Long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests: a case study in central Cameroon
Identifieur interne : 000805 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000804; suivant : 000806Long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests: a case study in central Cameroon
Auteurs : Patrick Jagoret ; Isabelle Michel-Dounias ; Eric MalézieuxSource :
- Agroforestry Systems [ 0167-4366 ] ; 2011-03-01.
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Abstract
Abstract: The sustainability of cocoa growing systems in the humid tropics is debatable. Socio-economic and technical data were obtained from 1,171 cocoa farmers and 1,638 cocoa plantations to assess the long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests in central Cameroon since the beginning of the twentieth century. On-site, we estimated the age of the cocoa trees and measured their density in a sub-sample of 402 cocoa plantations. We inventoried associated woody species in 45 cocoa plantations from this sub-sample. Our results revealed a high Shannon index for the cocoa plantations (2.6) and showed that an average of 25 tree species per cocoa plantation had been planted with the cocoa trees at a density of 120 trees ha−1. Surveys indicated that there had been no mineral fertilization. Nearly 70% of the cocoa agroforests were over 40 years old, and all farmers continuously regenerated their cocoa tree stands. Irrespective of the cocoa plantation age, the cocoa tree density remained over 1,000 plants ha−1, and fermented dried cocoa yields were 255 kg ha−1 on average. Cocoa agroforests occupied 60% of the cultivated area on farms and cocoa sales accounted for 75% of total farm income. Almost a third of the farmers were from the area and under 40 years old. In conclusion, our results show that the farmers’ agroforestry practices, in addition to the fact that the cocoa tree stands were continuously regenerated and passed down between generations of farmers, could explain the long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests in central Cameroon.
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DOI: 10.1007/s10457-010-9368-x
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Socio-economic and technical data were obtained from 1,171 cocoa farmers and 1,638 cocoa plantations to assess the long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests in central Cameroon since the beginning of the twentieth century. On-site, we estimated the age of the cocoa trees and measured their density in a sub-sample of 402 cocoa plantations. We inventoried associated woody species in 45 cocoa plantations from this sub-sample. Our results revealed a high Shannon index for the cocoa plantations (2.6) and showed that an average of 25 tree species per cocoa plantation had been planted with the cocoa trees at a density of 120 trees ha−1. Surveys indicated that there had been no mineral fertilization. Nearly 70% of the cocoa agroforests were over 40 years old, and all farmers continuously regenerated their cocoa tree stands. Irrespective of the cocoa plantation age, the cocoa tree density remained over 1,000 plants ha−1, and fermented dried cocoa yields were 255 kg ha−1 on average. Cocoa agroforests occupied 60% of the cultivated area on farms and cocoa sales accounted for 75% of total farm income. Almost a third of the farmers were from the area and under 40 years old. In conclusion, our results show that the farmers’ agroforestry practices, in addition to the fact that the cocoa tree stands were continuously regenerated and passed down between generations of farmers, could explain the long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests in central Cameroon.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>springer-journals</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Patrick Jagoret</name><affiliations><json:string>CIRAD, UPR Systèmes de pérennes, 34398, Montpellier, France</json:string><json:string>IRAD, Nkolbisson, BP 2572, Yaoundé, Cameroon</json:string><json:string>E-mail: patrick.jagoret@cirad.fr</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Isabelle Michel-Dounias</name><affiliations><json:string>Montpellier SupAgro, Institut des régions chaudes, UMR Innovation, 1101 Avenue Agropolis, BP 5098, 34093, Montpellier, France</json:string><json:string>E-mail: isabelle.michel@supagro.inra.fr</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Eric Malézieux</name><affiliations><json:string>CIRAD, UPR HortSys, 34398, Montpellier, France</json:string><json:string>E-mail: eric.malezieux@cirad.fr</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Agroforestry systems</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Sustainability</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Agrobiodiversity</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Management</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Regeneration practices</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Cocoa yield</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Cocoa farm</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Theobroma cacao L.