Re-evaluation of the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia in normal and Parkinsonian states
Identifieur interne : 000D59 ( PascalFrancis/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000D58; suivant : 000D60Re-evaluation of the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia in normal and Parkinsonian states
Auteurs : R. Levy [France] ; L.-N. Hazrati [Canada] ; M.-T. Herrero [France, Espagne] ; M. Vila [France] ; O.-K. Hassani [France] ; M. Mouroux [France] ; M. Ruberg [France] ; H. Asensi [Espagne] ; Yves Agid [France] ; J. Feger [France] ; J. A. Obeso [Espagne] ; A. Parent [Canada] ; E. C. Hirsch [France]Source :
- Neuroscience [ 0306-4522 ] ; 1997.
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Abstract
In the late 1980s, a functional and anatomical model of basal ganglia organization was proposed in order to explain the clinical syndrome of Parkinson's disease. According to this model, the pathological overactivity observed in the subthalamic nucleus and the output station of the basal ganglia plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of the motor signs of Parkinson's disease. The hyperactivity of subthalamic neurons in Parkinsonism is viewed as a direct consequence of a pathological hypoactivity of the external segment of the pallidum. This article reviews recent data from different experimental approaches that challenge the established model of basal ganglia organization by reinterpreting the functional interaction between the external segment of the pallidum and the subthalamic nucleus in both the normal and pathological state. Indeed, recent neurobiochemical studies have rather unexpectedly shown that the GABAergic and metabolic activities of the external pallidum are not decreased in human and non-human primates with Parkinsonism. This absence of any decrease in activity might be explained by the functionally antagonistic influences of the striatal and subthalamic afferences within the external pallidum, as suggested by several anatomical studies. In addition, there are clues from electrophysiological studies to suggest that the hyperactivity found in the subthalamic neurons in Parkinsonism may not depend solely on the level of activity in the external pallidum. In such a framework, the hyperactivity of the subthalamic neurons would have to be explained, at least in part, by other sources of excitation or disinhibition. However, any explanation for the origin of the subthalamic overactivity in Parkinsonism remains speculative.
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Vila</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital</s1><s2>75651, Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hassani, O K" sort="Hassani, O K" uniqKey="Hassani O" first="O.-K." last="Hassani">O.-K. Hassani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Université René Descartes, 4 avenue de l'observatoire</s1><s2>75270 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75270 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mouroux, M" sort="Mouroux, M" uniqKey="Mouroux M" first="M." last="Mouroux">M. Mouroux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Université René Descartes, 4 avenue de l'observatoire</s1><s2>75270 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75270 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruberg, M" sort="Ruberg, M" uniqKey="Ruberg M" first="M." last="Ruberg">M. Ruberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital</s1><s2>75651, Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asensi, H" sort="Asensi, H" uniqKey="Asensi H" first="H." last="Asensi">H. Asensi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Departamento de Ciencias Morfològicas, University of Murcia</s1><s2>30150 Murcia</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><wicri:noRegion>30150 Murcia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agid, Y" sort="Agid, Y" uniqKey="Agid Y" first="Y." last="Agid">Yves Agid</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital</s1><s2>75651, Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName><orgName type="hospital" n="4">Hôpital de la Salpêtrière</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feger, J" sort="Feger, J" uniqKey="Feger J" first="J." last="Feger">J. Feger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Université René Descartes, 4 avenue de l'observatoire</s1><s2>75270 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75270 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obeso, J A" sort="Obeso, J A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="J. A." last="Obeso">J. A. Obeso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Centro de Neurologia y Neurocirurgia Funcional, Clinica Quiron, Parque Acolea, Sln</s1><s2>20012 San Sebastian</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><wicri:noRegion>20012 San Sebastian</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parent, A" sort="Parent, A" uniqKey="Parent A" first="A." last="Parent">A. Parent</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Local/F-7500, Centre de Recherche Université Larval Robert-Giffard, 2601 de la Canardière</s1><s2>Beauford, Quebec, G13 124</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Beauford, Quebec, G13 124</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hirsch, E C" sort="Hirsch, E C" uniqKey="Hirsch E" first="E. C." last="Hirsch">E. C. Hirsch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital</s1><s2>75651, Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">97-0074142</idno><date when="1997">1997</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 97-0074142 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:97-0074142</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">000F10</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">001013</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">000D59</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000D59</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Re-evaluation of the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia in normal and Parkinsonian states</title><author><name sortKey="Levy, R" sort="Levy, R" uniqKey="Levy R" first="R." last="Levy">R. Levy</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital</s1><s2>75651, Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hazrati, L N" sort="Hazrati, L N" uniqKey="Hazrati L" first="L.