Association of Long Runs of Homozygosity With Alzheimer Disease Among African American Individuals
Identifieur interne : 000819 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000818; suivant : 000820Association of Long Runs of Homozygosity With Alzheimer Disease Among African American Individuals
Auteurs : Mahdi Ghani ; Christiane Reitz ; Rong Cheng ; Badri Narayan Vardarajan ; Gyungah Jun ; Christine Sato ; Adam Naj ; Ruchita Rajbhandary ; Li-San Wang ; Otto Valladares ; Chiao-Feng Lin ; Eric B. Larson ; Neill R. Graff-Radford ; Denis Evans ; Philip L. De Jager ; Paul K. Crane ; Joseph D. Buxbaum ; Jill R. Murrell ; Towfique Raj ; Nilufer Ertekin-Taner ; Mark Logue ; Clinton T. Baldwin ; Robert C. Green ; Lisa L. Barnes ; Laura B. Cantwell ; M. Daniele Fallin ; Rodney C. P. Go ; Patrick A. Griffith ; Thomas O. Obisesan ; Jennifer J. Manly ; Kathryn L. Lunetta ; M. Ilyas Kamboh ; Oscar L. Lopez ; David A. Bennett ; Hugh Hendrie ; Kathleen S. Hall ; Alison M. Goate ; Goldie S. Byrd ; Walter A. Kukull ; Tatiana M. Foroud ; Jonathan L. Haines ; Lindsay A. Farrer ; Margaret A. Pericak-Vance ; Joseph H. Lee ; Gerard D. Schellenberg ; Peter St. George-Hyslop ; Richard Mayeux ; Ekaterina RogaevaSource :
- JAMA neurology [ 2168-6149 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Mutations in known causal Alzheimer disease (AD) genes account for only 1% to 3% of patients and almost all are dominantly inherited. Recessive inheritance of complex phenotypes can be linked to long (>1-megabase [Mb]) runs of homozygosity (ROHs) detectable by single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays.
To evaluate the association between ROHs and AD in an African American population known to have a risk for AD up to 3 times higher than white individuals.
Case-control study of a large African American data set previously genotyped on different genome-wide SNP arrays conducted from December 2013 to January 2015. Global and locus-based ROH measurements were analyzed using raw or imputed genotype data. We studied the raw genotypes from 2 case-control subsets grouped based on SNP array: Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Consortium data set (871 cases and 1620 control individuals) and Chicago Health and Aging Project–Indianapolis Ibadan Dementia Study data set (279 cases and 1367 control individuals). We then examined the entire data set using imputed genotypes from 1917 cases and 3858 control individuals.
The ROHs larger than 1 Mb, 2 Mb, or 3 Mb were investigated separately for global burden evaluation, consensus regions, and gene-based analyses.
The African American cohort had a low degree of inbreeding (
To our knowledge, we discovered the first evidence of increased burden of ROHs among patients with AD from an outbred African American population, which could reflect either the cumulative effect of multiple ROHs to AD or the contribution of specific loci harboring recessive mutations and risk haplotypes in a subset of patients. Sequencing is required to uncover AD variants in these individuals.