</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>9368</json:string><json:string>s10457-010-9368-x</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/VQC-7TKQZQJZ-R</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>OriginalPaper</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Abstract: The sustainability of cocoa growing systems in the humid tropics is debatable. Socio-economic and technical data were obtained from 1,171 cocoa farmers and 1,638 cocoa plantations to assess the long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests in central Cameroon since the beginning of the twentieth century. On-site, we estimated the age of the cocoa trees and measured their density in a sub-sample of 402 cocoa plantations. We inventoried associated woody species in 45 cocoa plantations from this sub-sample. Our results revealed a high Shannon index for the cocoa plantations (2.6) and showed that an average of 25 tree species per cocoa plantation had been planted with the cocoa trees at a density of 120 trees ha−1. Surveys indicated that there had been no mineral fertilization. Nearly 70% of the cocoa agroforests were over 40 years old, and all farmers continuously regenerated their cocoa tree stands. Irrespective of the cocoa plantation age, the cocoa tree density remained over 1,000 plants ha−1, and fermented dried cocoa yields were 255 kg ha−1 on average. Cocoa agroforests occupied 60% of the cultivated area on farms and cocoa sales accounted for 75% of total farm income. Almost a third of the farmers were from the area and under 40 years old. In conclusion, our results show that the farmers’ agroforestry practices, in addition to the fact that the cocoa tree stands were continuously regenerated and passed down between generations of farmers, could explain the long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests in central Cameroon.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>9.88</score><pdfWordCount>5583</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>35885</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>12</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>547.087 x 737.008 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>false</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>240</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1548</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>8</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests: a case study in central Cameroon</title><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><title>Agroforestry Systems</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><publicationDate>2011</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2011</copyrightDate><issn><json:string>0167-4366</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1572-9680</json:string></eissn><journalId><json:string>10457</json:string></journalId><volume>81</volume><issue>3</issue><pages><first>267</first><last>278</last></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><editor><json:item><name>Antonio C. 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Socio-economic and technical data were obtained from 1,171 cocoa farmers and 1,638 cocoa plantations to assess the long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests in central Cameroon since the beginning of the twentieth century. On-site, we estimated the age of the cocoa trees and measured their density in a sub-sample of 402 cocoa plantations. We inventoried associated woody species in 45 cocoa plantations from this sub-sample. Our results revealed a high Shannon index for the cocoa plantations (2.6) and showed that an average of 25 tree species per cocoa plantation had been planted with the cocoa trees at a density of 120 trees ha−1. Surveys indicated that there had been no mineral fertilization. Nearly 70% of the cocoa agroforests were over 40 years old, and all farmers continuously regenerated their cocoa tree stands. Irrespective of the cocoa plantation age, the cocoa tree density remained over 1,000 plants ha−1, and fermented dried cocoa yields were 255 kg ha−1 on average. Cocoa agroforests occupied 60% of the cultivated area on farms and cocoa sales accounted for 75% of total farm income. Almost a third of the farmers were from the area and under 40 years old. In conclusion, our results show that the farmers’ agroforestry practices, in addition to the fact that the cocoa tree stands were continuously regenerated and passed down between generations of farmers, could explain the long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests in central Cameroon.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Agroforestry systems</term></item><item><term>Sustainability</term></item><item><term>Agrobiodiversity</term></item><item><term>Management</term></item><item><term>Regeneration practices</term></item><item><term>Cocoa yield</term></item><item><term>Cocoa farm</term></item><item><term>Theobroma cacao L.</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>Life Sciences</head><item><term>Agriculture</term></item><item><term>Forestry</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2009-12-11">Created</change><change 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OutputMedium="All">Long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests: a case study in central Cameroon</ArticleTitle><ArticleFirstPage>267</ArticleFirstPage><ArticleLastPage>278</ArticleLastPage><ArticleHistory><RegistrationDate><Year>2010</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>24</Day></RegistrationDate><Received><Year>2009</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>11</Day></Received><Accepted><Year>2010</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>24</Day></Accepted><OnlineDate><Year>2011</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>9</Day></OnlineDate></ArticleHistory><ArticleCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Springer Science+Business Media B.V.