Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean‐atmosphere–sea ice–snow interface: 1. Chemical composition
Identifieur interne : 002075 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 002074; suivant : 002076Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean‐atmosphere–sea ice–snow interface: 1. Chemical composition
Auteurs : Thomas A. Douglas ; Florent Domine ; Manuel Barret ; Cort Anastasio ; Harry J. Beine ; Jan Bottenheim ; Amanda Grannas ; Stephan Houdier ; Stoyka Netcheva ; Glenn Rowland ; Ralf Staebler ; Alexandra SteffenSource :
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2012-07-27.
Abstract
Frost flowers, intricate featherlike crystals that grow on refreezing sea ice leads, have been implicated in lower atmospheric chemical reactions. Few studies have presented chemical composition information for frost flowers over time and many of the chemical species commonly associated with Polar tropospheric reactions have never been reported for frost flowers. We undertook this study on the sea ice north of Barrow, Alaska to quantify the major ion, stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope, alkalinity, light absorbance by soluble species, organochlorine, and aldehyde composition of seawater, brine, and frost flowers. For many of these chemical species we present the first measurements from brine or frost flowers. Results show that major ion and alkalinity concentrations, stable isotope values, and major chromophore (NO3− and H2O2) concentrations are controlled by fractionation from seawater and brine. The presence of these chemical species in present and future sea ice scenarios is somewhat predictable. However, aldehydes, organochlorine compounds, light absorbing species, and mercury (part 2 of this research and Sherman et al. (2012)) are deposited to frost flowers through less predictable processes that probably involve the atmosphere as a source. The present and future concentrations of these constituents in frost flowers may not be easily incorporated into future sea ice or lower atmospheric chemistry scenarios. Thinning of Arctic sea ice will likely present more open sea ice leads where young ice, brine, and frost flowers form. How these changing ice conditions will affect the interactions between ice, brine, frost flowers and the lower atmosphere is unknown.
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DOI: 10.1029/2011JD016460
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Douglas</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Fort Wainwright, Alaska, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: thomas.a.douglas@erdc.usace.army.mil</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Domine, Florent" sort="Domine, Florent" uniqKey="Domine F" first="Florent" last="Domine">Florent Domine</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-INSU and Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barret, Manuel" sort="Barret, Manuel" uniqKey="Barret M" first="Manuel" last="Barret">Manuel Barret</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-INSU and Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anastasio, Cort" sort="Anastasio, Cort" uniqKey="Anastasio C" first="Cort" last="Anastasio">Cort Anastasio</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beine, Harry J" sort="Beine, Harry J" uniqKey="Beine H" first="Harry J." last="Beine">Harry J. 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Chemical composition</title><author><name sortKey="Douglas, Thomas A" sort="Douglas, Thomas A" uniqKey="Douglas T" first="Thomas A." last="Douglas">Thomas A. Douglas</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Fort Wainwright, Alaska, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: thomas.a.douglas@erdc.usace.army.mil</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Domine, Florent" sort="Domine, Florent" uniqKey="Domine F" first="Florent" last="Domine">Florent Domine</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-INSU and Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barret, Manuel" sort="Barret, Manuel" uniqKey="Barret M" first="Manuel" last="Barret">Manuel Barret</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-INSU and Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anastasio, Cort" sort="Anastasio, Cort" uniqKey="Anastasio C" first="Cort" last="Anastasio">Cort Anastasio</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beine, Harry J" sort="Beine, Harry J" uniqKey="Beine H" first="Harry J." last="Beine">Harry J. 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Geophys. Res.</title><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2012-07-27">2012-07-27</date><biblScope unit="volume">117</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">D14</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="/">n/a</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="/">n/a</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></series><idno type="istex">4BA967A5C932EEC0AFE20E0FEDDD4E33BC41A150</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2011JD016460</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2011JD016460</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Frost flowers, intricate featherlike crystals that grow on refreezing sea ice leads, have been implicated in lower atmospheric chemical reactions. Few studies have presented chemical composition information for frost flowers over time and many of the chemical species commonly associated with Polar tropospheric reactions have never been reported for frost flowers. We undertook this study on the sea ice north of Barrow, Alaska to quantify the major ion, stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope, alkalinity, light absorbance by soluble species, organochlorine, and aldehyde composition of seawater, brine, and frost flowers. For many of these chemical species we present the first measurements from brine or frost flowers. Results show that major ion and alkalinity concentrations, stable isotope values, and major chromophore (NO3− and H2O2) concentrations are controlled by fractionation from seawater and brine. The presence of these chemical species in present and future sea ice scenarios is somewhat predictable. However, aldehydes, organochlorine compounds, light absorbing species, and mercury (part 2 of this research and Sherman et al. (2012)) are deposited to frost flowers through less predictable processes that probably involve the atmosphere as a source. The present and future concentrations of these constituents in frost flowers may not be easily incorporated into future sea ice or lower atmospheric chemistry scenarios. Thinning of Arctic sea ice will likely present more open sea ice leads where young ice, brine, and frost flowers form. How these changing ice conditions will affect the interactions between ice, brine, frost flowers and the lower atmosphere is unknown.