Url:
DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1700
PubMed: 26366463
PubMed Central: 4641052
Affiliations:
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<author><name sortKey="Ghani, Mahdi" sort="Ghani, Mahdi" uniqKey="Ghani M" first="Mahdi" last="Ghani">Mahdi Ghani</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Reitz, Christiane" sort="Reitz, Christiane" uniqKey="Reitz C" first="Christiane" last="Reitz">Christiane Reitz</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Cheng, Rong" sort="Cheng, Rong" uniqKey="Cheng R" first="Rong" last="Cheng">Rong Cheng</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Association of Long Runs of Homozygosity With Alzheimer Disease Among African American Individuals</title>
<author><name sortKey="Ghani, Mahdi" sort="Ghani, Mahdi" uniqKey="Ghani M" first="Mahdi" last="Ghani">Mahdi Ghani</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Reitz, Christiane" sort="Reitz, Christiane" uniqKey="Reitz C" first="Christiane" last="Reitz">Christiane Reitz</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Cheng, Rong" sort="Cheng, Rong" uniqKey="Cheng R" first="Rong" last="Cheng">Rong Cheng</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Vardarajan, Badri Narayan" sort="Vardarajan, Badri Narayan" uniqKey="Vardarajan B" first="Badri Narayan" last="Vardarajan">Badri Narayan Vardarajan</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Jun, Gyungah" sort="Jun, Gyungah" uniqKey="Jun G" first="Gyungah" last="Jun">Gyungah Jun</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Sato, Christine" sort="Sato, Christine" uniqKey="Sato C" first="Christine" last="Sato">Christine Sato</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Naj, Adam" sort="Naj, Adam" uniqKey="Naj A" first="Adam" last="Naj">Adam Naj</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Rajbhandary, Ruchita" sort="Rajbhandary, Ruchita" uniqKey="Rajbhandary R" first="Ruchita" last="Rajbhandary">Ruchita Rajbhandary</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Wang, Li San" sort="Wang, Li San" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Li-San" last="Wang">Li-San Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Valladares, Otto" sort="Valladares, Otto" uniqKey="Valladares O" first="Otto" last="Valladares">Otto Valladares</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lin, Chiao Feng" sort="Lin, Chiao Feng" uniqKey="Lin C" first="Chiao-Feng" last="Lin">Chiao-Feng Lin</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Larson, Eric B" sort="Larson, Eric B" uniqKey="Larson E" first="Eric B." last="Larson">Eric B. Larson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Graff Radford, Neill R" sort="Graff Radford, Neill R" uniqKey="Graff Radford N" first="Neill R." last="Graff-Radford">Neill R. Graff-Radford</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Evans, Denis" sort="Evans, Denis" uniqKey="Evans D" first="Denis" last="Evans">Denis Evans</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Jager, Philip L" sort="De Jager, Philip L" uniqKey="De Jager P" first="Philip L." last="De Jager">Philip L. De Jager</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Crane, Paul K" sort="Crane, Paul K" uniqKey="Crane P" first="Paul K." last="Crane">Paul K. Crane</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buxbaum, Joseph D" sort="Buxbaum, Joseph D" uniqKey="Buxbaum J" first="Joseph D." last="Buxbaum">Joseph D. Buxbaum</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murrell, Jill R" sort="Murrell, Jill R" uniqKey="Murrell J" first="Jill R." last="Murrell">Jill R. Murrell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raj, Towfique" sort="Raj, Towfique" uniqKey="Raj T" first="Towfique" last="Raj">Towfique Raj</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ertekin Taner, Nilufer" sort="Ertekin