduce the risk of subsequent crashes and road accidents [<xref rid="ref014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]. Mandatory reporting could, however, jeopardize the relationship between doctors and patients [<xref rid="ref013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. According to the Swedish law, physicians should report patients who are unfit to drive to the licensing authority (at present the Swedish Transport Agency, STA), but may also reach an agreement with them to abstain from driving with them [<xref rid="ref015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. It is not known how the issue of driving capacity in dementia is addressed in clinical practice. Capitalizing on a nationwide registry of dementia patients, we aimed at investigating (1) the proportion and characteristics of patients that have been reported to the STA or have an agreement about refraining from driving and (2) factors associated with either reporting to the STA or reaching an agreement about driving or not taking an action at all. These findings could reflect the real-world clinical practice on the assessment of driving ability in patients with dementia and improve physicians’ and caregivers’ knowledge and attitude about this issue.</p></sec><sec id="sec0010"><title>METHODS</title><p>We performed a cross-sectional study based on data from the Swedish Dementia Registry (SveDem). SveDem (www.svedem.se) is a national registry that was initiated in May 2007 with the aim to improve the care of patients with dementia; and has previously been described in detail [<xref rid="ref007" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>].</p><sec id="sec0015"><title>Ethical approval</title><p>Participants received oral and written information regarding SveDem and its policies before registration and could decline to participate from start and at any time throughout the registration. In order to ensure privacy, data was treated confidentially, protected from unauthorized access and de-identified before analysis. The regional ethical review board in Stockholm granted a specific ethical permission for the present study (registration number 2013/832-31/1).</p></sec><sec id="sec0020"><title>Dementia diagnosis</title><p>Dementia is diagnosed by a physician in a memory clinic or a primary care unit and classified as AD, mixed dementia, vascular dementia, DLB, PDD, FTD, unspecified dementia or other types. The 10th revision of the International Classification of Disease criteria (ICD-10) [<xref rid="ref016" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>], along with McKeith criteria [<xref rid="ref017" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] for DLB, the Lund-Manchester criteria [<xref rid="ref018" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] for FTD and the Movement Disorder Society Task Force criteria [<xref rid="ref019" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] for PDD are used.</p></sec><sec id="sec0025"><title>Driving fitness</title><p>SveDem contains two variables with regard to driving cessation: whether the licensing authority has been informed regarding the patient’s license holding and whether an agreement has been reached about driving a car. Possible answers are yes/no/don’t know. We further use terms “reporting to the authority” for the first variable and “agreement about driving” for the second variable.</p></sec><sec id="sec0030"><title>Other variables</title><p>At the time of dementia diagnosis, information on age, sex and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and total number of drugs is registered. Further variables concern living condition (own home / institution), co-residency (living alone / living with another adult), use of day care and home care, registration unit (primary care / memory clinic) and medication (cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, hypnotics and cardiovascular drugs). The total number of drugs is considered as a surrogate for overall comorbidity [<xref rid="ref020" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec0035"><title>Study sample</title><p>From the total of 35 995 patients registered into SveDem until December 2013, we excluded 6 269 patients due to missing data regarding license status, 12 322 patients who had no driver’s license and 2 002 patients with missing information on reporting to the agency or agreement about driving. Furthermore, we excluded 289 patients diagnosed with “other dementia types”, resulting in the final sample of 15 113 patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="jad-53-jad160254-g001">Fig. 1</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="sec0040"><title>Statistical Analysis</title><p>We calculated means [standard deviation (SD)] for continuous variables and frequencies (%) for categorical variables. To compare characteristics between two groups (reporting to the agency vs. no reporting and agreement about driving vs. no agreement), we used Chi square tests for categorical variables and independent samples <italic>t</italic> tests for continuous variables.</p><p>Binary logistic regression was applied to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations of patients’ characteristics with reporting to the agency and agreement about driving. We have presented three multivariate models, where patients’ take away characteristics (age, sex, MMSE, dementia disorder and number of medications as a proxy for comorbidities) were independent variables and reporting to the agency (1st model), agreement about driving (2nd model) and no action at all (3rd model) were considered as dependent outcome variables in each model. Age, MMSE and number of drugs were used as categorical variables. All patients’ characteristics were entered simultaneously into both models, which were also adjusted for the following information: living condition, co-residency, registration unit, day care, home care and medication (antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, cardiovascular drugs and hypnotics).</p><p>Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 22 (IBM co., USA). The significance level was set at <0.05.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec0045"><title>RESULTS</title><p>The study population consists of 15 113 patients [mean age = 78 (SD = 8) years, 56% males]. The most common dementia disorder was AD (37%), followed by mixed (21%) and vascular dementia (18%). The mean MMSE score at the time of dementia diagnosis was 22 (SD = 5). Physicians reported 1359 patients (9%) to the transport agency and had made an agreement about driving with 12513 patients (83%). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="jad-53-jad160254-g002">Fig. 2</xref> presents how reporting to the agency and agreement about driving vary in subgroups of patients.</p><sec id="sec0050"><title>Reporting to the agency</title><p>Patients who were reported to the agency were more often men, were younger, had a slightly lower MMSE score and used less drugs compared to those who were not reported (<xref ref-type="table" rid="jad-53-jad160254-t001">Table 1</xref>). Diagnoses of vascular dementia and FTD were more common among those who were reported.</p><p>In multivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="jad-53-jad160254-t002">Table 2</xref>), men were more likely to be reported than women (OR = 3.04; 95% CI 2.62–3.52). The oldest patients (>85 years) were the least likely to be reported (OR = 0.42; 95% CI 0.30–0.57). Compared to individuals with MMSE ≥25, the odds of being reported was higher in those with an MMSE score between 20–24 (OR = 1.35; 95% CI 1.17–1.56) and 10–19 (OR = 1.50; 95% CI 1.26–1.78). Patients using the highest number of drugs (≥7) were the least likely to be reported (OR = 0.74; 95% CI 0.56–0.98). Compared to AD, patients diagnosed with FTD (OR = 3.09; 95% CI 2.22–4.30) and vascular dementia (OR = 1.26; 95% CI 1.05–1.51) were more likely to be reported, while the opposite was found for DLB (OR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.32–0.81).