-N." last="Hazrati">L.-N. Hazrati</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Local/F-7500, Centre de Recherche Université Larval Robert-Giffard, 2601 de la Canardière</s1><s2>Beauford, Quebec, G13 124</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Beauford, Quebec, G13 124</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herrero, M T" sort="Herrero, M T" uniqKey="Herrero M" first="M.-T." last="Herrero">M.-T. Herrero</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital</s1><s2>75651, Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Departamento de Ciencias Morfològicas, University of Murcia</s1><s2>30150 Murcia</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><wicri:noRegion>30150 Murcia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vila, M" sort="Vila, M" uniqKey="Vila M" first="M." last="Vila">M. Vila</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital</s1><s2>75651, Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hassani, O K" sort="Hassani, O K" uniqKey="Hassani O" first="O.-K." last="Hassani">O.-K. Hassani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Université René Descartes, 4 avenue de l'observatoire</s1><s2>75270 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75270 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mouroux, M" sort="Mouroux, M" uniqKey="Mouroux M" first="M." last="Mouroux">M. Mouroux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Université René Descartes, 4 avenue de l'observatoire</s1><s2>75270 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75270 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruberg, M" sort="Ruberg, M" uniqKey="Ruberg M" first="M." last="Ruberg">M. Ruberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital</s1><s2>75651, Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asensi, H" sort="Asensi, H" uniqKey="Asensi H" first="H." last="Asensi">H. Asensi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Departamento de Ciencias Morfològicas, University of Murcia</s1><s2>30150 Murcia</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><wicri:noRegion>30150 Murcia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agid, Y" sort="Agid, Y" uniqKey="Agid Y" first="Y." last="Agid">Yves Agid</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital</s1><s2>75651, Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName><orgName type="hospital" n="4">Hôpital de la Salpêtrière</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feger, J" sort="Feger, J" uniqKey="Feger J" first="J." last="Feger">J. Feger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Université René Descartes, 4 avenue de l'observatoire</s1><s2>75270 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75270 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obeso, J A" sort="Obeso, J A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="J. A." last="Obeso">J. A. Obeso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Centro de Neurologia y Neurocirurgia Funcional, Clinica Quiron, Parque Acolea, Sln</s1><s2>20012 San Sebastian</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><wicri:noRegion>20012 San Sebastian</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parent, A" sort="Parent, A" uniqKey="Parent A" first="A." last="Parent">A. Parent</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Local/F-7500, Centre de Recherche Université Larval Robert-Giffard, 2601 de la Canardière</s1><s2>Beauford, Quebec, G13 124</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Beauford, Quebec, G13 124</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hirsch, E C" sort="Hirsch, E C" uniqKey="Hirsch E" first="E. C." last="Hirsch">E. C. Hirsch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital</s1><s2>75651, Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Neuroscience</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Neuroscience</title><idno type="ISSN">0306-4522</idno><imprint><date when="1997">1997</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Neuroscience</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Neuroscience</title><idno type="ISSN">0306-4522</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Anatomy</term><term>Animal</term><term>Human</term><term>Monkey</term><term>Pallidum</term><term>Parkinson disease</term><term>Subthalamic nucleus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Anatomie</term><term>Noyau sousthalamique</term><term>Pallidum</term><term>Parkinson maladie</term><term>Singe</term><term>Animal</term><term>Homme</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Anatomie</term><term>Singe</term><term>Homme</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In the late 1980s, a functional and anatomical model of basal ganglia organization was proposed in order to explain the clinical syndrome of Parkinson's disease. According to this model, the pathological overactivity observed in the subthalamic nucleus and the output station of the basal ganglia plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of the motor signs of Parkinson's disease. The hyperactivity of subthalamic neurons in Parkinsonism is viewed as a direct consequence of a pathological hypoactivity of the external segment of the pallidum. This article reviews recent data from different experimental approaches that challenge the established model of basal ganglia organization by reinterpreting the functional interaction between the external segment of the pallidum and the subthalamic nucleus in both the normal and pathological