Taner, Nilufer" uniqKey="Ertekin Taner N" first="Nilufer" last="Ertekin-Taner">Nilufer Ertekin-Taner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Logue, Mark" sort="Logue, Mark" uniqKey="Logue M" first="Mark" last="Logue">Mark Logue</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baldwin, Clinton T" sort="Baldwin, Clinton T" uniqKey="Baldwin C" first="Clinton T." last="Baldwin">Clinton T. Baldwin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Green, Robert C" sort="Green, Robert C" uniqKey="Green R" first="Robert C." last="Green">Robert C. Green</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barnes, Lisa L" sort="Barnes, Lisa L" uniqKey="Barnes L" first="Lisa L." last="Barnes">Lisa L. Barnes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cantwell, Laura B" sort="Cantwell, Laura B" uniqKey="Cantwell L" first="Laura B." last="Cantwell">Laura B. Cantwell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fallin, M Daniele" sort="Fallin, M Daniele" uniqKey="Fallin M" first="M. Daniele" last="Fallin">M. Daniele Fallin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Go, Rodney C P" sort="Go, Rodney C P" uniqKey="Go R" first="Rodney C. P." last="Go">Rodney C. P. Go</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Griffith, Patrick A" sort="Griffith, Patrick A" uniqKey="Griffith P" first="Patrick A." last="Griffith">Patrick A. Griffith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Obisesan, Thomas O" sort="Obisesan, Thomas O" uniqKey="Obisesan T" first="Thomas O." last="Obisesan">Thomas O. Obisesan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Manly, Jennifer J" sort="Manly, Jennifer J" uniqKey="Manly J" first="Jennifer J." last="Manly">Jennifer J. Manly</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lunetta, Kathryn L" sort="Lunetta, Kathryn L" uniqKey="Lunetta K" first="Kathryn L." last="Lunetta">Kathryn L. Lunetta</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamboh, M Ilyas" sort="Kamboh, M Ilyas" uniqKey="Kamboh M" first="M. Ilyas" last="Kamboh">M. Ilyas Kamboh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lopez, Oscar L" sort="Lopez, Oscar L" uniqKey="Lopez O" first="Oscar L." last="Lopez">Oscar L. Lopez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bennett, David A" sort="Bennett, David A" uniqKey="Bennett D" first="David A." last="Bennett">David A. Bennett</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hendrie, Hugh" sort="Hendrie, Hugh" uniqKey="Hendrie H" first="Hugh" last="Hendrie">Hugh Hendrie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hall, Kathleen S" sort="Hall, Kathleen S" uniqKey="Hall K" first="Kathleen S." last="Hall">Kathleen S. Hall</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goate, Alison M" sort="Goate, Alison M" uniqKey="Goate A" first="Alison M." last="Goate">Alison M. Goate</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Byrd, Goldie S" sort="Byrd, Goldie S" uniqKey="Byrd G" first="Goldie S." last="Byrd">Goldie S. Byrd</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Kukull, Walter A" sort="Kukull, Walter A" uniqKey="Kukull W" first="Walter A." last="Kukull">Walter A. Kukull</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Foroud, Tatiana M" sort="Foroud, Tatiana M" uniqKey="Foroud T" first="Tatiana M." last="Foroud">Tatiana M. Foroud</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haines, Jonathan L" sort="Haines, Jonathan L" uniqKey="Haines J" first="Jonathan L." last="Haines">Jonathan L. Haines</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Farrer, Lindsay A" sort="Farrer, Lindsay A" uniqKey="Farrer L" first="Lindsay A." last="Farrer">Lindsay A. Farrer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pericak Vance, Margaret A" sort="Pericak Vance, Margaret A" uniqKey="Pericak Vance M" first="Margaret A." last="Pericak-Vance">Margaret A. Pericak-Vance</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Joseph H" sort="Lee, Joseph H" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Joseph H." last="Lee">Joseph H. Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schellenberg, Gerard D" sort="Schellenberg, Gerard D" uniqKey="Schellenberg G" first="Gerard D." last="Schellenberg">Gerard D. Schellenberg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="St George Hyslop, Peter" sort="St George Hyslop, Peter" uniqKey="St George Hyslop P" first="Peter" last="St. George-Hyslop">Peter St. George-Hyslop</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mayeux, Richard" sort="Mayeux, Richard" uniqKey="Mayeux R" first="Richard" last="Mayeux">Richard Mayeux</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rogaeva, Ekaterina" sort="Rogaeva, Ekaterina" uniqKey="Rogaeva E" first="Ekaterina" last="Rogaeva">Ekaterina Rogaeva</name>
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<series><title level="j">JAMA neurology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">2168-6149</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">2168-6157</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S1"><title>IMPORTANCE</title>
<p id="P1">Mutations in known causal Alzheimer disease (AD) genes account for only 1% to 3% of patients and almost all are dominantly inherited. Recessive inheritance of complex phenotypes can be linked to long (>1-megabase [Mb]) runs of homozygosity (ROHs) detectable by single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S2"><title>OBJECTIVE</title>
<p id="P2">To evaluate the association between ROHs and AD in an African American population known to have a risk for AD up to 3 times higher than white individuals.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S3"><title>DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS</title>
<p id="P3">Case-control study of a large African American data set previously genotyped on different genome-wide SNP arrays conducted from December 2013 to January 2015. Global and locus-based ROH measurements were analyzed using raw or imputed genotype data. We studied the raw genotypes from 2 case-control subsets grouped based on SNP array: Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Consortium data set (871 cases and 1620 control individuals) and Chicago Health and Aging Project–Indianapolis Ibadan Dementia Study data set (279 cases and 1367 control individuals). We then examined the entire data set using imputed genotypes from 1917 cases and 3858 control individuals.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S4"><title>MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES</title>
<p id="P4">The ROHs larger than 1 Mb, 2 Mb, or 3 Mb were investigated separately for global burden evaluation, consensus regions, and gene-based analyses.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S5"><title>RESULTS</title>
<p id="P5">The African American cohort had a low degree of inbreeding (<italic>F</italic>
~ 0.006). In the Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Consortium data set, we detected a significantly higher proportion of cases with ROHs greater than 2 Mb (<italic>P</italic>
= .004) or greater than 3 Mb (<italic>P</italic>
= .02), as well as a significant 114-kilobase consensus region on chr4q31.3 (empirical <italic>P</italic>
value 2 = .04; ROHs >2 Mb). In the Chicago Health and Aging Project–Indianapolis Ibadan Dementia Study data set, we identified a significant 202-kilobase consensus region on Chr15q24.1 (empirical <italic>P</italic>
value 2 = .02; ROHs >1 Mb) and a cluster of 13 significant genes on Chr3p21.31 (empirical <italic>P</italic>