</p></sec><sec id="sec0055"><title>Agreement about driving</title><p>Patients who had an agreement about driving were less commonly men, were older, had a lower MMSE score and used more drugs, when compared to those who did not have an agreement (<xref ref-type="table" rid="jad-53-jad160254-t001">Table 1</xref>). The frequency of patients diagnosed with mixed dementia, vascular dementia, DLB and PDD was higher among those who had an agreement.</p><p>Multivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="jad-53-jad160254-t002">Table 2</xref>) showed that men were less likely than women to have an agreement about driving (OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.67–0.82). The highest likelihood of having an agreement was found in patients older than 85 years (OR = 2.90; 95% CI 2.31–3.63) and in patients with the MMSE score below 10 (OR = 2.74; 95% CI 1.64–4.58). There was no association between total number of drugs and an agreement about driving. Diagnosis of mixed dementia, vascular dementia, DLB and PDD were associated with higher likelihood of agreement about driving when compared to AD.</p></sec><sec id="sec0060"><title>No action</title><p>Physicians took no action to assess driving ability in 2449 dementia patients (16%) with driving licenses. The likelihood of no action being taken was higher in men (OR = 1.23; 95% CI 1.11–1.37), while it was lower in older patients with lower MMSE score. Compared to those with AD, patients with mixed dementia, vascular dementia, DLB or PDD were more likely to be assessed for driving ability (<xref ref-type="table" rid="jad-53-jad160254-t002">Table 2</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec0065"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>We found that physicians reported 9% of patients with dementia holding a driver’s license to the authority. Reporting was associated with male sex, younger age, slightly lower global cognitive status, less comorbidity and in particular the diagnosis of FTD. Physicians had made an agreement about driving with 83% of patients with dementia. Coming to an agreement was associated with being female, older age, lower global cognitive status, a higher number of comorbid conditions and particularly with the diagnoses of DLB and PDD.</p><p>Patients who were reported to the STA were more often men, while those who had an agreement about driving were more likely to be women. As men are generally more often involved in car accidents [<xref rid="ref021" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>], male drivers with dementia may be considered a bigger threat to road safety. We speculate that reaching an agreement about driving is more challenging with male patients, as elderly men may consider car driving as more important than do their female counterparts [<xref rid="ref021" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. Female drivers tend to avoid dangerous traffic situations to a greater extent than men [<xref rid="ref022" ref-type="bibr">22, 23</xref>], so women with dementia, if they have previously been active drivers, may likely stop driving of their own accord. On the other hand, physicians were more likely to take no action at all concerning younger-age males with AD and higher MMSE-scores.</p><p>Older drivers have a higher risk of being involved and dying in car accidents, but also have a tendency to self-restrict their driving [<xref rid="ref022" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]. This can explain why physicians tend to report younger patients to the authority. Our study showed that patients with MMSE score between 10 and 25 were more likely to be reported to the licensing authority when compared to those with MMSE above 25, while we did not detect any association for patients with MMSE lower than 10. Lower scores may be indicative of impaired driving, even though the correlation between MMSE score and driving performance is not strong [<xref rid="ref024" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. We infer that patients with very severe cognitive impairment had already decided to give up driving, making reporting to the authority unnecessary. Moreover, this study indicates that patients who use higher numbers of drugs are less likely to be reported to the STA. As several comorbidities and drugs can contribute to poor driving ability [<xref rid="ref025" ref-type="bibr">25, 26</xref>], we conclude that patients with a higher comorbidity burden restrict driving themselves.</p><p>FTD was the dementia subtype most commonly associated with reporting to the licensing authority. Their behavioral symptoms, such as lack of insight, agitation and disinhibition may pose a safety risk on the road [<xref rid="ref009" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] and also explain why they may not be willing to accept an agreement with a physician. On the other hand, DLB patients were the least likely to be reported. We hypothesized that symptoms such as hallucinations and motor impairment in DLB are severe enough to compromise driving ability, causing them to decide to give up driving. Moreover, PDD and DLB patients were more likely to have an agreement about driving compared to AD. We speculated that since they have more pronounced impairment in visual-spatial ability, attention and executive functions than AD patients [<xref rid="ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>], and that this correlates with their poor driving performance [<xref rid="ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] physicians may pay more attention to driving in patients with PDD and DLB.</p><p>To our knowledge, this study is the first one to show how physicians address the issue of driving a car in a large population of patients with dementia in clinical practice. It is strengthened by a large sample size and inclusion of several dementia disorders. Diagnoses in SveDem are made in a clinical setting; however, their accuracy has not been examined since autopsy records are not available. Another limitation of this study is its cross-sectional design and possible residual confounding factors, such as patients’ previous car crash history.</p><p>In conclusion, SveDem data demonstrated that for the in majority of dementia patients an agreement with the physician about their driving ability was reached and driving license was reported to authorities in about 9% of them. Nevertheless, physicians did not address the issue of driving in almost 16% of dementia patients who were more likely to be younger males a man with younger age suffering from AD with better cognitive status. Patients with FTD had an increased likelihood of being reported to the STA, while the opposite was observed for those with DLB. Other factors including age, sex, cognitive status and burden of comorbid conditions also seem to independently influence the choice of reporting a patient to the authority regarding driving capacity. This could be attributed to either the perceived crash risk, or the decreased likelihood of driving cessation related to these factors. Future studies are warranted in order to investigate the practical implications of our findings. Increased knowledge on how the factors identified in this study relate to road safety may pave the way for more specific guidelines addressing the issue of driving in patients with dementia.</p></sec><sec id="sec0070"><title>CONTRIBUTORS</title><p>JL, SMF, PC, ME, BW and DR formulated the research question and designed the study. SMF, JL and PC analysed and interpreted the data, and drafted the manuscript. DR, ME, and BW interpreted the findings as well. DR, CL, BJ, and KJ contributed in data collection at the Traffic Medicine Centre. All authors reviewed the first draft and contributed in the final revision and approval of the final submitted manuscript.</p></sec><sec id="sec0075"><title>FUNDING</title><p>This study was supported by the Swedish Research Council.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title><p>The authors are grateful to all patients, caregivers, physicians, data administrators and reporting units for providing information. The SveDem registry is supported by the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions and the Swedish Brain Power network. This study was supported by the Swedish Research Council.