Global change effects on the long‐term feeding ecology and contaminant exposures of East Greenland polar bears
Identifieur interne : 000B37 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000B36; suivant : 000B38Global change effects on the long‐term feeding ecology and contaminant exposures of East Greenland polar bears
Auteurs : Melissa A. Mckinney ; Sara J. Iverson ; Aaron T. Fisk ; Christian Sonne ; Frank F. Rigét ; Robert J. Letcher ; Michael T. Arts ; Erik W. Born ; Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid ; Rune DietzSource :
- [ 1354-1013 ]
Abstract
Rapid climate changes are occurring in the Arctic, with substantial repercussions for arctic ecosystems. It is challenging to assess ecosystem changes in remote polar environments, but one successful approach has entailed monitoring the diets of upper trophic level consumers. Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) and fatty acid carbon isotope (δ13C‐FA) patterns were used to assess diets of East Greenland (EG) polar bears (Ursus maritimus) (n = 310) over the past three decades. QFASA‐generated diet estimates indicated that, on average, EG bears mainly consumed arctic ringed seals (47.5 ± 2.1%), migratory subarctic harp (30.6 ± 1.5%) and hooded (16.7 ± 1.3%) seals and rarely, if ever, consumed bearded seals, narwhals or walruses. Ringed seal consumption declined by 14%/decade over 28 years (90.1 ± 2.5% in 1984 to 33.9 ± 11.1% in 2011). Hooded seal consumption increased by 9.5%/decade (0.0 ± 0.0% in 1984 to 25.9 ± 9.1% in 2011). This increase may include harp seal, since hooded and harp seal FA signatures were not as well differentiated relative to other prey species. Declining δ13C‐FA ratios supported shifts from more nearshore/benthic/ice‐associated prey to more offshore/pelagic/open‐water‐associated prey, consistent with diet estimates. Increased hooded seal and decreased ringed seal consumption occurred during years when the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) was lower. Thus, periods with warmer temperatures and less sea ice were associated with more subarctic and less arctic seal species consumption. These changes in the relative abundance, accessibility, or distribution of arctic and subarctic marine mammals may have health consequences for EG polar bears. For example, the diet change resulted in consistently slower temporal declines in adipose levels of legacy persistent organic pollutants, as the subarctic seals have higher contaminant burdens than arctic seals. Overall, considerable changes are occurring in the EG marine ecosystem, with consequences for contaminant dynamics.
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DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12241
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Iverson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, NS, B3H 4R2, Halifax, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fisk, Aaron T" sort="Fisk, Aaron T" uniqKey="Fisk A" first="Aaron T." last="Fisk">Aaron T. Fisk</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sonne, Christian" sort="Sonne, Christian" uniqKey="Sonne C" first="Christian" last="Sonne">Christian Sonne</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK‐4000, Roskilde, Denmark</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riget, Frank F" sort="Riget, Frank F" uniqKey="Riget F" first="Frank F." last="Rigét">Frank F. Rigét</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK‐4000, Roskilde, Denmark</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Letcher, Robert J" sort="Letcher, Robert J" uniqKey="Letcher R" first="Robert J." last="Letcher">Robert J. Letcher</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, ON, K1A 0H3, Ottawa, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arts, Michael T" sort="Arts, Michael T" uniqKey="Arts M" first="Michael T." last="Arts">Michael T. Arts</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, ON, L7R 4A6, Burlington, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Born, Erik W" sort="Born, Erik W" uniqKey="Born E" first="Erik W." last="Born">Erik W. Born</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK‐3900, Nuuk, Greenland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosing Svid, Aqqalu" sort="Rosing Svid, Aqqalu" uniqKey="Rosing Svid A" first="Aqqalu" last="Rosing-Asvid">Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK‐3900, Nuuk, Greenland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dietz, Rune" sort="Dietz, Rune" uniqKey="Dietz R" first="Rune" last="Dietz">Rune Dietz</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK‐4000, Roskilde, Denmark</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:61729C05F432E6586558A4E54F360596802D7AF5</idno><date when="2013" year="2013">2013</date><idno type="doi">10.1111/gcb.12241</idno><idno type="url">https://api-v5.istex.fr/document/61729C05F432E6586558A4E54F360596802D7AF5/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000B37</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000B37</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mckinney, Melissa A" sort="Mckinney, Melissa A" uniqKey="Mckinney M" first="Melissa A." last="Mckinney">Melissa A. Mckinney</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: melissaamckinney@gmail.com</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iverson, Sara J" sort="Iverson, Sara J" uniqKey="Iverson S" first="Sara J." last="Iverson">Sara J. Iverson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, NS, B3H 