state. Indeed, recent neurobiochemical studies have rather unexpectedly shown that the GABAergic and metabolic activities of the external pallidum are not decreased in human and non-human primates with Parkinsonism. This absence of any decrease in activity might be explained by the functionally antagonistic influences of the striatal and subthalamic afferences within the external pallidum, as suggested by several anatomical studies. In addition, there are clues from electrophysiological studies to suggest that the hyperactivity found in the subthalamic neurons in Parkinsonism may not depend solely on the level of activity in the external pallidum. In such a framework, the hyperactivity of the subthalamic neurons would have to be explained, at least in part, by other sources of excitation or disinhibition. However, any explanation for the origin of the subthalamic overactivity in Parkinsonism remains speculative.</div></front></TEI><inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0306-4522</s0></fA01><fA02 i1="01"><s0>NRSCDN</s0></fA02><fA03 i2="1"><s0>Neuroscience</s0></fA03><fA05><s2>76</s2></fA05><fA06><s2>2</s2></fA06><fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Re-evaluation of the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia in normal and Parkinsonian states</s1></fA08><fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>LEVY (R.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>HAZRATI (L.-N.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>HERRERO (M.-T.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>VILA (M.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>HASSANI (O.-K.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>MOUROUX (M.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>RUBERG (M.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="08" i2="1"><s1>ASENSI (H.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="09" i2="1"><s1>AGID (Y.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="10" i2="1"><s1>FEGER (J.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="11" i2="1"><s1>OBESO (J. A.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="12" i2="1"><s1>PARENT (A.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="13" i2="1"><s1>HIRSCH (E. C.)</s1></fA11><fA14 i1="01"><s1>INSERM U. 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital</s1><s2>75651, Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="02"><s1>Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Local/F-7500, Centre de Recherche Université Larval Robert-Giffard, 2601 de la Canardière</s1><s2>Beauford, Quebec, G13 124</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="03"><s1>Departamento de Ciencias Morfològicas, University of Murcia</s1><s2>30150 Murcia</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="04"><s1>Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Université René Descartes, 4 avenue de l'observatoire</s1><s2>75270 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="05"><s1>Centro de Neurologia y Neurocirurgia Funcional, Clinica Quiron, Parque Acolea, Sln</s1><s2>20012 San Sebastian</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA20><s1>335-343</s1></fA20><fA21><s1>1997</s1></fA21><fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0></fA23><fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1><s2>17194</s2><s5>354000061364940030</s5></fA43><fA44><s0>0000</s0><s1>© 1997 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1></fA44><fA45><s0>68 ref.</s0></fA45><fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>97-0074142</s0></fA47><fA60><s1>P</s1><s3>CT</s3></fA60><fA61><s0>A</s0></fA61><fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Neuroscience</s0></fA64><fA66 i1="01"><s0>GBR</s0></fA66><fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>In the late 1980s, a functional and anatomical model of basal ganglia organization was proposed in order to explain the clinical syndrome of Parkinson's disease. According to this model, the pathological overactivity observed in the subthalamic nucleus and the output station of the basal ganglia plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of the motor signs of Parkinson's disease. The hyperactivity of subthalamic neurons in Parkinsonism is viewed as a direct consequence of a pathological hypoactivity of the external segment of the pallidum. This article reviews recent data from different experimental approaches that challenge the established model of basal ganglia organization by reinterpreting the functional interaction between the external segment of the pallidum and the subthalamic nucleus in both the normal and pathological state. Indeed, recent neurobiochemical studies have rather unexpectedly shown that the GABAergic and metabolic activities of the external pallidum are not decreased in human and non-human primates with Parkinsonism. This absence of any decrease in activity might be explained by the functionally antagonistic influences of the striatal and subthalamic afferences within the external pallidum, as suggested by several anatomical studies. In addition, there are clues from electrophysiological studies to suggest that the hyperactivity found in the subthalamic neurons in Parkinsonism may not depend solely on the level of activity in the external pallidum. In such a framework, the hyperactivity of the subthalamic neurons would have to be explained, at least in part, by other sources of excitation or disinhibition. However, any explanation for the origin of the subthalamic overactivity in Parkinsonism remains speculative.