Trends and variability in summer sea ice cover in the Canadian Arctic based on the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive, 1960–2008 and 1968–2008
Identifieur interne : 000752 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000751; suivant : 000753Trends and variability in summer sea ice cover in the Canadian Arctic based on the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive, 1960–2008 and 1968–2008
Auteurs : Adrienne Tivy ; Stephen E. L. Howell ; Bea Alt ; Steve Mccourt ; Richard Chagnon ; Greg Crocker ; Tom Carrieres ; John J. YackelSource :
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2011-03.
Abstract
The Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive (CISDA) is a compilation of weekly ice charts covering Canadian waters from the early 1960s to present. The main sources of uncertainty in the database are reviewed and the data are validated for use in climate studies before trends and variability in summer averaged sea ice cover are investigated. These data revealed that between 1968 and 2008, summer sea ice cover has decreased by 11.3% ± 2.6% decade−1 in Hudson Bay, 2.9% ± 1.2% decade−1 in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA), 8.9% ± 3.1% decade−1 in Baffin Bay, and 5.2% ± 2.4% decade−1 in the Beaufort Sea with no significant reductions in multiyear ice. Reductions in sea ice cover are linked to increases in early summer surface air temperature (SAT); significant increases in SAT were observed in every season and they are consistently greater than the pan‐Arctic change by up to ∼0.2°C decade−1. Within the CAA and Baffin Bay, the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation index correlates well with multiyear ice coverage (positive) and first‐year ice coverage (negative) suggesting that El Niño episodes precede summers with more multiyear ice and less first‐year ice. Extending the trend calculations back to 1960 along the major shipping routes revealed significant decreases in summer sea ice coverage ranging between 11% and 15% decade−1 along the route through Hudson Bay and 6% and 10% decade−1 along the southern route of the Northwest Passage, the latter is linked to increases in SAT. Between 1960 and 2008, no significant trends were found along the northern western Parry Channel route of the Northwest Passage.
Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2009JC005855
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ISTEX:0DB3F1E4CA6CC3964E0130B11A7D251C8FF4DD32Le document en format XML
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Yackel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Foothills Climate Analysis Facility, Centre for Alpine and Arctic Climate Research, Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. Geophys. Res.</title><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2011-03">2011-03</date><biblScope unit="volume">116</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">C3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="/">n/a</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="/">n/a</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></series><idno type="istex">0DB3F1E4CA6CC3964E0130B11A7D251C8FF4DD32</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2009JC005855</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2009JC005855</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">The Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive (CISDA) is a compilation of weekly ice charts covering Canadian waters from the early 1960s to present. The main sources of uncertainty in the database are reviewed and the data are validated for use in climate studies before trends and variability in summer averaged sea ice cover are investigated. These data revealed that between 1968 and 2008, summer sea ice cover has decreased by 11.3% ± 2.6% decade−1 in Hudson Bay, 2.9% ± 1.2% decade−1 in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA), 8.9% ± 3.1% decade−1 in Baffin Bay, and 5.2% ± 2.4% decade−1 in the Beaufort Sea with no significant reductions in multiyear ice. Reductions in sea ice cover are linked to increases in early summer surface air temperature (SAT); significant increases in SAT were observed in every season and they are consistently greater than the pan‐Arctic change by up to ∼0.2°C decade−1. Within the CAA and Baffin Bay, the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation index correlates well with multiyear ice coverage (positive) and first‐year ice coverage (negative) suggesting that El Niño episodes precede summers with more multiyear ice and less first‐year ice. Extending the trend calculations back to 1960 along the major shipping routes revealed significant decreases in summer sea ice coverage ranging between 11% and 15% decade−1 along the route through Hudson Bay and 6% and 10% decade−1 along the southern route of the Northwest Passage, the latter is linked to increases in SAT. Between 1960 and 2008, no significant trends were found along the northern western Parry Channel route of the Northwest Passage.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Adrienne Tivy</name><affiliations><json:string>Foothills Climate Analysis Facility, Centre for Alpine and Arctic Climate Research, Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada</json:string><json:string>Now at International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.</json:string><json:string>E-mail: ativy@ucalgary.ca</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Stephen E. L. 