</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>2011</CopyrightYear></ArticleCopyright><ArticleGrants Type="Regular"><MetadataGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></MetadataGrant><AbstractGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></AbstractGrant><BodyPDFGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyPDFGrant><BodyHTMLGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyHTMLGrant><BibliographyGrant Grant="Restricted"></BibliographyGrant><ESMGrant Grant="Restricted"></ESMGrant></ArticleGrants></ArticleInfo><ArticleHeader><AuthorGroup><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff1 Aff2" CorrespondingAffiliationID="Aff1"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Patrick</GivenName><FamilyName>Jagoret</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Phone>+237-99608005</Phone><Fax>+237-22202969</Fax><Email>patrick.jagoret@cirad.fr</Email></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff3"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Isabelle</GivenName><FamilyName>Michel-Dounias</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Phone>+33-467-617016</Phone><Fax>+33-67410232</Fax><Email>isabelle.michel@supagro.inra.fr</Email></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff4"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Eric</GivenName><FamilyName>Malézieux</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Phone>+33-467-615534</Phone><Fax>+33-467-615688</Fax><Email>eric.malezieux@cirad.fr</Email></Contact></Author><Affiliation ID="Aff1"><OrgName>CIRAD, UPR Systèmes de pérennes</OrgName><OrgAddress><Postcode>34398</Postcode><City>Montpellier</City><Country Code="FR">France</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff2"><OrgName>IRAD</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>Nkolbisson</Street><Postbox>BP 2572</Postbox><City>Yaoundé</City><Country Code="CM">Cameroon</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff3"><OrgDivision>Montpellier SupAgro, Institut des régions chaudes</OrgDivision><OrgName>UMR Innovation</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>1101 Avenue Agropolis</Street><Postbox>BP 5098</Postbox><Postcode>34093</Postcode><City>Montpellier</City><Country Code="FR">France</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff4"><OrgName>CIRAD, UPR HortSys</OrgName><OrgAddress><Postcode>34398</Postcode><City>Montpellier</City><Country Code="FR">France</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></AuthorGroup><Abstract ID="Abs1" Language="En" OutputMedium="All"><Heading>Abstract</Heading><Para>The sustainability of cocoa growing systems in the humid tropics is debatable. Socio-economic and technical data were obtained from 1,171 cocoa farmers and 1,638 cocoa plantations to assess the long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests in central Cameroon since the beginning of the twentieth century. On-site, we estimated the age of the cocoa trees and measured their density in a sub-sample of 402 cocoa plantations. We inventoried associated woody species in 45 cocoa plantations from this sub-sample. Our results revealed a high Shannon index for the cocoa plantations (2.6) and showed that an average of 25 tree species per cocoa plantation had been planted with the cocoa trees at a density of 120 trees ha<Superscript>−1</Superscript>. Surveys indicated that there had been no mineral fertilization. Nearly 70% of the cocoa agroforests were over 40 years old, and all farmers continuously regenerated their cocoa tree stands. Irrespective of the cocoa plantation age, the cocoa tree density remained over 1,000 plants ha<Superscript>−1</Superscript>, and fermented dried cocoa yields were 255 kg ha<Superscript>−1</Superscript> on average. Cocoa agroforests occupied 60% of the cultivated area on farms and cocoa sales accounted for 75% of total farm income. Almost a third of the farmers were from the area and under 40 years old. In conclusion, our results show that the farmers’ agroforestry practices, in addition to the fact that the cocoa tree stands were continuously regenerated and passed down between generations of farmers, could explain the long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests in central Cameroon.</Para></Abstract><KeywordGroup Language="En" OutputMedium="All"><Heading>Keywords</Heading><Keyword>Agroforestry systems</Keyword><Keyword>Sustainability</Keyword><Keyword>Agrobiodiversity</Keyword><Keyword>Management</Keyword><Keyword>Regeneration practices</Keyword><Keyword>Cocoa yield</Keyword><Keyword>Cocoa farm</Keyword><Keyword><Emphasis Type="Italic">Theobroma cacao</Emphasis> L.