4R2, Halifax, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fisk, Aaron T" sort="Fisk, Aaron T" uniqKey="Fisk A" first="Aaron T." last="Fisk">Aaron T. Fisk</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sonne, Christian" sort="Sonne, Christian" uniqKey="Sonne C" first="Christian" last="Sonne">Christian Sonne</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK‐4000, Roskilde, Denmark</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riget, Frank F" sort="Riget, Frank F" uniqKey="Riget F" first="Frank F." last="Rigét">Frank F. Rigét</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK‐4000, Roskilde, Denmark</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Letcher, Robert J" sort="Letcher, Robert J" uniqKey="Letcher R" first="Robert J." last="Letcher">Robert J. Letcher</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, ON, K1A 0H3, Ottawa, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arts, Michael T" sort="Arts, Michael T" uniqKey="Arts M" first="Michael T." last="Arts">Michael T. Arts</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, ON, L7R 4A6, Burlington, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Born, Erik W" sort="Born, Erik W" uniqKey="Born E" first="Erik W." last="Born">Erik W. Born</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK‐3900, Nuuk, Greenland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosing Svid, Aqqalu" sort="Rosing Svid, Aqqalu" uniqKey="Rosing Svid A" first="Aqqalu" last="Rosing-Asvid">Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK‐3900, Nuuk, Greenland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dietz, Rune" sort="Dietz, Rune" uniqKey="Dietz R" first="Rune" last="Dietz">Rune Dietz</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK‐4000, Roskilde, Denmark</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><idno type="ISSN">1354-1013</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1354-1013</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Rapid climate changes are occurring in the Arctic, with substantial repercussions for arctic ecosystems. It is challenging to assess ecosystem changes in remote polar environments, but one successful approach has entailed monitoring the diets of upper trophic level consumers. Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) and fatty acid carbon isotope (δ13C‐FA) patterns were used to assess diets of East Greenland (EG) polar bears (Ursus maritimus) (n = 310) over the past three decades. QFASA‐generated diet estimates indicated that, on average, EG bears mainly consumed arctic ringed seals (47.5 ± 2.1%), migratory subarctic harp (30.6 ± 1.5%) and hooded (16.7 ± 1.3%) seals and rarely, if ever, consumed bearded seals, narwhals or walruses. Ringed seal consumption declined by 14%/decade over 28 years (90.1 ± 2.5% in 1984 to 33.9 ± 11.1% in 2011). Hooded seal consumption increased by 9.5%/decade (0.0 ± 0.0% in 1984 to 25.9 ± 9.1% in 2011). This increase may include harp seal, since hooded and harp seal FA signatures were not as well differentiated relative to other prey species. Declining δ13C‐FA ratios supported shifts from more nearshore/benthic/ice‐associated prey to more offshore/pelagic/open‐water‐associated prey, consistent with diet estimates. Increased hooded seal and decreased ringed seal consumption occurred during years when the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) was lower. Thus, periods with warmer temperatures and less sea ice were associated with more subarctic and less arctic seal species consumption. These changes in the relative abundance, accessibility, or distribution of arctic and subarctic marine mammals may have health consequences for EG polar bears. For example, the diet change resulted in consistently slower temporal declines in adipose levels of legacy persistent organic pollutants, as the subarctic seals have higher contaminant burdens than arctic seals. Overall, considerable changes are occurring in the EG marine ecosystem, with consequences for contaminant dynamics.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Melissa A. McKinney</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada</json:string><json:string>Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Canada</json:string><json:string>E-mail: melissaamckinney@gmail.com</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Sara J. Iverson</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, NS, B3H 4R2, Halifax, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Aaron T. Fisk</name><affiliations><json:string>Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Christian Sonne</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biological Sciences, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK‐4000, Roskilde, Denmark</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Frank F. Rigét</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biological Sciences, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK‐4000, Roskilde, Denmark</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Robert J. Letcher</name><affiliations><json:string>Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, ON, K1A 0H3, Ottawa, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Michael T. Arts</name><affiliations><json:string>Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, ON, L7R 4A6, Burlington, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Erik W. Born</name><affiliations><json:string>Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK‐3900, Nuuk, Greenland</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Aqqalu