</s0></fC01><fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>002B17G</s0></fC02><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Anatomie</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Anatomy</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Anatomía</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Noyau sousthalamique</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Subthalamic nucleus</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Núcleo subtalámico</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Pallidum</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Pallidum</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Pallidum</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Parkinson maladie</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Parkinson disease</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Parkinson enfermedad</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Singe</s0><s5>11</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Monkey</s0><s5>11</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Mono</s0><s5>11</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Animal</s0><s5>13</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Animal</s0><s5>13</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Animal</s0><s5>13</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Homme</s0><s5>14</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Human</s0><s5>14</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Hombre</s0><s5>14</s5></fC03><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Primates</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Primates</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Primates</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Mammalia</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Mammalia</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Mammalia</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Vertebrata</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Vertebrata</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Vertebrata</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Noyau gris central</s0><s5>29</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Basal ganglion</s0><s5>29</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Núcleo basal</s0><s5>29</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Encéphale</s0><s5>30</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Brain (vertebrata)</s0><s5>30</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Encéfalo</s0><s5>30</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Système nerveux central</s0><s5>31</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Central nervous system</s0><s5>31</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Sistema nervioso central</s0><s5>31</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Système nerveux pathologie</s0><s5>38</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Nervous system diseases</s0><s5>38</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Sistema nervioso patología</s0><s5>38</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Système nerveux central pathologie</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Central nervous system disease</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Sistema nervosio central patología</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Encéphale pathologie</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Cerebral disorder</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Encéfalo patología</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Extrapyramidal syndrome</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Extrapyramidal syndrome</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Extrapiramidal síndrome</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="11" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Maladie dégénérative</s0><s5>42</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="11" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Degenerative disease</s0><s5>42</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="11" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Enfermedad degenerativa</s0><s5>42</s5></fC07><fN21><s1>041</s1></fN21></pA></standard></inist><affiliations><list><country><li>Canada</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li></country><region><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Paris</li></settlement><orgName><li>Hôpital de la Salpêtrière</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Levy, R" sort="Levy, R" uniqKey="Levy R" first="R." last="Levy">R. Levy</name></region><name sortKey="Agid, Y" sort="Agid, Y" uniqKey="Agid Y" first="Y." last="Agid">Yves Agid</name><name sortKey="Feger, J" sort="Feger, J" uniqKey="Feger J" first="J." last="Feger">J. Feger</name><name sortKey="Hassani, O K" sort="Hassani, O K" uniqKey="Hassani O" first="O.-K." last="Hassani">O.-K. Hassani</name><name sortKey="Herrero, M T" sort="Herrero, M T" uniqKey="Herrero M" first="M.-T." last="Herrero">M.-T. Herrero</name><name sortKey="Hirsch, E C" sort="Hirsch, E C" uniqKey="Hirsch E" first="E. C." last="Hirsch">E. C. Hirsch</name><name sortKey="Mouroux, M" sort="Mouroux, M" uniqKey="Mouroux M" first="M." last="Mouroux">M. Mouroux</name><name sortKey="Ruberg, M" sort="Ruberg, M" uniqKey="Ruberg M" first="M." last="Ruberg">M. Ruberg</name><name sortKey="Vila, M" sort="Vila, M" uniqKey="Vila M" first="M." last="Vila">M. Vila</name></country><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Hazrati, L N" sort="Hazrati, L N" uniqKey="Hazrati L" first="L.-N." last="Hazrati">L.-N. Hazrati</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Parent, A" sort="Parent, A" uniqKey="Parent A" first="A." last="Parent">A. Parent</name></country><country name="Espagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Herrero, M T" sort="Herrero, M T" uniqKey="Herrero M" first="M.-T." last="Herrero">M.-T. Herrero</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Asensi, H" sort="Asensi, H" uniqKey="Asensi H" first="H." last="Asensi">H. Asensi</name><name sortKey="Obeso, J A" sort="Obeso, J A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="J. A." last="Obeso">J. A. Obeso</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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