Effects of Fortunella margarita Fruit Extract on Metabolic Disorders in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese C57BL/6 Mice
Identifieur interne : 001195 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001194; suivant : 001196Effects of Fortunella margarita Fruit Extract on Metabolic Disorders in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese C57BL/6 Mice
Auteurs : Si Tan [République populaire de Chine] ; Mingxia Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Xiaobo Ding [République populaire de Chine] ; Shengjie Fan [République populaire de Chine] ; Lu Guo [République populaire de Chine] ; Ming Gu [République populaire de Chine] ; Yu Zhang [République populaire de Chine] ; Li Feng [République populaire de Chine] ; Dong Jiang [République populaire de Chine] ; Yiming Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Wanpeng Xi [République populaire de Chine] ; Cheng Huang [République populaire de Chine] ; Zhiqin Zhou [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Obesity is a nutritional disorder associated with many health problems such as dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, we investigated the anti-metabolic disorder effects of kumquat (
The kumquat fruit was extracted with ethanol and the main flavonoids of this extract were analyzed by HPLC. For the preventive experiment, female C57BL/6 mice were fed with a normal diet (Chow), high-fat diet (HF), and high-fat diet with 1% (w/w) extract of kumquat (HF+FME) for 8 weeks. For the therapeutic experiment, female C57BL/6 mice were fed with high-fat diet for 3 months to induce obesity. Then the obese mice were divided into two groups randomly, and fed with HF or HF+FME for another 2 weeks. Body weight and daily food intake amounts were recorded. Fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, serum and liver lipid levels were assayed and the white adipose tissues were imaged. The gene expression in mice liver and brown adipose tissues were analyzed with a quantitative PCR assay.
In the preventive treatment, FME controlled the body weight gain and the size of white adipocytes, lowered the fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol (TC), serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels as well as liver lipid contents in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. In the therapeutic treatment, FME decreased the serum triglyceride (TG), serum TC, serum LDL-c, fasting blood glucose levels and liver lipid contents, improved glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance. Compared with the HF group, FME significantly increased the mRNA expression of PPARα and its target genes.
Our study suggests that FME may be a potential dietary supplement for preventing and ameliorating the obesity and obesity-related metabolic disturbances.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093510
PubMed: 24705395
PubMed Central: 3976270
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Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Cheng" sort="Huang, Cheng" uniqKey="Huang C" first="Cheng" last="Huang">Cheng Huang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Zhiqin" sort="Zhou, Zhiqin" uniqKey="Zhou Z" first="Zhiqin" last="Zhou">Zhiqin Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24705395</idno><idno type="pmc">3976270</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3976270</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3976270</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0093510</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001196</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001195</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Effects of <italic>Fortunella margarita</italic> Fruit Extract on Metabolic Disorders in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese C57BL/6 Mice</title><author><name sortKey="Tan, Si" sort="Tan, Si" uniqKey="Tan S" first="Si" last="Tan">Si Tan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Mingxia" sort="Li, Mingxia" uniqKey="Li M" first="Mingxia" last="Li">Mingxia Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Xiaobo" sort="Ding, Xiaobo" uniqKey="Ding X" first="Xiaobo" last="Ding">Xiaobo Ding</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, Shengjie" sort="Fan, Shengjie" uniqKey="Fan S" first="Shengjie" last="Fan">Shengjie Fan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Lu" sort="Guo, Lu" uniqKey="Guo L" first="Lu" last="Guo">Lu Guo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gu, Ming" sort="Gu, Ming" uniqKey="Gu M" first="Ming" last="Gu">Ming Gu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Yu" sort="Zhang, Yu" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Yu" last="Zhang">Yu Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, Li" sort="Feng, Li" uniqKey="Feng L" first="Li" last="Feng">Li Feng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Dong" sort="Jiang, Dong" uniqKey="Jiang D" first="Dong" last="Jiang">Dong Jiang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Yiming" sort="Li, Yiming" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Yiming" last="Li">Yiming Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xi, Wanpeng" sort="Xi, Wanpeng" uniqKey="Xi W" first="Wanpeng" last="Xi">Wanpeng Xi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Cheng" sort="Huang, Cheng" uniqKey="Huang C" first="Cheng" last="Huang">Cheng Huang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Zhiqin" sort="Zhou, Zhiqin" uniqKey="Zhou Z" first="Zhiqin" last="Zhou">Zhiqin Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Obesity is a nutritional disorder associated with many health problems such as dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, we investigated the anti-metabolic disorder effects of kumquat (<italic>Fortunella margarita</italic> Swingle) fruit extract (FME) on high-fat diet-induced C57BL/6 obese mice.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>The kumquat fruit was extracted with ethanol and the main flavonoids of this extract were analyzed by HPLC. For the preventive experiment, female C57BL/6 mice were fed with a normal diet (Chow), high-fat diet (HF), and high-fat diet with 1% (w/w) extract of kumquat (HF+FME) for 8 weeks. For the therapeutic experiment, female C57BL/6 mice were fed with high-fat diet for 3 months to induce obesity. Then the obese mice were divided into two groups randomly, and fed with HF or HF+FME for another 2 weeks. Body weight and daily food intake amounts were recorded. Fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, serum and liver lipid levels were assayed and the white adipose tissues were imaged. The gene expression in mice liver and brown adipose tissues were analyzed with a quantitative PCR assay.