value 2 = .03; ROHs >3 Mb). A total of 43 of 49 nominally significant genes common for both data sets also mapped to Chr3p21.31. Analyses of imputed SNP data from the entire data set confirmed the association of AD with global ROH measurements (12.38 ROHs >1 Mb in cases vs 12.11 in controls; 2.986 Mb average size of ROHs >2 Mb in cases vs 2.889 Mb in controls; and 22% of cases with ROHs >3 Mb vs 19% of controls) and a gene-cluster on Chr3p21.31 (empirical <italic>P</italic>
value 2 = .006-.04; ROHs >3 Mb). Also, we detected a significant association between AD and <italic>CLDN17</italic>
(empirical <italic>P</italic>
value 2 = .01; ROHs >1 Mb), encoding a protein from the Claudin family, members of which were previously suggested as AD biomarkers.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S6"><title>CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE</title>
<p id="P6">To our knowledge, we discovered the first evidence of increased burden of ROHs among patients with AD from an outbred African American population, which could reflect either the cumulative effect of multiple ROHs to AD or the contribution of specific loci harboring recessive mutations and risk haplotypes in a subset of patients. Sequencing is required to uncover AD variants in these individuals.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list></list>
<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Baldwin, Clinton T" sort="Baldwin, Clinton T" uniqKey="Baldwin C" first="Clinton T." last="Baldwin">Clinton T. Baldwin</name>
<name sortKey="Barnes, Lisa L" sort="Barnes, Lisa L" uniqKey="Barnes L" first="Lisa L." last="Barnes">Lisa L. Barnes</name>
<name sortKey="Bennett, David A" sort="Bennett, David A" uniqKey="Bennett D" first="David A." last="Bennett">David A. Bennett</name>
<name sortKey="Buxbaum, Joseph D" sort="Buxbaum, Joseph D" uniqKey="Buxbaum J" first="Joseph D." last="Buxbaum">Joseph D. Buxbaum</name>
<name sortKey="Byrd, Goldie S" sort="Byrd, Goldie S" uniqKey="Byrd G" first="Goldie S." last="Byrd">Goldie S. Byrd</name>
<name sortKey="Cantwell, Laura B" sort="Cantwell, Laura B" uniqKey="Cantwell L" first="Laura B." last="Cantwell">Laura B. Cantwell</name>
<name sortKey="Cheng, Rong" sort="Cheng, Rong" uniqKey="Cheng R" first="Rong" last="Cheng">Rong Cheng</name>
<name sortKey="Crane, Paul K" sort="Crane, Paul K" uniqKey="Crane P" first="Paul K." last="Crane">Paul K. Crane</name>
<name sortKey="De Jager, Philip L" sort="De Jager, Philip L" uniqKey="De Jager P" first="Philip L." last="De Jager">Philip L. De Jager</name>
<name sortKey="Ertekin Taner, Nilufer" sort="Ertekin Taner, Nilufer" uniqKey="Ertekin Taner N" first="Nilufer" last="Ertekin-Taner">Nilufer Ertekin-Taner</name>
<name sortKey="Evans, Denis" sort="Evans, Denis" uniqKey="Evans D" first="Denis" last="Evans">Denis Evans</name>
<name sortKey="Fallin, M Daniele" sort="Fallin, M Daniele" uniqKey="Fallin M" first="M. Daniele" last="Fallin">M. Daniele Fallin</name>
<name sortKey="Farrer, Lindsay A" sort="Farrer, Lindsay A" uniqKey="Farrer L" first="Lindsay A." last="Farrer">Lindsay A. Farrer</name>
<name sortKey="Foroud, Tatiana M" sort="Foroud, Tatiana M" uniqKey="Foroud T" first="Tatiana M." last="Foroud">Tatiana M. Foroud</name>
<name sortKey="Ghani, Mahdi" sort="Ghani, Mahdi" uniqKey="Ghani M" first="Mahdi" last="Ghani">Mahdi Ghani</name>
<name sortKey="Go, Rodney C P" sort="Go, Rodney C P" uniqKey="Go R" first="Rodney C. P." last="Go">Rodney C. P. Go</name>
<name sortKey="Goate, Alison M" sort="Goate, Alison M" uniqKey="Goate A" first="Alison M." last="Goate">Alison M. Goate</name>
<name sortKey="Graff Radford, Neill R" sort="Graff Radford, Neill R" uniqKey="Graff Radford N" first="Neill R." last="Graff-Radford">Neill R. Graff-Radford</name>
<name sortKey="Green, Robert C" sort="Green, Robert C" uniqKey="Green R" first="Robert C." last="Green">Robert C. Green</name>
<name sortKey="Griffith, Patrick A" sort="Griffith, Patrick A" uniqKey="Griffith P" first="Patrick A." last="Griffith">Patrick A. Griffith</name>
