Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Status Epilepticus
Identifieur interne : 000186 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000185; suivant : 000187Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Status Epilepticus
Auteurs : F. A. Zeiler [Canada] ; M. Matuszczak [Canada] ; J. Teitelbaum [Canada] ; L. M. Gillman [Canada] ; C. J. Kazina [Canada]Source :
- Epilepsy Research and Treatment [ 2090-1348 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2015/678074
PubMed: 26682065
PubMed Central: 4670661
Affiliations:
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PMC:4670661Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Status Epilepticus</title><author><name sortKey="Zeiler, F A" sort="Zeiler, F A" uniqKey="Zeiler F" first="F. A." last="Zeiler">F. A. Zeiler</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement><region type="state">Manitoba</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matuszczak, M" sort="Matuszczak, M" uniqKey="Matuszczak M" first="M." last="Matuszczak">M. Matuszczak</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I2">Undergraduate Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Undergraduate Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement><region type="state">Manitoba</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teitelbaum, J" sort="Teitelbaum, J" uniqKey="Teitelbaum J" first="J." last="Teitelbaum">J. Teitelbaum</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Section of Neurology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Neurology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill, Montreal, QC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gillman, L M" sort="Gillman, L M" uniqKey="Gillman L" first="L. M." last="Gillman">L. M. Gillman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I4">Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement><region type="state">Manitoba</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I5">Section of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement><region type="state">Manitoba</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kazina, C J" sort="Kazina, C J" uniqKey="Kazina C" first="C. J." last="Kazina">C. J. Kazina</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement><region type="state">Manitoba</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26682065</idno><idno type="pmc">4670661</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4670661</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4670661</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2015/678074</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000109</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000109</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000109</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000109</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000186</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000186</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Status Epilepticus</title><author><name sortKey="Zeiler, F A" sort="Zeiler, F A" uniqKey="Zeiler F" first="F. A." last="Zeiler">F. A. Zeiler</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement><region type="state">Manitoba</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matuszczak, M" sort="Matuszczak, M" uniqKey="Matuszczak M" first="M." last="Matuszczak">M. Matuszczak</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I2">Undergraduate Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Undergraduate Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement><region type="state">Manitoba</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teitelbaum, J" sort="Teitelbaum, J" uniqKey="Teitelbaum J" first="J." last="Teitelbaum">J. Teitelbaum</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Section of Neurology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Neurology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill, Montreal, QC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gillman, L M" sort="Gillman, L M" uniqKey="Gillman L" first="L. M." last="Gillman">L. M. Gillman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I4">Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement><region type="state">Manitoba</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I5">Section of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement><region type="state">Manitoba</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kazina, C J" sort="Kazina, C J" uniqKey="Kazina C" first="C. J." last="Kazina">C. J. Kazina</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement><region type="state">Manitoba</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Epilepsy Research and Treatment</title><idno type="ISSN">2090-1348</idno><idno type="eISSN">2090-1356</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background</italic>. Our goal was to perform a systematic review on the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of status epilepticus (SE) and refractory status epilepticus (RSE).<italic> Methods</italic>. MEDLINE, BIOSIS, EMBASE, Global Health, Healthstar, Scopus, Cochrane Library, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, clinicaltrials.gov (inception to August 2015), and gray literature were searched. The strength of evidence was adjudicated using Oxford and GRADE methodology.<italic> Results</italic>. We identified 11 original articles. Twenty-one patients were described, with 13 adult and 8 pediatric. All studies were retrospective. Seizure reduction/control with rTMS occurred in 15 of the 21 patients (71.4%), with 5 (23.8%) and 10 (47.6%) displaying partial and complete responses, respectively. Seizures recurred after rTMS in 73.3% of the patients who had initially responded. All studies were an Oxford level 4, GRADE D level of evidence.<italic> Conclusions</italic>. Oxford level 4, GRADE D evidence exists to suggest a potential impact on seizure control with the use of rTMS for FSE and FRSE, though durability of the therapy is short-lived. Routine use of rTMS in this context cannot be recommended at this time. Further prospective study of this intervention is warranted.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cretaz, E" uniqKey="Cretaz E">E. Cretaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brunoni, A R" uniqKey="Brunoni A">A. R. Brunoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lafer, B" uniqKey="Lafer B">B. Lafer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Galhardoni, R" uniqKey="Galhardoni R">R. Galhardoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Correia, G S" uniqKey="Correia G">G. S. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Epilepsy Res Treat</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Epilepsy Res Treat</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ERT</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Epilepsy Research and Treatment</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2090-1348</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2090-1356</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26682065</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4670661</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/678074</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Status Epilepticus</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zeiler</surname><given-names>F. A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Matuszczak</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Teitelbaum</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gillman</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kazina</surname><given-names>C. J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Undergraduate Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Section of Neurology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Section of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3A 1R9</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*F. A. Zeiler: <email>umzeiler@cc.umanitoba.ca</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: József Janszky</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>2015</volume><elocation-id>678074</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>8</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>19</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>3</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 F. A. Zeiler et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Background</italic>. Our goal was to perform a systematic review on the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of status epilepticus (SE) and refractory status epilepticus (RSE).<italic> Methods</italic>. MEDLINE, BIOSIS, EMBASE, Global Health, Healthstar, Scopus, Cochrane Library, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, clinicaltrials.gov (inception to August 2015), and gray literature were searched. The strength of evidence was adjudicated using Oxford and GRADE methodology.<italic> Results</italic>. We identified 11 original articles. Twenty-one patients were described, with 13 adult and 8 pediatric. All studies were retrospective. Seizure reduction/control with rTMS occurred in 15 of the 21 patients (71.4%), with 5 (23.8%) and 10 (47.6%) displaying partial and complete responses, respectively. Seizures recurred after rTMS in 73.3% of the patients who had initially responded. All studies were an Oxford level 4, GRADE D level of evidence.<italic> Conclusions</italic>. Oxford level 4, GRADE D evidence exists to suggest a potential impact on seizure control with the use of rTMS for FSE and FRSE, though durability of the therapy is short-lived. Routine use of rTMS in this context cannot be recommended at this time. Further prospective study of this intervention is warranted.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Flow diagram of search results.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ERT2015-678074.001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Adult study characteristics and patient demographics.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of patients treated with rTMS</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study type/design</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Article location</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean age (years)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Etiology of seizures and type of SE/RSE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean # AED prior to rTMS</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean time until rTMS administration (days)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Graff-Guerrero et al. [<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case series</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Journal manuscript</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (11 and 7 yrs)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Etiology</italic>: primary epilepsy (2) <break></break><italic>Type</italic>: FRSE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hyllienmark and Åmark [<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Journal manuscript</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Etiology:</italic> Dravet syndrome <break></break><italic>Type</italic>: cryptogenic SE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liu et al. [<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case series</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Journal manuscript</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 (46 and 51 yrs)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Etiology</italic>: primary epilepsy (2) <break></break><italic>Type</italic>:<break></break>1 → GRSE<break></break>2 → FRSE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Misawa et al. [<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Journal manuscript</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Etiology: </italic>FCD <break></break><italic>Type</italic>: FSE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Morales et al. [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case series</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Journal manuscript</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (8 and 16 yrs)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Etiology: </italic>lipofuscinosis (1) and congenital infarct (1) <break></break><italic>Type</italic>: FRSE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naro et al. [<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Journal manuscript</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Etiology:</italic> Postanoxic brain injury <break></break><italic>Type</italic>: GRSE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case series</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Journal manuscript</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (range: 11 to 79 yrs)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Etiology: </italic>hypoglycemia (2); postvascular malformation resection (1); stroke (1); Rasmussen's encephalitis (1); unknown (2) <break></break><italic>Type</italic>: FSE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thordstein and Constantinescu [<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Journal manuscript</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Etiology: </italic>HSV encephalitis <break></break><italic>Type</italic>: FRSE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thordstein et al. [<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case series</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Meeting abstract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5 (2 yrs, 8 mons and 6 yrs, 3 mons)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Etiology: </italic>Alpert's (1) and cortical malformations (1) <break></break><italic>Type</italic>:<break></break>1 → FSE<break></break>2 → FSE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Van Haerents et al. [<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Meeting abstract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Etiology:</italic> primary epilepsy <break></break><italic>Type</italic>: FRSE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wusthoff et al. [<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Journal manuscript</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Etiology: </italic>Rasmussen's encephalitis <break></break><italic>Type</italic>: FRSE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Journal manuscript</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Etiology</italic>: Rasmussen's encephalitis <break></break><italic>Type</italic>: FRSE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>rTMS: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; AED: antiepileptic drug; N/A: not available; SE: status epilepticus; FSE: focal status epilepticus; FRSE: focal refractory status epilepticus; GRSE: generalized refractory status epilepticus; yrs: years; mons: months; FCD: focal cortical dysplasia; HSV: herpes simplex virus. Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] contains a series of patients including the case description from Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. Thus, the data from Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>] was not included in the final summary and analysis of data in order to avoid duplication of patient data.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>rTMS treatment characteristics, seizure response, and outcome.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of patients treated with rTMS</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rTMS coil type</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rTMS treatment regimen (trains/freq./ train duration)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other AEDs on board</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrographic seizure response</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration of response </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adverse effects to rTMS</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient outcome</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Graff-Guerrero et al. [<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Figure of 8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15/20 Hz/2 s train with intertrain of 58 s</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ Valproic acid<break></break>Phenytoin<break></break>Primidone<break></break>Topiramate<break></break>2→ Phenytoin<break></break>Clobazam<break></break>Valproic acid<break></break>Oxcarbazepine</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ seizure cessation after 24 h<break></break>2→ slight frequency decrease in epileptic spikes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ 2 weeks<break></break>2→ N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ required hemispherectomy: biopsy showed Rasmussen's encephalitis<break></break>2→ minimal improvement</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hyllienmark and Åmark [<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lidocaine<break></break>Midazolam<break></break>Thiopental</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Burst suppression</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Good, seizures ceased</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liu et al. [<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Figure of 8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ 1/1 Hz/1200 s<break></break>2→ 1/1 Hz/1800 s</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ Phenobarbital<break></break>Pregabalin<break></break>Lamotrigine<break></break>Fosphenytoin<break></break>Lacosamide<break></break>Levetiracetam<break></break>Pentobarbital<break></break>2→ Lamotrigine<break></break>Levetiracetam<break></break>Felbatol<break></break>Lorazepam<break></break>Lacosamide</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ seizure frequency and spike detections decreased<break></break>2→ seizure frequency decreased</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ until discharge (4 weeks)<break></break>2→ 72 hours</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ discharged and sent to rehab on day 47<break></break>2→ required further vagus nerve stimulation; returned to baseline and discharged on 11 days after TMS</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Misawa et al. [<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Figure of 8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 pulses at 0.5 Hz</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clonazepam<break></break>Phenytoin</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FSE suppression in hand but FSE in foot persisted</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient underwent second TMS treatment which resulted in FSE suppression for 2 months</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Morales et al. [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ round coil (5 cm diameter)<break></break>2→ figure of 8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ 2 sessions: 4/1 Hz/600 s and 10/6 Hz/5 s trains with 25-second intertrain interval followed by 1/1 Hz/600 s<break></break>2→ 2 sessions: 1/1 Hz/900 s and 10/6 Hz/5 s with 25 s intertrain interval followed by 1/1 Hz/900 s</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ Zonisamide<break></break>Phenobarbital<break></break>Coenzyme Q<break></break>Levetiracetam<break></break>Carnitine<break></break>2→ Lamotrigine<break></break>Clobazam</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ no response<break></break>2→ no response</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 none <break></break>2 increased leg pain and mild headache. Both resolved</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ brain biopsy showed neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis Patient died 3 months later<break></break>2→ patient opted for surgery but no cortical resection could be done</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naro et al. [<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 trains with 300 pulses/1 Hz<break></break>with 30-second intertrain interval</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Levetiracetam<break></break>Valproate<break></break>Lorazepam</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Complete remission</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 days</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Myoclonic jerks reappeared though less frequent and intense</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Figure of 8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1→ 3/1 Hz/1800 s<break></break>2→ 1/1 Hz/1600 s and 40/20 Hz/2 s followed by 1/1 Hz/1600 s<break></break>3→ 40/20 Hz/1660 s<break></break>4→ 2/1 Hz/1600 s<break></break>5→ 1/1 