</p></ack><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref001"><label>[1]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Marottoli</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>O’Neill</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name> (<year>2013</year>) <article-title>Driving assessment for maintaining mobility and safety in drivers with dementia</article-title>. <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source><volume>35</volume>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref002"><label>[2]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Christensen</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Doblhammer</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rau</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vaupel</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></string-name> (<year>2009</year>) <article-title>Ageing populations: The challenges ahead</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><volume>374</volume>, <fpage>1196</fpage>–<lpage>1208</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19801098</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref003"><label>[3]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Man-Son-Hing</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Marshall</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Molnar</surname><given-names>FJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>KG</given-names></string-name> (<year>2007</year>) <article-title>Systematic review of driving risk and the efficacy of compensatory strategies in persons with dementia</article-title>. <source>J Am Geriatr Soc</source><volume>55</volume>, <fpage>878</fpage>–<lpage>884</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17537088</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref004"><label>[4]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Eby</surname><given-names>DW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Silverstein</surname><given-names>NM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Molnar</surname><given-names>LJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>LeBlanc</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Adler</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name> (<year>2012</year>) <article-title>Driving behaviors in early stage dementia: A study using in-vehicle technology</article-title>. <source>Accid Anal Prev</source><volume>49</volume>, <fpage>330</fpage>–<lpage>337</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23036413</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref005"><label>[5]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Dugan</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Barton</surname><given-names>KN</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Coyle</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></string-name> (<year>2013</year>) <article-title>US policies to enhance older driver safety: A systematic review of the literature</article-title>. <source>J Aging Soc Policy</source><volume>25</volume>, <fpage>335</fpage>–<lpage>352</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24059928</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref006"><label>[6]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Dugan</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></string-name> (<year>2013</year>) <article-title>Biopsychosocial risk factors for driving cessation: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study</article-title>. <source>J Aging Health</source><volume>25</volume>, <fpage>1313</fpage>–<lpage>1328</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24067290</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref007"><label>[7]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Religa</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fereshtehnejad</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cermakova</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Edlund</surname><given-names>AK</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Garcia-Ptacek</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Granqvist</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hallback</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kawe</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Farahmand</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kilander</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mattsson</surname><given-names>UB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Nagga</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Nordstrom</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wijk</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wimo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Winblad</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Eriksdotter</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name> (<year>2015</year>) <article-title>SveDem, the Swedish dementia registry - a tool for improving the quality of diagnostics, treatment and care of dementia patients in clinical practice in</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source><volume>10</volume>, <fpage>e0116538</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25695768</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref008"><label>[8]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Crizzle</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Classen</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Uc</surname><given-names>EY</given-names></string-name> (<year>2012</year>) <article-title>Parkinson disease and driving: An evidence-based review</article-title>. <source>Neurology</source><volume>79</volume>, <fpage>2067</fpage>–<lpage>2074</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23150533</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref009"><label>[9]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Turk</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dugan</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name> (<year>2014</year>) <article-title>Research brief: A literature review of frontotemporal dementia and driving</article-title>. <source>Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen</source><volume>29</volume>, <fpage>404</fpage>–<lpage>408</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24413539</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref010"><label>[10]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Cermakova</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fereshtehnejad</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Johnell</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Winblad</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Eriksdotter</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Religa</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name> (<year>2014</year>) <article-title>Cardiovascular medication burden in dementia disorders: A nationwide study of 19,743 dementia patients in the Swedish Dementia Registry</article-title>. <source>Alzheimers Res Ther</source><volume>6</volume>, <fpage>34</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25024749</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref011"><label>[11]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Kakaiya</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fulkerson</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name> (<year>2000</year>) <article-title>Medical evaluation for driver qualification for patients with cardiovascular disorders</article-title>. <source>J Am Board Fam Pract</source><volume>13</volume>, <fpage>261</fpage>–<lpage>267</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10933290</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref012"><label>[12]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Johansson</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lundberg</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name> (<year>1997</year>) <article-title>The 1994 International consensus conference on dementia and driving: A brief report. Swedish National Road Administration</article-title>. <source>Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord</source><volume>11</volume><issue>(Suppl 