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Thomas A. 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Chemical composition</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>0148-0227</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>2156-2202</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>JGRD</json:string></publisherId><volume>117</volume><issue>D14</issue><pages><first>n/a</first><last>n/a</last><total>15</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>The Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Sea Ice‐Snowpack (OASIS09)</value></json:item><json:item><value>Composition and Chemistry</value></json:item><json:item><value>BIOGEOSCIENCES</value></json:item><json:item><value>Biogeochemical kinetics and reaction modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>CRYOSPHERE</value></json:item><json:item><value>Ice</value></json:item><json:item><value>Sea ice</value></json:item><json:item><value>Biogeochemistry</value></json:item><json:item><value>GEOCHEMISTRY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Composition of the hydrosphere</value></json:item><json:item><value>Marine geochemistry</value></json:item><json:item><value>GLOBAL CHANGE</value></json:item><json:item><value>Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>HYDROLOGY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Snow and ice</value></json:item><json:item><value>OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</value></json:item><json:item><value>Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</value></json:item><json:item><value>OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL</value></json:item><json:item><value>Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>Marine inorganic chemistry</value></json:item><json:item><value>Nutrients and nutrient cycling</value></json:item><json:item><value>Marine organic chemistry</value></json:item><json:item><value>PALEOCEANOGRAPHY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>Composition and Chemistry</value></json:item></subject></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>geosciences, multidisciplinary</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>natural sciences</json:string><json:string>earth & environmental sciences</json:string><json:string>meteorology & atmospheric sciences</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2012</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2012</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1029/2011JD016460</json:string></doi><id>4BA967A5C932EEC0AFE20E0FEDDD4E33BC41A150</id><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api-v5.istex.fr/document/4BA967A5C932EEC0AFE20E0FEDDD4E33BC41A150/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api-v5.istex.fr/document/4BA967A5C932EEC0AFE20E0FEDDD4E33BC41A150/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api-v5.istex.fr/document/4BA967A5C932EEC0AFE20E0FEDDD4E33BC41A150/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean‐atmosphere–sea ice–snow interface: 1. Chemical composition</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><p>Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union</p></availability><date>2012</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note>Tab‐delimited Table 1.Tab‐delimited Table 2.Tab‐delimited Table 3.Tab‐delimited Table 4.Tab‐delimited Table 5.</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean‐atmosphere–sea ice–snow interface: 1. Chemical composition</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Thomas A.</forename><surname>Douglas</surname></persName><email>thomas.a.douglas@erdc.usace.army.mil</email><affiliation>U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Fort Wainwright, Alaska, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Florent</forename><surname>Domine</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-INSU and Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Manuel</forename><surname>Barret</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-INSU and Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Cort</forename><surname>Anastasio</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">Harry J.</forename><surname>Beine</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">Jan</forename><surname>Bottenheim</surname></persName><affiliation>Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-7"><persName><forename type="first">Amanda</forename><surname>Grannas</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-8"><persName><forename type="first">Stephan</forename><surname>Houdier</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-INSU and Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-9"><persName><forename type="first">Stoyka</forename><surname>Netcheva</surname></persName><affiliation>Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-10"><persName><forename type="first">Glenn</forename><surname>Rowland</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-11"><persName><forename type="first">Ralf</forename><surname>Staebler</surname></persName><affiliation>Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-12"><persName><forename type="first">Alexandra</forename><surname>Steffen</surname></persName><affiliation>Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. Geophys. Res.