Hz/200 s<break></break>6→ 15/100 Hz/0.05–1.25 s & 10/1 Hz/1600–1800 s<break></break>7→ 1/1 Hz/1800 s<break></break>20/20 Hz/4 s</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No effect = 2<break></break>Seizure ceased during TMS = 3<break></break>Seizure cessation after TMS = 2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seizures ceased during TMS lasting 30 minutes<break></break>1 patient = 2 days<break></break>1 patient = >4 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2/7 had no EEG response to TMS<break></break>3/7 had a short-lived response lasting 20-30 min after TMS train before relapse of clinical seizures<break></break>2/7 had lasting anticonvulsive effect throughout follow-up (2 days for 1 patient and >4 months for another)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thordstein and Constantinescu [<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Figure of 8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/0.5 Hz/3600 s<break></break>2 days of 1/day and<break></break>6 days of 2/day</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fosphenytoin<break></break>Levetiracetam<break></break>Topiramate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Continuous seizures stopped, localized epileptiform activity recorded</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient clinically improved slowly and has no epileptiform potentials 2.5 months later</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thordstein et al. [<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/0.5 Hz/3600 s daily for 2 weeks</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seizure severity decreased</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seizure frequency and severity both decreased</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Van Haerents et al. [<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3/1 Hz/600 s<break></break>11 sessions</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zonisamide<break></break>Lamotrigine<break></break>Phenobarbital<break></break>Phenytoin</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seizure frequency progressively declined and then ceased</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Complete seizure control and stabilization of epilepsy allowed patient to return to normal life</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wusthoff et al. [<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No effect</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient responded to ketogenic diet </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Figure of 8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/1 Hz/1800 s (9 consecutive days)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fosphenytoin<break></break>Oxcarbazepine<break></break>Levetiracetam<break></break>Valproate<break></break>Diazepam<break></break>Lorazepam</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seizure suppression during treatment</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effect only during treatment</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient returned to baseline seizures</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>rTMS: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; AED: anti-epileptic drug; TMS: transcranial magnetic stimulation; AED: antiepileptic drug; N/A: not available; SE: status epilepticus; FSE: focal status epilepticus; FRSE: focal refractory status epilepticus; GRSE: generalized refractory status epilepticus; yrs: years; mons: months; h: hours; s: seconds. Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] contains a series of patients including the case description from Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. Thus, the data from Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>] was not included in the final summary and analysis of data in order to avoid duplication of patient data.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Oxford and GRADE level of evidence.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study type</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxford [<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] level of evidence</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GRADE [<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>–<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>] level of evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Graff-Guerrero et al. [<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case series</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hyllienmark and Åmark [<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liu et al. [<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case series</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Misawa et al. [<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Morales et al. [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case series</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naro et al. [<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case series</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thordstein and Constantinescu [<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thordstein et al. [<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case series</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Van Haerents et al. [<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wusthoff et al. [<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrospective case report</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] contains a series of patients including the case description from Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. Thus, the data from Rotenberg et al. [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>] was not included in the final summary and analysis of data in order to avoid duplication of patient data.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Canada</li></country><region><li>Manitoba</li></region><settlement><li>Winnipeg</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université du Manitoba</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Canada"><region name="Manitoba"><name sortKey="Zeiler, F A" sort="Zeiler, F A" uniqKey="Zeiler F" first="F. A." last="Zeiler">F. A. Zeiler</name></region><name sortKey="Gillman, L M" sort="Gillman, L M" uniqKey="Gillman L" first="L. M." last="Gillman">L. M. Gillman</name><name sortKey="Gillman, L M" sort="Gillman, L M" uniqKey="Gillman L" first="L. M." last="Gillman">L. M. Gillman</name><name sortKey="Kazina, C J" sort="Kazina, C J" uniqKey="Kazina C" first="C. J." last="Kazina">C. J. Kazina</name><name sortKey="Matuszczak, M" sort="Matuszczak, M" uniqKey="Matuszczak M" first="M." last="Matuszczak">M. Matuszczak</name><name sortKey="Teitelbaum, J" sort="Teitelbaum, J" uniqKey="Teitelbaum J" first="J." last="Teitelbaum">J. Teitelbaum</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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