1)</issue>, <fpage>62</fpage>–<lpage>69</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9194971</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref013"><label>[13]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Rapoport</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Herrmann</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Molnar</surname><given-names>FJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Man-Son-Hing</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Marshall</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Shulman</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Naglie</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name> (<year>2007</year>) <article-title>Sharing the responsibility for assessing the risk of the driver with dementia</article-title>. <source>CMAJ</source><volume>177</volume>, <fpage>599</fpage>–<lpage>601</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17846442</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref014"><label>[14]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Redelmeier</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Yarnell</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Thiruchelvam</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tibshirani</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></string-name> (<year>2012</year>) <article-title>Physicians’ warnings for unfit drivers and the risk of trauma from road crashes</article-title>. <source>N Engl J Med</source><volume>367</volume>, <fpage>1228</fpage>–<lpage>1236</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23013074</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref015"><label>[15]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book">(<year>1999</year>) <publisher-name>Fakta info direkt</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Stockholm</publisher-loc>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref016"><label>[16]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book">WHO (<year>1993</year>) <article-title>The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research</article-title>. <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>, <publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref017"><label>[17]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>McKeith</surname><given-names>IG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dickson</surname><given-names>DW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lowe</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Emre</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>O’Brien</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Feldman</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cummings</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Duda</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lippa</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Perry</surname><given-names>EK</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Aarsland</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Arai</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ballard</surname><given-names>CG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Boeve</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Burn</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Del Ser</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dubois</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Galasko</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gauthier</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Goetz</surname><given-names>CG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gomez-Tortosa</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Halliday</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hansen</surname><given-names>LA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hardy</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Iwatsubo</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kalaria</surname><given-names>RN</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kaufer</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kenny</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Korczyn</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kosaka</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>VM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lees</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Litvan</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Londos</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lopez</surname><given-names>OL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Minoshima</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mizuno</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Molina</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mukaetova-Ladinska</surname><given-names>EB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pasquier</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Perry</surname><given-names>RH</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schulz</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Trojanowski</surname><given-names>JQ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Yamada</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <collab>Consortium on DLB</collab>(<year>2005</year>) <article-title>Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Third report of the DLB Consortium</article-title>. <source>Neurology</source><volume>65</volume>, <fpage>1863</fpage>–<lpage>1872</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16237129</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref018"><label>[18]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal">(<year>1994</year>) <article-title>Clinical and neuropathological criteria for frontotemporal dementia. The Lund and Manchester Groups</article-title>. <source>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</source><volume>57</volume>, <fpage>416</fpage>–<lpage>418</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8163988</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref019"><label>[19]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Emre</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Aarsland</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Burn</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Duyckaerts</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mizuno</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Broe</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cummings</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dickson</surname><given-names>DW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gauthier</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Goldman</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Goetz</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Korczyn</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lees</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Levy</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Litvan</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>McKeith</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Olanow</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Poewe</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Quinn</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sampaio</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tolosa</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dubois</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name> (<year>2007</year>) <article-title>Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease</article-title>. <source>Mov Disord</source><volume>22</volume>, <fpage>1689</fpage>–<lpage>1707</lpage>; <comment>quiz 1837</comment>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17542011</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref020"><label>[20]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Schneeweiss</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Seeger</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Maclure</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Avorn</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Glynn</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></string-name> (<year>2001</year>) <article-title>Performance