</title><idno type="pISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2012-07-27"></date><biblScope unit="volume">117</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">D14</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="/">n/a</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="/">n/a</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">4BA967A5C932EEC0AFE20E0FEDDD4E33BC41A150</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2011JD016460</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2011JD016460</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2012</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>Frost flowers, intricate featherlike crystals that grow on refreezing sea ice leads, have been implicated in lower atmospheric chemical reactions. Few studies have presented chemical composition information for frost flowers over time and many of the chemical species commonly associated with Polar tropospheric reactions have never been reported for frost flowers. We undertook this study on the sea ice north of Barrow, Alaska to quantify the major ion, stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope, alkalinity, light absorbance by soluble species, organochlorine, and aldehyde composition of seawater, brine, and frost flowers. For many of these chemical species we present the first measurements from brine or frost flowers. Results show that major ion and alkalinity concentrations, stable isotope values, and major chromophore (NO3− and H2O2) concentrations are controlled by fractionation from seawater and brine. The presence of these chemical species in present and future sea ice scenarios is somewhat predictable. However, aldehydes, organochlorine compounds, light absorbing species, and mercury (part 2 of this research and Sherman et al. (2012)) are deposited to frost flowers through less predictable processes that probably involve the atmosphere as a source. The present and future concentrations of these constituents in frost flowers may not be easily incorporated into future sea ice or lower atmospheric chemistry scenarios. Thinning of Arctic sea ice will likely present more open sea ice leads where young ice, brine, and frost flowers form. How these changing ice conditions will affect the interactions between ice, brine, frost flowers and the lower atmosphere is unknown.</p></abstract><abstract style="short"><p>Brine and frost flowers on sea ice have interactions with the lower atmosphere Frost flowers have some predictable and some unpredictable chemical composition Changing sea ice regimes likely mean more brine and frost flowers in the future</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>frost flowers</term></item><item><term>polar atmospheric chemistry</term></item><item><term>sea ice</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>index-terms</head><item><term>The Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Sea Ice‐Snowpack (OASIS09)</term></item><item><term>Composition and Chemistry</term></item><item><term>BIOGEOSCIENCES</term></item><item><term>Biogeochemical kinetics and reaction modeling</term></item><item><term>Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</term></item><item><term>CRYOSPHERE</term></item><item><term>Ice</term></item><item><term>Sea ice</term></item><item><term>Biogeochemistry</term></item><item><term>GEOCHEMISTRY</term></item><item><term>Composition of the hydrosphere</term></item><item><term>Marine geochemistry</term></item><item><term>GLOBAL CHANGE</term></item><item><term>Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</term></item><item><term>HYDROLOGY</term></item><item><term>Snow and ice</term></item><item><term>OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</term></item><item><term>Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</term></item><item><term>OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL</term></item><item><term>Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</term></item><item><term>Marine inorganic chemistry</term></item><item><term>Nutrients and nutrient cycling</term></item><item><term>Marine organic chemistry</term></item><item><term>PALEOCEANOGRAPHY</term></item><item><term>Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>article-category</head><item><term>Composition and Chemistry</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2011-06-23">Received</change><change when="2011-12-15">Registration</change><change when="2012-07-27">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api-v5.istex.fr/document/4BA967A5C932EEC0AFE20E0FEDDD4E33BC41A150/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="jgrd17498"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</doi><issn type="print">0148-0227</issn><issn type="electronic">2156-2202</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JGRD"></id><id type="coden" value="JGREA2"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: ATMOSPHERES">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><title type="short">J. Geophys. Res.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="140"><doi>10.1002/jgrd.v117.D14</doi><idGroup><id type="focusSection" value="4"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="focusSection" xml:lang="en">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title></titleGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="117">117</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">D14</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2012-07-27">27 July 2012</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="200" status="forIssue"><doi>10.1029/2011JD016460</doi><idGroup><id type="editorialOffice" value="2011JD016460"></id><id type="society" value="D00R09"></id><id type="unit" value="JGRD17498"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="15"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Composition and Chemistry</title><title type="tocHeading1">Composition and