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The main sources of uncertainty in the database are reviewed and the data are validated for use in climate studies before trends and variability in summer averaged sea ice cover are investigated. These data revealed that between 1968 and 2008, summer sea ice cover has decreased by 11.3% ± 2.6% decade−1 in Hudson Bay, 2.9% ± 1.2% decade−1 in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA), 8.9% ± 3.1% decade−1 in Baffin Bay, and 5.2% ± 2.4% decade−1 in the Beaufort Sea with no significant reductions in multiyear ice. Reductions in sea ice cover are linked to increases in early summer surface air temperature (SAT); significant increases in SAT were observed in every season and they are consistently greater than the pan‐Arctic change by up to ∼0.2°C decade−1. Within the CAA and Baffin Bay, the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation index correlates well with multiyear ice coverage (positive) and first‐year ice coverage (negative) suggesting that El Niño episodes precede summers with more multiyear ice and less first‐year ice. Extending the trend calculations back to 1960 along the major shipping routes revealed significant decreases in summer sea ice coverage ranging between 11% and 15% decade−1 along the route through Hudson Bay and 6% and 10% decade−1 along the southern route of the Northwest Passage, the latter is linked to increases in SAT. 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Geophys. Res.</title><idno type="pISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202c</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2011-03"></date><biblScope unit="volume">116</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">C3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="/">n/a</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="/">n/a</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">0DB3F1E4CA6CC3964E0130B11A7D251C8FF4DD32</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2009JC005855</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2009JC005855</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2011</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>The Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive (CISDA) is a compilation of weekly ice charts covering Canadian waters from the early 1960s to present. The main sources of uncertainty in the database are reviewed and the data are validated for use in climate studies before trends and variability in summer averaged sea ice cover are investigated. These data revealed that between 1968 and 2008, summer sea ice cover has decreased by 11.3% ± 2.6% decade−1 in Hudson Bay, 2.9% ± 1.2% decade−1 in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA), 8.9% ± 3.1% decade−1 in Baffin Bay, and 5.2% ± 2.4% decade−1 in the Beaufort Sea with no significant reductions in multiyear ice. Reductions in sea ice cover are linked to increases in early summer surface air temperature (SAT); significant increases in SAT were observed in every season and they are consistently greater than the pan‐Arctic change by up to ∼0.2°C decade−1. Within the CAA and Baffin Bay, the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation index correlates well with multiyear ice coverage (positive) and first‐year ice coverage (negative) suggesting that El Niño episodes precede summers with more multiyear ice and less first‐year ice. Extending the trend calculations back to 1960 along the major shipping routes revealed significant decreases in summer sea ice coverage ranging between 11% and 15% decade−1 along the route through Hudson Bay and 6% and 10% decade−1 along the southern route of the Northwest Passage, the latter is linked to increases in SAT. Between 1960 and 2008, no significant trends were found along the northern western Parry Channel route of the Northwest Passage.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>sea ice</term></item><item><term>interannual variability</term></item><item><term>climatology</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>index-terms</head><item><term>CRYOSPHERE</term></item><item><term>Glaciology</term></item><item><term>Cryosphere</term></item><item><term>Sea ice</term></item><item><term>Polynas</term></item><item><term>Leads</term></item><item><term>GLOBAL CHANGE</term></item><item><term>Regional climate change</term></item><item><term>Cryospheric change</term></item><item><term>HYDROLOGY</term></item><item><term>Glaciology</term></item><item><term>Snow and ice</term></item><item><term>NATURAL HAZARDS</term></item><item><term>Climate impact</term></item><item><term>OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</term></item><item><term>Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2009-09-28">Received</change><change when="2010-10-19">Registration</change><change when="2011-03">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api-v5.istex.fr/document/0DB3F1E4CA6CC3964E0130B11A7D251C8FF4DD32/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="jgrc11576"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202c</doi><issn type="print">0148-0227</issn><issn type="electronic">2156-2202</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JGRC"></id><id type="coden" value="JGREA2"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: OCEANS">Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title><title type="short">J. Geophys. Res.