Content and Color Stability of Anthocyanins Isolated from Schisandra chinensis Fruit
Identifieur interne : 000F79 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000F78; suivant : 000F80Content and Color Stability of Anthocyanins Isolated from Schisandra chinensis Fruit
Auteurs : Chunhui Ma ; Lei Yang ; Fengjian Yang ; Wenjie Wang ; Chunjian Zhao ; Yuangang ZuSource :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences [ 1422-0067 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
In this work, a multivariate study based on Box-Behnken Design was used to evaluate the influence of three major variables affecting the performance of the extraction process of
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114294
PubMed: 23203065
PubMed Central: 3509581
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Content and Color Stability of Anthocyanins Isolated from <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic>
Fruit</title>
<author><name sortKey="Ma, Chunhui" sort="Ma, Chunhui" uniqKey="Ma C" first="Chunhui" last="Ma">Chunhui Ma</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Yang, Lei" sort="Yang, Lei" uniqKey="Yang L" first="Lei" last="Yang">Lei Yang</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Yang, Fengjian" sort="Yang, Fengjian" uniqKey="Yang F" first="Fengjian" last="Yang">Fengjian Yang</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Wang, Wenjie" sort="Wang, Wenjie" uniqKey="Wang W" first="Wenjie" last="Wang">Wenjie Wang</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Zhao, Chunjian" sort="Zhao, Chunjian" uniqKey="Zhao C" first="Chunjian" last="Zhao">Chunjian Zhao</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Zu, Yuangang" sort="Zu, Yuangang" uniqKey="Zu Y" first="Yuangang" last="Zu">Yuangang Zu</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Content and Color Stability of Anthocyanins Isolated from <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic>
Fruit</title>
<author><name sortKey="Ma, Chunhui" sort="Ma, Chunhui" uniqKey="Ma C" first="Chunhui" last="Ma">Chunhui Ma</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, Lei" sort="Yang, Lei" uniqKey="Yang L" first="Lei" last="Yang">Lei Yang</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Yang, Fengjian" sort="Yang, Fengjian" uniqKey="Yang F" first="Fengjian" last="Yang">Fengjian Yang</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Wang, Wenjie" sort="Wang, Wenjie" uniqKey="Wang W" first="Wenjie" last="Wang">Wenjie Wang</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Zhao, Chunjian" sort="Zhao, Chunjian" uniqKey="Zhao C" first="Chunjian" last="Zhao">Chunjian Zhao</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Zu, Yuangang" sort="Zu, Yuangang" uniqKey="Zu Y" first="Yuangang" last="Zu">Yuangang Zu</name>
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<series><title level="j">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1422-0067</idno>
<imprint><date when="2012">2012</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In this work, a multivariate study based on Box-Behnken Design was used to evaluate the influence of three major variables affecting the performance of the extraction process of <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic>
anthocyanins. The optimum parameters were 5.5 h extraction time; 1:19 solid-liquid ratio and 260 r/min stirring rate, respectively. The extraction yield of anthocyanins was 29.06 mg/g under the optimum conditions. Moreover, many factors on the impact of heating, ultrasound, microwave treatment and ultraviolet irradiation on content and color stability of anthocyanins from <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic>
fruit were investigated. The results show that thermal degradation reaction of anthocyanins complies with the first order reaction kinetics, and the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.9950 at 40–80 °C. Ultrasound and microwave treatment has little effect on the stability of anthocyanins, and the extraction time of ultrasound and microwave should be no more than 60 min and 5 min, respectively. The anthocyanins degradation effect of UVC ultraviolet radiation is greater than UVA and UVB; after 9 h ultraviolet radiation, the anthocyanins content degradation of UVC is 23.9 ± 0.7%, and the Δ<italic>E</italic>
* was changed from 62.81 to 76.52 ± 2.3. Through LC-MS analysis, the major composition of <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic>
anthocyanins was cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>
-xylosylrutinoside.</p>
</div>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijms</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1422-0067</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23203065</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3509581</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms131114294</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijms-13-14294</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Content and Color Stability of Anthocyanins Isolated from <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic>
Fruit</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>Chunhui</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Lei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijms-13-14294">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Fengjian</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Wenjie</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>Chunjian</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zu</surname>
<given-names>Yuangang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijms-13-14294">*</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="af1-ijms-13-14294">State Engineering Laboratory for Bioresource Eco-Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails:<email>mchmchmchmch@163.com</email>
(C.M.);<email>yangfj@nefu.edu.cn</email>
(F.Y.);<email>wjwang225@hotmail.com</email>
(W.W.);<email>zcjsj@163.com</email>
(C.Z.)</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijms-13-14294"><label>*</label>
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: <email>ylnefu@163.com</email>
(L.Y.); <email>zygnefu@163.com</email>
(Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-451-8219-1387 (Y.Z.); Fax: +86-451-8210-2082 (Y.Z.).</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>14294</fpage>
<lpage>14310</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>13</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>
This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0</ext-link>
).</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>In this work, a multivariate study based on Box-Behnken Design was used to evaluate the influence of three major variables affecting the performance of the extraction process of <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic>
anthocyanins. The optimum parameters were 5.5 h extraction time; 1:19 solid-liquid ratio and 260 r/min stirring rate, respectively. The extraction yield of anthocyanins was 29.06 mg/g under the optimum conditions. Moreover, many factors on the impact of heating, ultrasound, microwave treatment and ultraviolet irradiation on content and color stability of anthocyanins from <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic>
fruit were investigated. The results show that thermal degradation reaction of anthocyanins complies with the first order reaction kinetics, and the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.9950 at 40–80 °C. Ultrasound and microwave treatment has little effect on the stability of anthocyanins, and the extraction time of ultrasound and microwave should be no more than 60 min and 5 min, respectively. The anthocyanins degradation effect of UVC ultraviolet radiation is greater than UVA and UVB; after 9 h ultraviolet radiation, the anthocyanins content degradation of UVC is 23.9 ± 0.7%, and the Δ<italic>E</italic>