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>In the preventive treatment, FME controlled the body weight gain and the size of white adipocytes, lowered the fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol (TC), serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels as well as liver lipid contents in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. In the therapeutic treatment, FME decreased the serum triglyceride (TG), serum TC, serum LDL-c, fasting blood glucose levels and liver lipid contents, improved glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance. Compared with the HF group, FME significantly increased the mRNA expression of PPARα and its target genes.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Our study suggests that FME may be a potential dietary supplement for preventing and ameliorating the obesity and obesity-related metabolic disturbances.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stevens, Ga" uniqKey="Stevens G">GA Stevens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Gm" uniqKey="Singh G">GM Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Y" uniqKey="Lu Y">Y Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Danaei, G" uniqKey="Danaei G">G Danaei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Jk" uniqKey="Lin J">JK Lin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Flier, Js" uniqKey="Flier J">JS Flier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reiter, Rj" uniqKey="Reiter R">RJ 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24705395</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3976270</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-13-44675</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0093510</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Physiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Physiological Parameters</subject><subj-group><subject>Body Weight</subject><subj-group><subject>Obesity</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Agriculture</subject><subj-group><subject>Crops</subject><subj-group><subject>Fruits</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Animal Management</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Nutrition</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Veterinary Science</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Metabolic Disorders</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Model Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Animal Models</subject><subj-group><subject>Mouse Models</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Effects of <italic>Fortunella margarita</italic> Fruit Extract on Metabolic Disorders in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese C57BL/6 Mice</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head"><italic>Fortunella margarita</italic> Improve Metabolic Disorders</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>Si</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Mingxia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ding</surname><given-names>Xiaobo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fan</surname><given-names>Shengjie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Lu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gu</surname><given-names>Ming</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Yu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Feng</surname><given-names>Li</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>Dong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Yiming</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xi</surname><given-names>Wanpeng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Cheng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Zhiqin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Drug Discovery Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Miele</surname><given-names>Claudia</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>zzqswu@yahoo.com</email> (ZZ); <email>chuang.shutcm@gmail.com</email> (CH)</corresp><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: CH ZZ. Performed the experiments: ST ML XD SF LG MG YZ LF. Analyzed the data: ST ML XD WX CH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DJ YL. Wrote the paper: ST ML WX ZZ.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>4</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><elocation-id>e93510</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day><month>3</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Tan et al</copyright-holder><license><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Obesity is a nutritional disorder associated with many health problems such as dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, we investigated the anti-metabolic disorder effects of kumquat (<italic>Fortunella margarita</italic> Swingle) fruit extract (FME) on high-fat diet-induced C57BL/6 obese mice.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>The kumquat fruit was extracted with ethanol and the main flavonoids of this extract were analyzed by HPLC. For the preventive experiment, female C57BL/6 mice were fed with a normal diet (Chow), high-fat diet (HF), and high-fat diet with 1% (w/w) extract of kumquat (HF+FME) for 8 weeks. For the therapeutic experiment, female C57BL/6 mice were fed with high-fat diet for 3 months to induce obesity. Then the obese mice were divided into two groups randomly, and fed with HF or HF+FME for another 2 weeks. Body weight and daily food intake amounts were recorded. Fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, serum and liver lipid levels were assayed and the white adipose tissues were imaged. The gene expression in mice liver and brown adipose tissues were analyzed with a quantitative PCR assay.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>In the preventive treatment, FME controlled the body weight gain and the size of white adipocytes, lowered the fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol (TC), serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels as well as liver lipid contents in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. In the therapeutic treatment, FME decreased the serum triglyceride (TG), serum TC, serum LDL-c, fasting blood glucose levels and liver lipid contents, improved glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance. Compared with the HF group, FME significantly increased the mRNA expression of PPARα and its target genes.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Our study suggests that FME may be a potential dietary supplement for preventing and ameliorating the obesity and obesity-related metabolic disturbances.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31171930), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (XDJK2013A014), Program for Chongqing Innovation Team of University (KJTD201333), the ‘111’ Project (B12006) and the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing City (cstc2013jcyjA80012). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><page-count count="9"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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