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="30"><doi>10.1002/jgrc.v116.C3</doi><idGroup><id type="focusSection" value="3"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="focusSection" xml:lang="en">Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title></titleGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="116">116</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">C3</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2011-03">March 2011</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" position="210" type="article" status="forIssue"><doi>10.1029/2009JC005855</doi><idGroup><id type="editorialOffice" value="2009JC005855"></id><id type="society" value="C03007"></id><id type="unit" value="JGRC11576"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="25"></count></countGroup><copyright ownership="thirdParty">Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2009-09-28"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2010-09-14"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2010-10-19"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2011-03-05"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2011-03-05"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="SPi Global Converter:AGUv3.44_TO_WileyML3Gv1.0.3 version:1.1; AGU2WileyML3G Final Clean Up v1.0; WileyML 3G Packaging Tool v1.0" date="2012-12-17"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.1" date="2014-03-20"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-30"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">n/a</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">n/a</numbering></numberingGroup><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">CRYOSPHERE</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0776">Glaciology</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">Cryosphere</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0750">Sea ice</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0752">Polynas</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0754">Leads</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1637">Regional climate change</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1621">Cryospheric change</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1800">HYDROLOGY</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1827">Glaciology</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1863">Snow and ice</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4300">NATURAL HAZARDS</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4321">Climate impact</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4540">Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</subject></subjectInfo></subjectInfo><selfCitationGroup><citation xml:id="jgrc11576-cit-0000" type="self"><author><familyName>Tivy</familyName>, <givenNames>A.</givenNames></author>, <author><givenNames>S. E. L.</givenNames> <familyName>Howell</familyName></author>, <author><givenNames>B.</givenNames> <familyName>Alt</familyName></author>, <author><givenNames>S.</givenNames> <familyName>McCourt</familyName></author>, <author><givenNames>R.</givenNames> <familyName>Chagnon</familyName></author>, <author><givenNames>G.</givenNames> <familyName>Crocker</familyName></author>, <author><givenNames>T.</givenNames> <familyName>Carrieres</familyName></author>, and <author><givenNames>J. J.</givenNames> <familyName>Yackel</familyName></author> (<pubYear year="2011">2011</pubYear>), <articleTitle>Trends and variability in summer sea ice cover in the Canadian Arctic based on the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive, 1960–2008 and 1968–2008</articleTitle>, <journalTitle>J. Geophys. Res.</journalTitle>, <vol>116</vol>, C03007, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2009JC005855">10.1029/2009JC005855</accessionId>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><objectNameGroup><objectName elementName="appendix">Appendix</objectName></objectNameGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JGRC.JGRC11576.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="wordTotal" number="14200"></count><count type="figureTotal" number="17"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="9"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Trends and variability in summer sea ice cover in the Canadian Arctic based on the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive, 1960–2008 and 1968–2008</title><title type="short">TRENDS AND VARIABILITY IN CISDA</title><title type="shortAuthors">Tivy <i>et al</i>.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11576-cr-0001" affiliationRef="#jgrc11576-aff-0001 #jgrc11576-aff-0006"><personName><givenNames>Adrienne</givenNames> <familyName>Tivy</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email normalForm="ativy@ucalgary.ca">ativy@ucalgary.ca</email></contactDetails></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11576-cr-0002" affiliationRef="#jgrc11576-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>Stephen E. L.</givenNames> <familyName>Howell</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11576-cr-0003" affiliationRef="#jgrc11576-aff-0003"><personName><givenNames>Bea</givenNames> <familyName>Alt</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11576-cr-0004" affiliationRef="#jgrc11576-aff-0004"><personName><givenNames>Steve</givenNames> <familyName>McCourt</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11576-cr-0005" affiliationRef="#jgrc11576-aff-0004"><personName><givenNames>Richard</givenNames> <familyName>Chagnon</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11576-cr-0006" affiliationRef="#jgrc11576-aff-0005"><personName><givenNames>Greg</givenNames> <familyName>Crocker</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11576-cr-0007" affiliationRef="#jgrc11576-aff-0004"><personName><givenNames>Tom</givenNames> <familyName>Carrieres</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11576-cr-0008" affiliationRef="#jgrc11576-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>John J.