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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Investing in the Future: Stimulation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Discounting of Delayed Rewards</title><author><name sortKey="Cho, Sang Soo" sort="Cho, Sang Soo" uniqKey="Cho S" first="Sang Soo" last="Cho">Sang Soo Cho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, Ontario,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koshimori, Yuko" sort="Koshimori, Yuko" uniqKey="Koshimori Y" first="Yuko" last="Koshimori">Yuko Koshimori</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, Ontario,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aminian, Kelly" sort="Aminian, Kelly" uniqKey="Aminian K" first="Kelly" last="Aminian">Kelly Aminian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, Ontario,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obeso, Ignacio" sort="Obeso, Ignacio" uniqKey="Obeso I" first="Ignacio" last="Obeso">Ignacio Obeso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, Ontario,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rusjan, Pablo" sort="Rusjan, Pablo" uniqKey="Rusjan P" first="Pablo" last="Rusjan">Pablo Rusjan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lang, Anthony E" sort="Lang, Anthony E" uniqKey="Lang A" first="Anthony E" last="Lang">Anthony E. Lang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Movement Disorder Unit & E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daskalakis, Zafiris J" sort="Daskalakis, Zafiris J" uniqKey="Daskalakis Z" first="Zafiris J" last="Daskalakis">Zafiris J. Daskalakis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Houle, Sylvain" sort="Houle, Sylvain" uniqKey="Houle S" first="Sylvain" last="Houle">Sylvain Houle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strafella, Antonio P" sort="Strafella, Antonio P" uniqKey="Strafella A" first="Antonio P" last="Strafella">Antonio P. Strafella</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, Ontario,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Movement Disorder Unit & E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25168685</idno><idno type="pmc">4289950</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289950</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4289950</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/npp.2014.211</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000012</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000012</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Investing in the Future: Stimulation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Discounting of Delayed Rewards</title><author><name sortKey="Cho, Sang Soo" sort="Cho, Sang Soo" uniqKey="Cho S" first="Sang Soo" last="Cho">Sang Soo Cho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, Ontario,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koshimori, Yuko" sort="Koshimori, Yuko" uniqKey="Koshimori Y" first="Yuko" last="Koshimori">Yuko Koshimori</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, Ontario,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aminian, Kelly" sort="Aminian, Kelly" uniqKey="Aminian K" first="Kelly" last="Aminian">Kelly Aminian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, Ontario,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obeso, Ignacio" sort="Obeso, Ignacio" uniqKey="Obeso I" first="Ignacio" last="Obeso">Ignacio Obeso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, Ontario,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rusjan, Pablo" sort="Rusjan, Pablo" uniqKey="Rusjan P" first="Pablo" last="Rusjan">Pablo Rusjan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lang, Anthony E" sort="Lang, Anthony E" uniqKey="Lang A" first="Anthony E" last="Lang">Anthony E. Lang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Movement Disorder Unit & E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daskalakis, Zafiris J" sort="Daskalakis, Zafiris J" uniqKey="Daskalakis Z" first="Zafiris J" last="Daskalakis">Zafiris J. Daskalakis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Houle, Sylvain" sort="Houle, Sylvain" uniqKey="Houle S" first="Sylvain" last="Houle">Sylvain Houle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strafella, Antonio P" sort="Strafella, Antonio P" uniqKey="Strafella A" first="Antonio P" last="Strafella">Antonio P. Strafella</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, Ontario,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Movement Disorder Unit & E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Neuropsychopharmacology</title><idno type="ISSN">0893-133X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1740-634X</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Generally, rewards that are received sooner are often preferred over future rewards, and the time between the choice and the reception of the reward is an important factor that influences our decisions, a phenomenon called delay discounting (DD). In DD, the medial prefrontal cortex (MePFC) and striatal dopamine neurotransmission both play an important role. We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to transiently activate the MePFC to evaluate its behavioral effect on the DD paradigm, and subsequently to measure its effect on striatal dopamine. Twenty-four right-handed young healthy subjects (11 females; age: 22.1±2.9 years) underwent DD following 10 Hz-rTMS of the MePFC and vertex stimulation (control condition). Thereafter, 11 subjects (5 females; age: 22.2±2.87 years) completed the PET study at rest using [<sup>11</sup>C]-(+)-PHNO following 10 Hz-rTMS of the MePFC and vertex. Modulation of the MePFC excitability influenced the subjective level of DD for delayed rewards and interfered with synaptic dopamine level in the striatum. The present study yielded findings that might reconcile the role of these areas in inter-temporal decision making and dopamine modulation, suggesting that the subjective sense of time and value of reward are critically controlled by these important regions.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Neuropsychopharmacology</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Neuropsychopharmacology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Neuropsychopharmacology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0893-133X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1740-634X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25168685</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4289950</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">npp2014211</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/npp.2014.211</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Investing in the Future: Stimulation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Discounting of Delayed Rewards</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running">rTMS of medial prefrontal cortex and dopamine</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>Sang Soo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koshimori</surname><given-names>Yuko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aminian</surname><given-names>Kelly</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Obeso</surname><given-names>Ignacio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rusjan</surname><given-names>Pablo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lang</surname><given-names>Anthony E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Daskalakis</surname><given-names>Zafiris J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Houle</surname><given-names>Sylvain</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Strafella</surname><given-names>Antonio P</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="caf1">*</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, Ontario,<country>Canada</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><institution>Movement Disorder Unit & E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><institution>Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</institution>, ON,<country>Canada</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="caf1"><label>*</label><institution>Toronto Western Hospital and Institute, CAMH-Research Imaging Centre, University of Toronto</institution>, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, <country>Canada</country>, Tel: +416 535 8501 ext 7394, E-mail: <email>antonio.strafella@uhnres.utoronto.ca</email> or <email>antonio.strafella@camhpet.ca</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>02</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epreprint"><day>29</day><month>08</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>40</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>546</fpage><lpage>553</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>American College of Neuropsychopharmacology</copyright-holder></permissions><abstract><p>Generally, rewards that are received sooner are often preferred over future rewards, and the time between the choice and the reception of the reward is an important factor that influences our decisions, a phenomenon called delay discounting (DD). In DD, the medial prefrontal cortex (MePFC) and striatal dopamine neurotransmission both play an important role. We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to transiently activate the MePFC to evaluate its behavioral effect on the DD paradigm, and subsequently to measure its effect on striatal dopamine. Twenty-four right-handed young healthy subjects (11 females; age: 22.1±2.9 years) underwent DD following 10 Hz-rTMS of the MePFC and vertex stimulation (control condition). Thereafter, 11 subjects (5 females; age: 22.2±2.87 years) completed the PET study at rest using [<sup>11</sup>C]-(+)-PHNO following 10 Hz-rTMS of the MePFC and vertex. Modulation of the MePFC excitability influenced the subjective level of DD for delayed rewards and interfered with synaptic dopamine level in the striatum. The present study yielded findings that might reconcile the role of these areas in inter-temporal decision making and dopamine modulation, suggesting that the subjective sense of time and value of reward are critically controlled by these important regions.</p></abstract></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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