* was changed from 62.81 to 76.52 ± 2.3. Through LC-MS analysis, the major composition of <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic>
anthocyanins was cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>
-xylosylrutinoside.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd><italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic>
</kwd>
<kwd>anthocyanins</kwd>
<kwd>Box-Behnken Design</kwd>
<kwd>content stability</kwd>
<kwd>color stability</kwd>
<kwd>ultrasound treatment</kwd>
<kwd>microwave treatment</kwd>
<kwd>ultraviolet irradiation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="f1-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Spectral character of <italic>S. chinensis</italic>
fruit anthocyanin at different pH values.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-14294f1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f2-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Response surface for the effect of independent variables on extraction yield of <italic>S. chinensis</italic>
fruit anthocyanin.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-14294f2"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f3-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>Effect of heating on content (<bold>a</bold>
) and color (<bold>b</bold>
) stability of <italic>S. chinensis</italic>
fruit anthocyanins.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-14294f3"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f4-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><p>Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on content (<bold>a</bold>
) and color (<bold>b</bold>
) stability of <italic>S. chinensis</italic>
fruit anthocyanins.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-14294f4"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f5-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><p>HPLC-MS Chromatograms of Cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>
-xylosylrutinoside. (<bold>a</bold>
) MS1 chromatograms of cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>
-xylosylrutinoside under ESI-MS in positive mode; (<bold>b</bold>
) MS2 chromatograms of cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>
-xylosylrutinoside under ESI-MS in positive mode; (<bold>c</bold>
) MS1 chromatograms of cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>
-xylosylrutinoside under ESI-MS in negative mode; (<bold>d</bold>
) MS2 chromatograms of cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>
-xylosylrutinoside under ESI-MS in negative mode.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-14294f5a"></graphic>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-14294f5b"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="t1-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Experimental design matrix to screen important variables for extraction yield of anthocyanins.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Run</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Factor A</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Factor B</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Factor C</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Response</th>
</tr>
<tr><th colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction time (h)</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solid-liquid ratio (g/mL)</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stirring rate (r/min)</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction yield (mg/g)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.43</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.86</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.37</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.13</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.61</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.33</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.92</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.30</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.60</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.97</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.84</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.66</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.60</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.67</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.65</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.25</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.77</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t2-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Test of significance for regression coefficient <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijms-13-14294">a</xref>
.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Source</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sum of squares</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Df</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean square</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>F</italic>
-value</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
-Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijms-13-14294">b</xref>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.74</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.56</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.07</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.07</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">223.02</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.23</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.23</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.28</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0552</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AB</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.74</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0012</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AC</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.014</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.014</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.062</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8110</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BC</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.37</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0749</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A<sup>2</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.58</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.58</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B<sup>2</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0576</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sup>2</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4423</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linear</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.91</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3010.56</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2FI</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3300.38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quadratic</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">527.60</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cubic</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Residual</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lack of fit</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">527.60</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pure Error</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.12 × 10<sup>−3</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 × 10<sup>−3</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cor Total</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ijms-13-14294"><label>a</label>