of comorbidity scores to control for confounding in epidemiologic studies using claims data</article-title>. <source>Am J Epidemiol</source><volume>154</volume>, <fpage>854</fpage>–<lpage>864</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11682368</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref021"><label>[21]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Al-Balbissi</surname><given-names>AH</given-names></string-name> (<year>2003</year>) <article-title>Role of gender in road accidents</article-title>. <source>Traffic Inj Prev</source><volume>4</volume>, <fpage>64</fpage>–<lpage>73</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14522664</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref022"><label>[22]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Herrmann</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rapoport</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sambrook</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hebert</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>McCracken</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Robillard</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name> (<year>2006</year>) <article-title>Predictors of driving cessation in mild-to-moderate dementia</article-title>. <source>Cmaj</source><volume>175</volume>, <fpage>591</fpage>–<lpage>595</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16966661</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref023"><label>[23]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Seiler</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schmidt</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lechner</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Benke</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sanin</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ransmayr</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lehner</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dal-Bianco</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Santer</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Linortner</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Eggers</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Haider</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Uranues</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Marksteiner</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Leblhuber</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kapeller</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bancher</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schmidt</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Group</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></string-name> (<year>2012</year>) <article-title>Driving cessation and dementia: Results of the prospective registry on dementia in Austria (PRODEM)</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source><volume>7</volume>, <fpage>e52710</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23300746</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref024"><label>[24]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Molnar</surname><given-names>FJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Patel</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Marshall</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Man-Son-Hing</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>KG</given-names></string-name> (<year>2006</year>) <article-title>Clinical utility of office-based cognitive predictors of fitness to drive in persons with dementia: A systematic review</article-title>. <source>J Am Geriatr Soc</source><volume>54</volume>, <fpage>1809</fpage>–<lpage>1824</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17198485</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref025"><label>[25]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Transportstyrelsen</collab> (<year>2013</year>) <publisher-name>Kristina Nilsson</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Norrköping</publisher-loc>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref026"><label>[26]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Hetland</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Carr</surname><given-names>DB</given-names></string-name> (<year>2014</year>) <article-title>Medications and impaired driving</article-title>. <source>Ann Pharmacother</source><volume>48</volume>, <fpage>494</fpage>–<lpage>506</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24473486</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref027"><label>[27]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>McKeith</surname><given-names>IG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rowan</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Askew</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Naidu</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Allan</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Barnett</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lett</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mosimann</surname><given-names>UP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Burn</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>O’Brien</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></string-name> (<year>2006</year>) <article-title>More severe functional impairment in dementia with lewy bodies than Alzheimer disease is related to extrapyramidal motor dysfunction</article-title>. <source>Am J Geriatr Psychiatry</source><volume>14</volume>, <fpage>582</fpage>–<lpage>588</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16816011</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref028"><label>[28]</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Yamin</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Stinchcombe</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gagnon</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name> (<year>2015</year>) <article-title>Driving competence in mild dementia with lewy bodies: In search of cognitive predictors using driving simulation</article-title>. <source>Int J Alzheimers Dis</source><volume>2015</volume>, <fpage>806024</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26713169</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="jad-53-jad160254-g001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig.1</label><caption><p>Selection of the study population.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jad-53-jad160254-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="jad-53-jad160254-g002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig.2</label><caption><p>Frequency of the agreement with drivers (grey bars) and reporting to the STA (black bars) in Swedish dementia patients with driving license with respect to age group (A), cognitive status (B), number of medications (C) and type of dementia disorder (D) (<italic>n</italic> = 15113).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jad-53-jad160254-g002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="jad-53-jad160254-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Characteristics of the study population (<italic>n</italic> = 15 113): Swedish Dementia Registry (SveDem), 2007-2013</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col span="1"></col><col span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col span="1"></col><col span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristic</td><td colspan="3" align="center" rowspan="1">Reporting to the agency</td><td colspan="3" align="center" rowspan="1">Agreement about driving</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes (<italic>n</italic> = 1359)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No (<italic>n</italic> = 13754)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p-value</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes (<italic>n</italic> = 12513)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No (<italic>n</italic> = 2600)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p-value</italic></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Men, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1017 (74.