</givenNames> <familyName>Yackel</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="CA" type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11576-aff-0001"><orgDiv>Foothills Climate Analysis Facility, Centre for Alpine and Arctic Climate Research, Department of Geography</orgDiv><orgName>University of Calgary</orgName><address><city>Calgary, Alberta</city><country>Canada</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="CA" type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11576-aff-0002"><orgDiv>Climate Processes Section, Climate Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate</orgDiv><orgName>Environment Canada</orgName><address><city>Toronto, Ontario</city><country>Canada</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="CA" type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11576-aff-0003"><orgName>Balanced Environmental Associates</orgName><address><city>Carlsbad Springs, Ontario</city><country>Canada</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="CA" type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11576-aff-0004"><orgDiv>Canadian Ice Service, Meteorological Service of Canada</orgDiv><orgName>Environment Canada</orgName><address><city>Ottawa, Ontario</city><country>Canada</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="CA" type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11576-aff-0005"><orgName>Ballicator Consulting Ltd.</orgName><address><city>Kingston, Ontario</city><country>Canada</country></address></affiliation><affiliation type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11576-aff-0006"><unparsedAffiliation>Now at International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="jgrc11576-kwd-0001">sea ice</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrc11576-kwd-0002">interannual variability</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrc11576-kwd-0003">climatology</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrc11576:jgrc11576-sup-0001-t01"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 1.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrc11576:jgrc11576-sup-0002-taA01"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table A1.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrc11576:jgrc11576-sup-0003-taA02"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table A2.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrc11576:jgrc11576-sup-0004-taA03"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table A3.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrc11576:jgrc11576-sup-0005-taA04"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table A4.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrc11576:jgrc11576-sup-0006-taA05"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table A5.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrc11576:jgrc11576-sup-0007-taA06"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table A6.</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="jgrc11576-para-0001" label="1">The Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive (CISDA) is a compilation of weekly ice charts covering Canadian waters from the early 1960s to present. The main sources of uncertainty in the database are reviewed and the data are validated for use in climate studies before trends and variability in summer averaged sea ice cover are investigated. These data revealed that between 1968 and 2008, summer sea ice cover has decreased by 11.3% ± 2.6% decade<sup>−1</sup> in Hudson Bay, 2.9% ± 1.2% decade<sup>−1</sup> in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA), 8.9% ± 3.1% decade<sup>−1</sup> in Baffin Bay, and 5.2% ± 2.4% decade<sup>−1</sup> in the Beaufort Sea with no significant reductions in multiyear ice. Reductions in sea ice cover are linked to increases in early summer surface air temperature (SAT); significant increases in SAT were observed in every season and they are consistently greater than the pan‐Arctic change by up to ∼0.2°C decade<sup>−1</sup>. Within the CAA and Baffin Bay, the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation index correlates well with multiyear ice coverage (positive) and first‐year ice coverage (negative) suggesting that El Niño episodes precede summers with more multiyear ice and less first‐year ice. Extending the trend calculations back to 1960 along the major shipping routes revealed significant decreases in summer sea ice coverage ranging between 11% and 15% decade<sup>−1</sup> along the route through Hudson Bay and 6% and 10% decade<sup>−1</sup> along the southern route of the Northwest Passage, the latter is linked to increases in SAT. Between 1960 and 2008, no significant trends were found along the northern western Parry Channel route of the Northwest Passage.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Trends and variability in summer sea ice cover in the Canadian Arctic based on the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive, 1960–2008 and 1968–2008</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>TRENDS AND VARIABILITY IN CISDA</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Trends and variability in summer sea ice cover in the Canadian Arctic based on the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive, 1960–2008 and 1968–2008</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Adrienne</namePart><namePart type="family">Tivy</namePart><affiliation>Foothills Climate Analysis Facility, Centre for Alpine and Arctic Climate Research, Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada</affiliation><affiliation>Now at International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: ativy@ucalgary.ca</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stephen E. L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Howell</namePart><affiliation>Climate Processes Section, Climate Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Bea</namePart><namePart