Rosing‐Asvid</name><affiliations><json:string>Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK‐3900, Nuuk, Greenland</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Rune Dietz</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biological Sciences, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK‐4000, Roskilde, Denmark</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>contaminants</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>diet</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>fatty acid carbon isotopes</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>fatty acids</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>polar bear</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>sea ice</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>temporal trends</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>GCB12241</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Rapid climate changes are occurring in the Arctic, with substantial repercussions for arctic ecosystems. It is challenging to assess ecosystem changes in remote polar environments, but one successful approach has entailed monitoring the diets of upper trophic level consumers. Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) and fatty acid carbon isotope (δ13C‐FA) patterns were used to assess diets of East Greenland (EG) polar bears (Ursus maritimus) (n = 310) over the past three decades. QFASA‐generated diet estimates indicated that, on average, EG bears mainly consumed arctic ringed seals (47.5 ± 2.1%), migratory subarctic harp (30.6 ± 1.5%) and hooded (16.7 ± 1.3%) seals and rarely, if ever, consumed bearded seals, narwhals or walruses. Ringed seal consumption declined by 14%/decade over 28 years (90.1 ± 2.5% in 1984 to 33.9 ± 11.1% in 2011). Hooded seal consumption increased by 9.5%/decade (0.0 ± 0.0% in 1984 to 25.9 ± 9.1% in 2011). This increase may include harp seal, since hooded and harp seal FA signatures were not as well differentiated relative to other prey species. Declining δ13C‐FA ratios supported shifts from more nearshore/benthic/ice‐associated prey to more offshore/pelagic/open‐water‐associated prey, consistent with diet estimates. Increased hooded seal and decreased ringed seal consumption occurred during years when the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) was lower. Thus, periods with warmer temperatures and less sea ice were associated with more subarctic and less arctic seal species consumption. These changes in the relative abundance, accessibility, or distribution of arctic and subarctic marine mammals may have health consequences for EG polar bears. For example, the diet change resulted in consistently slower temporal declines in adipose levels of legacy persistent organic pollutants, as the subarctic seals have higher contaminant burdens than arctic seals. 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Biology</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2486</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>1354-1013</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1365-2486</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>GCB</json:string></publisherId><volume>19</volume><issue>8</issue><pages><first>2360</first><last>2372</last><total>13</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>Primary Research Article</value></json:item></subject></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>environmental sciences</json:string><json:string>ecology</json:string><json:string>biodiversity conservation</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>natural 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change effects on the long‐term feeding ecology and contaminant exposures of East Greenland polar bears</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Global change effects on the long‐term feeding ecology and contaminant exposures of East Greenland polar bears</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Melissa A.</namePart><namePart type="family">McKinney</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada</affiliation><affiliation>Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Canada</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: melissaamckinney@gmail.com</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Sara J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Iverson</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, NS, B3H 4R2, Halifax, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Aaron T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Fisk</namePart><affiliation>Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christian</namePart><namePart type="family">Sonne</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK‐4000, Roskilde, Denmark</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Frank F.</namePart><namePart type="family">Rigét</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK‐4000, Roskilde, Denmark</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Robert J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Letcher</namePart><affiliation>Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, ON, K1A 0H3, Ottawa, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Michael T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Arts</namePart><affiliation>Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, ON, L7R 4A6, Burlington, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Erik W.