<name sortKey="Haines, Jonathan L" sort="Haines, Jonathan L" uniqKey="Haines J" first="Jonathan L." last="Haines">Jonathan L. Haines</name>
<name sortKey="Hall, Kathleen S" sort="Hall, Kathleen S" uniqKey="Hall K" first="Kathleen S." last="Hall">Kathleen S. Hall</name>
<name sortKey="Hendrie, Hugh" sort="Hendrie, Hugh" uniqKey="Hendrie H" first="Hugh" last="Hendrie">Hugh Hendrie</name>
<name sortKey="Jun, Gyungah" sort="Jun, Gyungah" uniqKey="Jun G" first="Gyungah" last="Jun">Gyungah Jun</name>
<name sortKey="Kamboh, M Ilyas" sort="Kamboh, M Ilyas" uniqKey="Kamboh M" first="M. Ilyas" last="Kamboh">M. Ilyas Kamboh</name>
<name sortKey="Kukull, Walter A" sort="Kukull, Walter A" uniqKey="Kukull W" first="Walter A." last="Kukull">Walter A. Kukull</name>
<name sortKey="Larson, Eric B" sort="Larson, Eric B" uniqKey="Larson E" first="Eric B." last="Larson">Eric B. Larson</name>
<name sortKey="Lee, Joseph H" sort="Lee, Joseph H" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Joseph H." last="Lee">Joseph H. Lee</name>
<name sortKey="Lin, Chiao Feng" sort="Lin, Chiao Feng" uniqKey="Lin C" first="Chiao-Feng" last="Lin">Chiao-Feng Lin</name>
<name sortKey="Logue, Mark" sort="Logue, Mark" uniqKey="Logue M" first="Mark" last="Logue">Mark Logue</name>
<name sortKey="Lopez, Oscar L" sort="Lopez, Oscar L" uniqKey="Lopez O" first="Oscar L." last="Lopez">Oscar L. Lopez</name>
<name sortKey="Lunetta, Kathryn L" sort="Lunetta, Kathryn L" uniqKey="Lunetta K" first="Kathryn L." last="Lunetta">Kathryn L. Lunetta</name>
<name sortKey="Manly, Jennifer J" sort="Manly, Jennifer J" uniqKey="Manly J" first="Jennifer J." last="Manly">Jennifer J. Manly</name>
<name sortKey="Mayeux, Richard" sort="Mayeux, Richard" uniqKey="Mayeux R" first="Richard" last="Mayeux">Richard Mayeux</name>
<name sortKey="Murrell, Jill R" sort="Murrell, Jill R" uniqKey="Murrell J" first="Jill R." last="Murrell">Jill R. Murrell</name>
<name sortKey="Naj, Adam" sort="Naj, Adam" uniqKey="Naj A" first="Adam" last="Naj">Adam Naj</name>
<name sortKey="Obisesan, Thomas O" sort="Obisesan, Thomas O" uniqKey="Obisesan T" first="Thomas O." last="Obisesan">Thomas O. Obisesan</name>
<name sortKey="Pericak Vance, Margaret A" sort="Pericak Vance, Margaret A" uniqKey="Pericak Vance M" first="Margaret A." last="Pericak-Vance">Margaret A. Pericak-Vance</name>
<name sortKey="Raj, Towfique" sort="Raj, Towfique" uniqKey="Raj T" first="Towfique" last="Raj">Towfique Raj</name>
<name sortKey="Rajbhandary, Ruchita" sort="Rajbhandary, Ruchita" uniqKey="Rajbhandary R" first="Ruchita" last="Rajbhandary">Ruchita Rajbhandary</name>
<name sortKey="Reitz, Christiane" sort="Reitz, Christiane" uniqKey="Reitz C" first="Christiane" last="Reitz">Christiane Reitz</name>
<name sortKey="Rogaeva, Ekaterina" sort="Rogaeva, Ekaterina" uniqKey="Rogaeva E" first="Ekaterina" last="Rogaeva">Ekaterina Rogaeva</name>
<name sortKey="Sato, Christine" sort="Sato, Christine" uniqKey="Sato C" first="Christine" last="Sato">Christine Sato</name>
<name sortKey="Schellenberg, Gerard D" sort="Schellenberg, Gerard D" uniqKey="Schellenberg G" first="Gerard D." last="Schellenberg">Gerard D. Schellenberg</name>
<name sortKey="St George Hyslop, Peter" sort="St George Hyslop, Peter" uniqKey="St George Hyslop P" first="Peter" last="St. George-Hyslop">Peter St. George-Hyslop</name>
<name sortKey="Valladares, Otto" sort="Valladares, Otto" uniqKey="Valladares O" first="Otto" last="Valladares">Otto Valladares</name>
<name sortKey="Vardarajan, Badri Narayan" sort="Vardarajan, Badri Narayan" uniqKey="Vardarajan B" first="Badri Narayan" last="Vardarajan">Badri Narayan Vardarajan</name>
<name sortKey="Wang, Li San" sort="Wang, Li San" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Li-San" last="Wang">Li-San Wang</name>
</noCountry>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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