type="family">Alt</namePart><affiliation>Balanced Environmental Associates, Carlsbad Springs, Ontario, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Steve</namePart><namePart type="family">McCourt</namePart><affiliation>Canadian Ice Service, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Richard</namePart><namePart type="family">Chagnon</namePart><affiliation>Canadian Ice Service, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Greg</namePart><namePart type="family">Crocker</namePart><affiliation>Ballicator Consulting Ltd., Kingston, Ontario, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Tom</namePart><namePart type="family">Carrieres</namePart><affiliation>Canadian Ice Service, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">John J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Yackel</namePart><affiliation>Foothills Climate Analysis Facility, Centre for Alpine and Arctic Climate Research, Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2011-03</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2009-09-28</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2010-10-19</dateValid><edition>Tivy, A., S. E. L. Howell, B. Alt, S. McCourt, R. Chagnon, G. Crocker, T. Carrieres, and J. J. Yackel (2011), Trends and variability in summer sea ice cover in the Canadian Arctic based on the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive, 1960–2008 and 1968–2008, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C03007, doi:10.1029/2009JC005855.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2011</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">17</extent><extent unit="tables">9</extent><extent unit="words">14200</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>The Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive (CISDA) is a compilation of weekly ice charts covering Canadian waters from the early 1960s to present. The main sources of uncertainty in the database are reviewed and the data are validated for use in climate studies before trends and variability in summer averaged sea ice cover are investigated. These data revealed that between 1968 and 2008, summer sea ice cover has decreased by 11.3% ± 2.6% decade−1 in Hudson Bay, 2.9% ± 1.2% decade−1 in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA), 8.9% ± 3.1% decade−1 in Baffin Bay, and 5.2% ± 2.4% decade−1 in the Beaufort Sea with no significant reductions in multiyear ice. Reductions in sea ice cover are linked to increases in early summer surface air temperature (SAT); significant increases in SAT were observed in every season and they are consistently greater than the pan‐Arctic change by up to ∼0.2°C decade−1. Within the CAA and Baffin Bay, the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation index correlates well with multiyear ice coverage (positive) and first‐year ice coverage (negative) suggesting that El Niño episodes precede summers with more multiyear ice and less first‐year ice. Extending the trend calculations back to 1960 along the major shipping routes revealed significant decreases in summer sea ice coverage ranging between 11% and 15% decade−1 along the route through Hudson Bay and 6% and 10% decade−1 along the southern route of the Northwest Passage, the latter is linked to increases in SAT. Between 1960 and 2008, no significant trends were found along the northern western Parry Channel route of the Northwest Passage.</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Tab‐delimited Table 1.Tab‐delimited Table A1.Tab‐delimited Table A2.Tab‐delimited Table A3.Tab‐delimited Table A4.Tab‐delimited Table A5.Tab‐delimited Table A6.</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>sea ice</topic><topic>interannual variability</topic><topic>climatology</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Geophys. Res.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>index-terms</genre><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">CRYOSPHERE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0776">Glaciology</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">Cryosphere</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0750">Sea ice</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0752">Polynas</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0754">Leads</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1637">Regional climate change</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1621">Cryospheric change</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1800">HYDROLOGY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1827">Glaciology</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1863">Snow and ice</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4300">NATURAL HAZARDS</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4321">Climate impact</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4540">Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0148-0227</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">2156-2202</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202c</identifier><identifier type="CODEN">JGREA2</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JGRC</identifier><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>116</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>C3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>n/a</start><end>n/a</end><total>25</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">0DB3F1E4CA6CC3964E0130B11A7D251C8FF4DD32</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1029/2009JC005855</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">2009JC005855</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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