Ghrelin prevents levodopa‐induced inhibition of gastric emptying and increases circulating levodopa in fasted rats
Identifieur interne : 001455 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 001454; suivant : 001456Ghrelin prevents levodopa‐induced inhibition of gastric emptying and increases circulating levodopa in fasted rats
Auteurs : L. Wang [États-Unis] ; N. P. Murphy [États-Unis] ; A. Stengel [États-Unis] ; M. Goebel-Stengel [États-Unis] ; D. H. St Pierre [Canada] ; N. T. Maidment [États-Unis] ; Y. Taché [États-Unis]Source :
- Neurogastroenterology & Motility [ 1350-1925 ] ; 2012-05.
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Abstract
Background Levodopa (l‐dopa) is the most commonly used treatment for alleviating symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. However, l‐dopa delays gastric emptying, which dampens its absorption. We investigated whether ghrelin prevents l‐dopa action on gastric emptying and enhances circulating l‐dopa in rats.
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- https://api-v5.istex.fr/document/FB9D6C785585B32C6CCF9C1E614C46AF97A58199/fulltext/pdf
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345891
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01904.x
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ISTEX:FB9D6C785585B32C6CCF9C1E614C46AF97A58199Le document en format XML
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Taché</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Neurogastroenterology & Motility</title><idno type="ISSN">1350-1925</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-2982</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2012-05">2012-05</date><biblScope unit="volume">24</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="235">e235</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="245">e245</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1350-1925</idno></series><idno type="istex">FB9D6C785585B32C6CCF9C1E614C46AF97A58199</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01904.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">NMO1904</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1350-1925</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>dopamine</term><term>gastric emptying</term><term>ghrelin</term><term>levodopa</term><term>rats</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Background Levodopa (l‐dopa) is the most commonly used treatment for alleviating symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. However, l‐dopa delays gastric emptying, which dampens its absorption. We investigated whether ghrelin prevents l‐dopa action on gastric emptying and enhances circulating l‐dopa in rats.</div></front></TEI><double doi="10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01904.x"><ISTEX><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Ghrelin prevents levodopa‐induced inhibition of gastric emptying and increases circulating levodopa in fasted rats</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, L" sort="Wang, L" uniqKey="Wang L" first="L." last="Wang">L. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, N P" sort="Murphy, N P" uniqKey="Murphy N" first="N. P." last="Murphy">N. P. Murphy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stengel, A" sort="Stengel, A" uniqKey="Stengel A" first="A." last="Stengel">A. Stengel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goebel Tengel, M" sort="Goebel Tengel, M" uniqKey="Goebel Tengel M" first="M." last="Goebel-Stengel">M. Goebel-Stengel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pierre, D H St" sort="Pierre, D H St" uniqKey="Pierre D" first="D. H. St" last="Pierre">D. H. St Pierre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maidment, N T" sort="Maidment, N T" uniqKey="Maidment N" first="N. T." last="Maidment">N. T. Maidment</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tache, Y" sort="Tache, Y" uniqKey="Tache Y" first="Y." last="Taché">Y. Taché</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:FB9D6C785585B32C6CCF9C1E614C46AF97A58199</idno><date when="2012" year="2012">2012</date><idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01904.x</idno><idno type="url">https://api-v5.istex.fr/document/FB9D6C785585B32C6CCF9C1E614C46AF97A58199/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">002704</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">002704</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">002704</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Checkpoint">000270</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000270</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">1350-1925:2012:Wang L:ghrelin:prevents:levodopa</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Ghrelin prevents levodopa‐induced inhibition of gastric emptying and increases circulating levodopa in fasted rats</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, L" sort="Wang, L" uniqKey="Wang L" first="L." last="Wang">L. Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, N P" sort="Murphy, N P" uniqKey="Murphy N" first="N. P." last="Murphy">N. P. Murphy</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stengel, A" sort="Stengel, A" uniqKey="Stengel A" first="A." last="Stengel">A. Stengel</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goebel Tengel, M" sort="Goebel Tengel, M" uniqKey="Goebel Tengel M" first="M." last="Goebel-Stengel">M. Goebel-Stengel</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pierre, D H St" sort="Pierre, D H St" uniqKey="Pierre D" first="D. H. St" last="Pierre">D. H. St Pierre</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Québec</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maidment, N T" sort="Maidment, N T" uniqKey="Maidment N" first="N. T." last="Maidment">N. T. Maidment</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tache, Y" sort="Tache, Y" uniqKey="Tache Y" first="Y." last="Taché">Y. Taché</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Neurogastroenterology & Motility</title><idno type="ISSN">1350-1925</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-2982</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2012-05">2012-05</date><biblScope unit="volume">24</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="235">e235</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="245">e245</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1350-1925</idno></series><idno type="istex">FB9D6C785585B32C6CCF9C1E614C46AF97A58199</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01904.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">NMO1904</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1350-1925</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>dopamine</term><term>gastric emptying</term><term>ghrelin</term><term>levodopa</term><term>rats</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Background Levodopa (l‐dopa) is the most commonly used treatment for alleviating symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. However, l‐dopa delays gastric emptying, which dampens its absorption. We investigated whether ghrelin prevents l‐dopa action on gastric emptying and enhances circulating l‐dopa in rats.