Chemistry</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="thirdParty">Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2011-06-23"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2011-12-05"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2011-12-15"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2012-02-09"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2012-02-09"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="SPi Global Converter:AGUv5.2_TO_WileyML3Gv1.0.3 version:1.3; WileyML 3G Packaging Tool v1.0; AGU2WileyML3G Final Clean Up v1.0" date="2012-12-18"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-30"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.3.4 mode:FullText" date="2015-02-25"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">n/a</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">n/a</numbering></numberingGroup><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/specialSection/OASIS1">The Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Sea Ice‐Snowpack (OASIS09)</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/subset/ACH">Composition and Chemistry</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0400">BIOGEOSCIENCES</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0412">Biogeochemical kinetics and reaction modeling</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0414">Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">CRYOSPHERE</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0738">Ice</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0750">Sea ice</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0793">Biogeochemistry</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1000">GEOCHEMISTRY</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1022">Composition of the hydrosphere</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1050">Marine geochemistry</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1615">Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1800">HYDROLOGY</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1863">Snow and ice</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4540">Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4800">OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4805">Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4835">Marine inorganic chemistry</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4845">Nutrients and nutrient cycling</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4850">Marine organic chemistry</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4900">PALEOCEANOGRAPHY</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4912">Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</subject></subjectInfo></subjectInfo><selfCitationGroup><citation xml:id="jgrd17498-cit-0000" type="self"><author><familyName>Douglas</familyName>, <givenNames>T. A.</givenNames></author>, et al. (<pubYear year="2012">2012</pubYear>), <articleTitle>Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean‐atmosphere–sea ice–snow interface: 1. Chemical composition</articleTitle>, <journalTitle>J. Geophys. Res.</journalTitle>, <vol>117</vol>, D00R09, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2011JD016460">10.1029/2011JD016460</accessionId>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JGRD.JGRD17498.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="wordTotal" number="13000"></count><count type="figureTotal" number="7"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="5"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean‐atmosphere–sea ice–snow interface: 1. Chemical composition</title><title type="shortAuthors">DOUGLAS ET AL.</title><title type="short">CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FROST FLOWERS</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="jgrd17498-cr-0001" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17498-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>Thomas A.</givenNames><familyName>Douglas</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email>thomas.a.douglas@erdc.usace.army.mil</email></contactDetails></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17498-cr-0002" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17498-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>Florent</givenNames><familyName>Domine</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17498-cr-0003" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17498-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>Manuel</givenNames><familyName>Barret</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17498-cr-0004" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17498-aff-0003"><personName><givenNames>Cort</givenNames><familyName>Anastasio</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17498-cr-0005" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17498-aff-0003"><personName><givenNames>Harry J.</givenNames><familyName>Beine</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17498-cr-0006" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17498-aff-0004"><personName><givenNames>Jan</givenNames><familyName>Bottenheim</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17498-cr-0007" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17498-aff-0005"><personName><givenNames>Amanda</givenNames><familyName>Grannas</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17498-cr-0008" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17498-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>Stephan</givenNames><familyName>Houdier</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17498-cr-0009" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17498-aff-0004"><personName><givenNames>Stoyka</givenNames><familyName>Netcheva</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17498-cr-0010" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17498-aff-0005"><personName><givenNames>Glenn</givenNames><familyName>Rowland</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17498-cr-0011" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17498-aff-0004"><personName><givenNames>Ralf</givenNames><familyName>Staebler</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17498-cr-0012" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17498-aff-0004"><personName><givenNames>Alexandra</givenNames><familyName>Steffen</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17498-aff-0001" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Fort