<p>The results were obtained with the Design Expert 7.0 software;</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn2-ijms-13-14294"><label>b</label>
<p>A is extraction time (h), B is solid-liquid ratio (g/mL) and C is stirring rate (r/min).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t3-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Credibility analysis of the regression equations.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Index mark<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ijms-13-14294">a</xref>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Values</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Std. Dev.</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.35</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C.V. %</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.77</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PRESS</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.09</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R-Squared</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9832</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjust R-Squared</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9616</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Predicted R-Squared</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7321</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adequacy Precision</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.128</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn3-ijms-13-14294"><label>a</label>
<p>The results were obtained with the Design Expert 7.0 software.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t4-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>Thermal degradation kinetic parameters of <italic>S. chinensis</italic>
anthocyanin.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature (°C)</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">First-order kinetic equation</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kinetic constant (<italic>k</italic>
)</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Correlation coefficient (<italic>r</italic>
)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Y</italic>
= − 0.0057 <italic>X</italic>
+ 1.0066</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0057</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9988</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Y</italic>
= − 0.0148 <italic>X</italic>
+ 1.0165</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0148</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9982</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Y</italic>
= − 0.0248 <italic>X</italic>
+ 1.0242</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0248</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9989</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Y</italic>
= − 0.0298 <italic>X</italic>
+ 1.0140</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0298</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9969</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Y</italic>
= − 0.0604 <italic>X</italic>
+ 1.0305</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0604</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9974</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t5-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Table 5</label>
<caption><p>Effect of extraction time on content and color stability of <italic>S. chinensis</italic>
anthocyanins.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treat time of ultrasonication (min)</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C/C<sub>0</sub>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-14294">a</xref>
± SD <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ijms-13-14294">b</xref>
(%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ<italic>E</italic>
<sup>*</sup>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijms-13-14294">c</xref>
± SD <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ijms-13-14294">b</xref>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.81</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.0 ± 0.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.17 ± 2.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.0 ± 0.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.82 ± 2.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.0 ± 0.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.35 ± 1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.0 ± 0.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.45 ± 2.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.0 ± 0.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.54 ± 2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.0 ± 0.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.95 ± 1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.0 ± 0.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.38 ± 2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.0 ± 0.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.86 ± 2.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.0 ± 0.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.88 ± 2.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Treat time of microwave (min)</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>C/C</bold>
<bold><sub>0</sub>
</bold>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-14294">a</xref>
<bold>± SD</bold>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ijms-13-14294">b</xref>
<bold>(%)</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Δ</bold>
<bold><italic>E</italic>
</bold>
* <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijms-13-14294">c</xref>
<bold>± SD</bold>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ijms-13-14294">b</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.81</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.0 ± 0.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.79 ± 2.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.0 ± 0.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.92 ± 2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.0 ± 0.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.57 ± 2.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.0 ± 0.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.90 ± 2.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.0 ± 0.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.07 ± 2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.0 ± 0.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.26 ± 2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.0 ± 0.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.86 ± 1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.0 ± 0.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.49 ± 1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.0 ± 0.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.65 ± 2.5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn4-ijms-13-14294"><label>a</label>
<p>C/C<sub>0</sub>
: the ratio of degradation concentration and initial concentration;</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn5-ijms-13-14294"><label>b</label>
<p>SD: standard deviation;</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn6-ijms-13-14294"><label>c</label>
<p>Δ<italic>E</italic>
*: total color difference.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>
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