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7397 (53.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6835 (54.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1579 (60.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age, mean (SD)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.2 (7.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.8 (7.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.1 (7.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.5 (8.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MMSE, mean (SD)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.8 (4.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.1 (4.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.012</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.8 (4.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.5 (4.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Living in own home, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1325 (97.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13136 (95.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11909 (95.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2552 (98.3)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Living alone, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">542 (40.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4941 (36.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.006</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4714 (38.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">769 (29.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Day care, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (2.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">464 (3.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.207</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (3.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (1.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Home care, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">253 (19.3)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3208 (23.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3120 (25.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">341 (13.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Registered at memory clinic, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">974 (71.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10324 (75.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.022</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9732 (77.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1566 (60.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dementia disorder, n (%)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Alzheimer’s disease</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">469 (34.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5140 (37.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4495 (35.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1114 (42.8)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mixed dementia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">240 (17.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2913 (21.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2813 (22.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">340 (13.1)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Vascular dementia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">282 (20.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2484 (18.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2378 (19.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">388 (14.9)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Dementia with Lewy bodies</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (1.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">400 (2.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">378 (3.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">46 (1.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Parkinson’s disease dementia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (1.3)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">256 (1.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">247 (2.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (1.0)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Frontotemporal dementia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">79 (5.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">250 (1.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">253 (2.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">76 (2.9)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Unspecified type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">247 (18.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2311 (16.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1949 (15.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">609 (23.4)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medication, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cholinesterase inhibitors</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">616 (47.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7245 (53.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6389 (52.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1472 (58.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> NMDA-antagonists</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">131 (10.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1336 (10.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.823</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1299 (10.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">168 (6.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Antidepressants</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">296 (23.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3643 (27.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3312 (27.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">627 (25.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.023</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Antipsychotics</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">72 (5.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">603 (4.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.082</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">586 (4.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">89 (3.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.006</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Anxiolytics</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">86 (6.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">941 (7.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.610</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">856 (7.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">171 (6.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.722</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hypnotics</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">209 (16.3)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1819 (13.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.009</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1724 (14.3)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">304 (12.3)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.008</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cardiovascular drugs</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">872 (67.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9186 (68.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.472</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8481 (70.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1577 (63.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total number of medications mean (SD)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0 (2.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4 (3.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5 (3.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0 (3.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>SD: standard deviation; n: number; MMSE: mini-mental state examination.