Wainwright, Alaska, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17498-aff-0002" countryCode="FR" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-INSU and Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17498-aff-0003" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17498-aff-0004" countryCode="CA" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17498-aff-0005" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="jgrd17498-kwd-0001">frost flowers</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrd17498-kwd-0002">polar atmospheric chemistry</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrd17498-kwd-0003">sea ice</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17498:jgrd17498-sup-0001-t01"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 1.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17498:jgrd17498-sup-0002-t02"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 2.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17498:jgrd17498-sup-0003-t03"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 3.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17498:jgrd17498-sup-0004-t04"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 4.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17498:jgrd17498-sup-0005-t05"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 5.</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="jgrd17498-para-0001" label="1">Frost flowers, intricate featherlike crystals that grow on refreezing sea ice leads, have been implicated in lower atmospheric chemical reactions. Few studies have presented chemical composition information for frost flowers over time and many of the chemical species commonly associated with Polar tropospheric reactions have never been reported for frost flowers. We undertook this study on the sea ice north of Barrow, Alaska to quantify the major ion, stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope, alkalinity, light absorbance by soluble species, organochlorine, and aldehyde composition of seawater, brine, and frost flowers. For many of these chemical species we present the first measurements from brine or frost flowers. Results show that major ion and alkalinity concentrations, stable isotope values, and major chromophore (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) concentrations are controlled by fractionation from seawater and brine. The presence of these chemical species in present and future sea ice scenarios is somewhat predictable. However, aldehydes, organochlorine compounds, light absorbing species, and mercury (part 2 of this research and Sherman et al. (2012)) are deposited to frost flowers through less predictable processes that probably involve the atmosphere as a source. The present and future concentrations of these constituents in frost flowers may not be easily incorporated into future sea ice or lower atmospheric chemistry scenarios. Thinning of Arctic sea ice will likely present more open sea ice leads where young ice, brine, and frost flowers form. How these changing ice conditions will affect the interactions between ice, brine, frost flowers and the lower atmosphere is unknown.</p></abstract><abstract type="short"><title type="main">Key Points</title><p xml:id="jgrd17498-para-0002"><list style="bulleted"><listItem>Brine and frost flowers on sea ice have interactions with the lower atmosphere</listItem><listItem>Frost flowers have some predictable and some unpredictable chemical composition</listItem><listItem>Changing sea ice regimes likely mean more brine and frost flowers in the future</listItem></list></p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta><noteGroup xml:id="jgrd17498-ntgp-0000"><note xml:id="jgrd17498-note-0000"><p xml:id="jgrd17498-para-0000">This is a companion to DOI:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2011JD016186">10.1029/2011JD016186</accessionId></p></note></noteGroup></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean‐atmosphere–sea ice–snow interface: 1. Chemical composition</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FROST FLOWERS</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean‐atmosphere–sea ice–snow interface: 1. Chemical composition</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Thomas A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Douglas</namePart><affiliation>U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Fort Wainwright, Alaska, USA</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: thomas.a.douglas@erdc.usace.army.mil</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Florent</namePart><namePart type="family">Domine</namePart><affiliation>Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-INSU and Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Manuel</namePart><namePart type="family">Barret</namePart><affiliation>Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-INSU and Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Cort</namePart><namePart type="family">Anastasio</namePart><affiliation>Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Harry J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Beine</namePart><affiliation>Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jan</namePart><namePart type="family">Bottenheim</namePart><affiliation>Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Amanda</namePart><namePart type="family">Grannas</namePart><affiliation>Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stephan</namePart><namePart type="family">Houdier</namePart><affiliation>Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-INSU and Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stoyka</namePart><namePart type="family">Netcheva</namePart><affiliation>Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Glenn</namePart><namePart type="family">Rowland</namePart><affiliation>Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ralf</namePart><namePart type="family">Staebler</namePart><affiliation>Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Alexandra</namePart><namePart type="family">Steffen</namePart><affiliation>Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2012-07-27</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2011-06-23</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2011-12-15</dateValid><edition>Douglas, T. A., et al. (2012), Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean‐atmosphere–sea ice–snow interface: 1. Chemical composition, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00R09, doi:10.1029/2011JD016460.