</Keyword></KeywordGroup></ArticleHeader><NoBody></NoBody></Article></Issue></Volume></Journal></Publisher></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests: a case study in central Cameroon</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests: a case study in central Cameroon</title></titleInfo><name type="personal" displayLabel="corresp"><namePart type="given">Patrick</namePart><namePart type="family">Jagoret</namePart><affiliation>CIRAD, UPR Systèmes de pérennes, 34398, Montpellier, France</affiliation><affiliation>IRAD, Nkolbisson, BP 2572, Yaoundé, Cameroon</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: patrick.jagoret@cirad.fr</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Isabelle</namePart><namePart type="family">Michel-Dounias</namePart><affiliation>Montpellier SupAgro, Institut des régions chaudes, UMR Innovation, 1101 Avenue Agropolis, BP 5098, 34093, Montpellier, France</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: isabelle.michel@supagro.inra.fr</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Eric</namePart><namePart type="family">Malézieux</namePart><affiliation>CIRAD, UPR HortSys, 34398, Montpellier, France</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: eric.malezieux@cirad.fr</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="OriginalPaper" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Springer Netherlands</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Dordrecht</placeTerm></place><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2009-12-11</dateCreated><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2011-03-01</dateIssued><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2011</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2011</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><abstract lang="en">Abstract: The sustainability of cocoa growing systems in the humid tropics is debatable. Socio-economic and technical data were obtained from 1,171 cocoa farmers and 1,638 cocoa plantations to assess the long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests in central Cameroon since the beginning of the twentieth century. On-site, we estimated the age of the cocoa trees and measured their density in a sub-sample of 402 cocoa plantations. We inventoried associated woody species in 45 cocoa plantations from this sub-sample. Our results revealed a high Shannon index for the cocoa plantations (2.6) and showed that an average of 25 tree species per cocoa plantation had been planted with the cocoa trees at a density of 120 trees ha−1. Surveys indicated that there had been no mineral fertilization. Nearly 70% of the cocoa agroforests were over 40 years old, and all farmers continuously regenerated their cocoa tree stands. Irrespective of the cocoa plantation age, the cocoa tree density remained over 1,000 plants ha−1, and fermented dried cocoa yields were 255 kg ha−1 on average. Cocoa agroforests occupied 60% of the cultivated area on farms and cocoa sales accounted for 75% of total farm income. Almost a third of the farmers were from the area and under 40 years old. In conclusion, our results show that the farmers’ agroforestry practices, in addition to the fact that the cocoa tree stands were continuously regenerated and passed down between generations of farmers, could explain the long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforests in central Cameroon.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Agroforestry systems</topic><topic>Sustainability</topic><topic>Agrobiodiversity</topic><topic>Management</topic><topic>Regeneration practices</topic><topic>Cocoa yield</topic><topic>Cocoa farm</topic><topic>Theobroma cacao L.</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Agroforestry Systems</title><subTitle>An International Journal incorporating Agroforestry Forum</subTitle></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Agroforest Syst</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Antonio C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Gama-Rodrigues</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre type="journal" displayLabel="Non Standard Archive Journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><originInfo><publisher>Springer</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2011-02-19</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2011</copyrightDate></originInfo><subject><genre>Life Sciences</genre><topic>Agriculture</topic><topic>Forestry</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0167-4366</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1572-9680</identifier><identifier type="JournalID">10457</identifier><identifier type="IssueArticleCount">10</identifier><identifier type="VolumeIssueCount">3</identifier><part><date>2011</date><detail type="issue"><title>Special Issue: Soil organic matter, nutrient cycling and biological dinitrogen-fixation in agroforestry systems</title></detail><detail type="volume"><number>81</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>3</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>267</start><end>278</end></extent></part><recordInfo><recordOrigin>Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011</recordOrigin></recordInfo></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">F64A8EA74B17086DACE6C3F3A3B0455F77C55D7C</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/VQC-7TKQZQJZ-R</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/s10457-010-9368-x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">9368</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">s10457-010-9368-x</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-3XSW68JL-F">springer</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F64A8EA74B17086DACE6C3F3A3B0455F77C55D7C/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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