</div></front></TEI></ISTEX><PMC><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Ghrelin prevents levodopa-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and increases circulating levodopa in fasted rats</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Lixin" sort="Wang, Lixin" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lixin" last="Wang">Lixin Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1"> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, Niall P" sort="Murphy, Niall P" uniqKey="Murphy N" first="Niall P." last="Murphy">Niall P. Murphy</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea> Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stengel, Andreas" sort="Stengel, Andreas" uniqKey="Stengel A" first="Andreas" last="Stengel">Andreas Stengel</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1"> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goebel Stengel, Miriam" sort="Goebel Stengel, Miriam" uniqKey="Goebel Stengel M" first="Miriam" last="Goebel-Stengel">Miriam Goebel-Stengel</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1"> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="St Pierre, David" sort="St Pierre, David" uniqKey="St Pierre D" first="David" last="St Pierre">David St Pierre</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3"> University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea> University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Québec</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maidment, Nigel T" sort="Maidment, Nigel T" uniqKey="Maidment N" first="Nigel T." last="Maidment">Nigel T. Maidment</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea> Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tache, Yvette" sort="Tache, Yvette" uniqKey="Tache Y" first="Yvette" last="Taché">Yvette Taché</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1"> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22443313</idno><idno type="pmc">3345891</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345891</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3345891</idno><idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01904.x</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000879</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000879</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000879</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000879</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000822</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000822</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001107</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">001107</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">001107</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">1350-1925:2012:Wang L:ghrelin:prevents:levodopa</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Ghrelin prevents levodopa-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and increases circulating levodopa in fasted rats</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Lixin" sort="Wang, Lixin" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lixin" last="Wang">Lixin Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1"> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, Niall P" sort="Murphy, Niall P" uniqKey="Murphy N" first="Niall P." last="Murphy">Niall P. Murphy</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea> Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stengel, Andreas" sort="Stengel, Andreas" uniqKey="Stengel A" first="Andreas" last="Stengel">Andreas Stengel</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1"> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goebel Stengel, Miriam" sort="Goebel Stengel, Miriam" uniqKey="Goebel Stengel M" first="Miriam" last="Goebel-Stengel">Miriam Goebel-Stengel</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1"> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="St Pierre, David" sort="St Pierre, David" uniqKey="St Pierre D" first="David" last="St Pierre">David St Pierre</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3"> University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea> University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Québec</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maidment, Nigel T" sort="Maidment, Nigel T" uniqKey="Maidment N" first="Nigel T." last="Maidment">Nigel T. Maidment</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea> Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tache, Yvette" sort="Tache, Yvette" uniqKey="Tache Y" first="Yvette" last="Taché">Yvette Taché</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1"> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea> CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Neurogastroenterology and Motility</title><idno type="ISSN">1350-1925</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-2982</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title><p id="P1">Levodopa (L-dopa) is the most commonly used treatment for alleviating symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, L-dopa delays gastric emptying, which dampens its absorption. We investigated whether ghrelin prevents L-dopa action on gastric emptying and enhances circulating L-dopa in rats.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Methods</title><p id="P2">Gastric emptying of non-nutrient methylcellulose/phenol red viscous solution was determined in fasted rats treated with orogastric or intraperitoneal (ip) L-dopa, or intravenous (iv) ghrelin 10 min before orogastric L-dopa. Plasma L-dopa and dopamine levels were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma acyl ghrelin levels were assessed by radioimmunoassay. Fos expression in the brain was immunostained after iv ghrelin (30 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>) 10 min before ip L-dopa.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Key Results</title><p id="P3">L-dopa (5 and 15 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) decreased significantly gastric emptying by 32% and 62% respectively when administered orally, and by 91% and 83% when injected ip. Ghrelin (30 or 100 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>, iv) completely prevented L-dopa's (15 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, orogastrically) inhibitory action on gastric emptying and enhanced plasma L-dopa and dopamine levels compared with vehicle 15 min after orogastric L-dopa. L-dopa (5 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) did not modify plasma acyl ghrelin levels at 30 min, 1 and 2 h after iv injection. L-dopa (15 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, ip) induced Fos in brain autonomic centers, which was not modified by iv ghrelin.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Conclusions & Inferences</title><p id="P4">Ghrelin counteracts L-dopa-induced delayed gastric emptying but not Fos induction in the brain and enhances circulating L-dopa levels. Potential therapeutic benefits of ghrelin agonists in Parkinson's disease patients treated with L-dopa remain to be investigated.</p></sec></div></front></TEI></PMC></double></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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