</namePart><namePart type="family">Born</namePart><affiliation>Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK‐3900, Nuuk, Greenland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Aqqalu</namePart><namePart type="family">Rosing‐Asvid</namePart><affiliation>Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK‐3900, Nuuk, Greenland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Rune</namePart><namePart type="family">Dietz</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK‐4000, Roskilde, Denmark</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2013-08</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2013-05-10</dateCreated><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2013-02-21</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2013-03-31</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2013</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Rapid climate changes are occurring in the Arctic, with substantial repercussions for arctic ecosystems. It is challenging to assess ecosystem changes in remote polar environments, but one successful approach has entailed monitoring the diets of upper trophic level consumers. Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) and fatty acid carbon isotope (δ13C‐FA) patterns were used to assess diets of East Greenland (EG) polar bears (Ursus maritimus) (n = 310) over the past three decades. QFASA‐generated diet estimates indicated that, on average, EG bears mainly consumed arctic ringed seals (47.5 ± 2.1%), migratory subarctic harp (30.6 ± 1.5%) and hooded (16.7 ± 1.3%) seals and rarely, if ever, consumed bearded seals, narwhals or walruses. Ringed seal consumption declined by 14%/decade over 28 years (90.1 ± 2.5% in 1984 to 33.9 ± 11.1% in 2011). Hooded seal consumption increased by 9.5%/decade (0.0 ± 0.0% in 1984 to 25.9 ± 9.1% in 2011). This increase may include harp seal, since hooded and harp seal FA signatures were not as well differentiated relative to other prey species. Declining δ13C‐FA ratios supported shifts from more nearshore/benthic/ice‐associated prey to more offshore/pelagic/open‐water‐associated prey, consistent with diet estimates. Increased hooded seal and decreased ringed seal consumption occurred during years when the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) was lower. Thus, periods with warmer temperatures and less sea ice were associated with more subarctic and less arctic seal species consumption. These changes in the relative abundance, accessibility, or distribution of arctic and subarctic marine mammals may have health consequences for EG polar bears. For example, the diet change resulted in consistently slower temporal declines in adipose levels of legacy persistent organic pollutants, as the subarctic seals have higher contaminant burdens than arctic seals. Overall, considerable changes are occurring in the EG marine ecosystem, with consequences for contaminant dynamics.</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Appendix S1. Supplemental text covering methods of POP analysis, quality control, sample oxidation testing, and simulation exercises; results on the confounding influence of oxidation and simulation modeling; discussion regarding East Greenland hunting records, and evidence of dietary influence on fatty acid carbon isotopes. Table S1. Adipose FA profiles of East Greenland polar bears collected from 1984 to 2011. Table S2. Sample sizes for East Greenland polar bears collected from 1984 to 2011. Figure S1. Percentage of 22:6n‐3 in East Greenland polar bear adipose FA signatures, by subjective oxidation class. Figure S2. Percentage of selected dietary fatty acids in the blubber of polar bear prey from Greenland and neighboring regions. Figure S3. Influence on East Greenland polar bear QFASA‐generated diet estimates of spatiotemporal variation in the prey library. Figure S4. Proportional contribution of the prey species to East Greenland polar bear yearly mean and individual diets from fall‐winters of 1986–2009.</note><note type="funding">Greenland Institute of Natural Resources</note><note type="funding">Aage V. Jensen's Foundation</note><note type="funding">DANCEA</note><note type="funding">KVUG</note><note type="funding">The Prince Albert II Foundation</note><note type="funding">Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>contaminants</topic><topic>diet</topic><topic>fatty acid carbon isotopes</topic><topic>fatty acids</topic><topic>polar bear</topic><topic>sea ice</topic><topic>temporal trends</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Global Change Biology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Glob Change Biol</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Primary Research Article</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1354-1013</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1365-2486</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2486</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">GCB</identifier><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>19</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>8</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2360</start><end>2372</end><total>13</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">61729C05F432E6586558A4E54F360596802D7AF5</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/gcb.12241</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">GCB12241</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Ltd© 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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