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2012</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">7</extent><extent unit="tables">5</extent><extent unit="words">13000</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>Frost flowers, intricate featherlike crystals that grow on refreezing sea ice leads, have been implicated in lower atmospheric chemical reactions. Few studies have presented chemical composition information for frost flowers over time and many of the chemical species commonly associated with Polar tropospheric reactions have never been reported for frost flowers. We undertook this study on the sea ice north of Barrow, Alaska to quantify the major ion, stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope, alkalinity, light absorbance by soluble species, organochlorine, and aldehyde composition of seawater, brine, and frost flowers. For many of these chemical species we present the first measurements from brine or frost flowers. Results show that major ion and alkalinity concentrations, stable isotope values, and major chromophore (NO3− and H2O2) concentrations are controlled by fractionation from seawater and brine. The presence of these chemical species in present and future sea ice scenarios is somewhat predictable. However, aldehydes, organochlorine compounds, light absorbing species, and mercury (part 2 of this research and Sherman et al. (2012)) are deposited to frost flowers through less predictable processes that probably involve the atmosphere as a source. The present and future concentrations of these constituents in frost flowers may not be easily incorporated into future sea ice or lower atmospheric chemistry scenarios. Thinning of Arctic sea ice will likely present more open sea ice leads where young ice, brine, and frost flowers form. How these changing ice conditions will affect the interactions between ice, brine, frost flowers and the lower atmosphere is unknown.</abstract><abstract type="short">Brine and frost flowers on sea ice have interactions with the lower atmosphere Frost flowers have some predictable and some unpredictable chemical composition Changing sea ice regimes likely mean more brine and frost flowers in the future</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Tab‐delimited Table 1.Tab‐delimited Table 2.Tab‐delimited Table 3.Tab‐delimited Table 4.Tab‐delimited Table 5.</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>frost flowers</topic><topic>polar atmospheric chemistry</topic><topic>sea ice</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Geophys. Res.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>index-terms</genre><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/specialSection/OASIS1">The Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Sea Ice‐Snowpack (OASIS09)</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/subset/ACH">Composition and Chemistry</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0400">BIOGEOSCIENCES</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0412">Biogeochemical kinetics and reaction modeling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0414">Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">CRYOSPHERE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0738">Ice</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0750">Sea ice</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0793">Biogeochemistry</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1000">GEOCHEMISTRY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1022">Composition of the hydrosphere</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1050">Marine geochemistry</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1615">Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1800">HYDROLOGY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1863">Snow and ice</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4540">Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4800">OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4805">Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4835">Marine inorganic chemistry</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4845">Nutrients and nutrient cycling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4850">Marine organic chemistry</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4900">PALEOCEANOGRAPHY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4912">Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</topic></subject><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Composition and Chemistry</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0148-0227</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">2156-2202</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</identifier><identifier type="CODEN">JGREA2</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JGRD</identifier><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>117</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>D14</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>n/a</start><end>n/a</end><total>15</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">4BA967A5C932EEC0AFE20E0FEDDD4E33BC41A150</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1029/2011JD016460</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">2011JD016460</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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