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="jad-53-jad160254-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Associations of patients’ characteristics with the agreement about driving and reporting to the agency: Swedish Dementia Registry (SveDem), 2007-2013</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristic</td><td colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Reporting to the agency</td><td colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Agreement about driving</td><td colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">No action</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR (95% CI)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p-value</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR (95% CI)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p-value</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR (95% CI)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p-value</italic></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.04 (2.62–3.52)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74 (0.67–0.82)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.23 (1.11–1.37)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <65</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (Reference)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (Reference)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (Reference)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 65–74</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04 (0.80–1.35)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.774</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58 (1.31–1.90)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65 (0.54–0.78)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 75–84</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76 (0.59–0.98)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.033</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.18 (1.81–2.61)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46 (0.38–0.56)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥85</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42 (0.30–0.57)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.90 (2.31–3.63)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36 (0.29–0.46)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MMSE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥25</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (Reference)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (Reference)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (Reference)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20–24</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35 (1.17–1.56)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54 (1.39–1.71)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62 (0.56–0.69)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10–19</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50 (1.26–1.78)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.53 (2.19–2.92)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36 (0.31–0.42)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <10</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99 (0.54–1.80)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.962</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.74 (1.64–4.58)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38 (0.23–0.63)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total number of drugs</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> None</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (Reference)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (Reference)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (Reference)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87 (0.69–1.10)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.236</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 (0.79–1.12)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.474</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06 (0.89–1.27)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.513</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4–6</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76 (0.59–0.98)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.035</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98 (0.81–1.19)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.824</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98 (0.80–1.19)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.797</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74 (0.56–0.98)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.033</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 (0.71–1.08)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.221</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06 (0.85–1.32)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.602</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dementia disorder</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Alzheimer’s disease</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (<italic>Reference</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (<italic>Reference</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (<italic>Reference</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mixed dementia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97 (0.81–1.16)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.727</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.65 (1.43–1.91)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60 (0.52–0.70)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Vascular dementia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26 (1.05–1.51)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.014</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43 (1.24–1.66)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71 (0.61–0.83)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Dementia with Lewy bodies</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51 (0.32–0.81)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.004</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.83 (1.31–2.57)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56 (0.39–0.79)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Parkinson’s disease dementia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66 (0.38–1.14)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.136</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.09 (1.35–3.22)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52 (0.33–0.80)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.003</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Frontotemporal dementia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.09 (2.22–4.30)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91 (0.67–1.24)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.558</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 (0.62–1.20)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.376</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Unspecified</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (0.82–1.23)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.971</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08 (0.94–1.24)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.303</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97 (0.84–1.12)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.675</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>OR: Odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination. All variables in this table were entered simultaneously into both models. In addition, the models are adjusted for living condition, co-residency, registration unit, day care, home care and medication (antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, cardiovascular drugs and hypnotics).</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Canada/explor/ParkinsonCanadaV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 0001409 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 0001409 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Canada
|area= ParkinsonCanadaV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.29. |  |