Bioactive Flavonoids, Antioxidant Behaviour, and Cytoprotective Effects of Dried Grapefruit Peels (Citrus paradisi Macf.)
Identifieur interne : 000251 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000250; suivant : 000252Bioactive Flavonoids, Antioxidant Behaviour, and Cytoprotective Effects of Dried Grapefruit Peels (Citrus paradisi Macf.)
Auteurs : Lucia Castro-Vazquez [Espagne] ; María Elena Ala N [Espagne] ; Virginia Rodríguez-Robledo [Espagne] ; María Soledad Pérez-Coello [Espagne] ; Isidro Hermosín-Gutierrez [Espagne] ; María Consuelo Díaz-Maroto [Espagne] ; Joaquín Jordán [Espagne] ; María Francisca Galindo [Espagne] ; María Del Mar Arroyo-Jiménez [Espagne]Source :
- Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity [ 1942-0900 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Grapefruit (
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2016/8915729
PubMed: 26904169
PubMed Central: 4745316
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Bioactive Flavonoids, Antioxidant Behaviour, and Cytoprotective Effects of Dried Grapefruit Peels (<italic>Citrus paradisi</italic> Macf.)</title><author><name sortKey="Castro Vazquez, Lucia" sort="Castro Vazquez, Lucia" uniqKey="Castro Vazquez L" first="Lucia" last="Castro-Vazquez">Lucia Castro-Vazquez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ala N, Maria Elena" sort="Ala N, Maria Elena" uniqKey="Ala N M" first="María Elena" last="Ala N">María Elena Ala N</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Robledo, Virginia" sort="Rodriguez Robledo, Virginia" uniqKey="Rodriguez Robledo V" first="Virginia" last="Rodríguez-Robledo">Virginia Rodríguez-Robledo</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Coello, Maria Soledad" sort="Perez Coello, Maria Soledad" uniqKey="Perez Coello M" first="María Soledad" last="Pérez-Coello">María Soledad Pérez-Coello</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hermosin Gutierrez, Isidro" sort="Hermosin Gutierrez, Isidro" uniqKey="Hermosin Gutierrez I" first="Isidro" last="Hermosín-Gutierrez">Isidro Hermosín-Gutierrez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz Maroto, Maria Consuelo" sort="Diaz Maroto, Maria Consuelo" uniqKey="Diaz Maroto M" first="María Consuelo" last="Díaz-Maroto">María Consuelo Díaz-Maroto</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jordan, Joaquin" sort="Jordan, Joaquin" uniqKey="Jordan J" first="Joaquín" last="Jordán">Joaquín Jordán</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I3">Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galindo, Maria Francisca" sort="Galindo, Maria Francisca" uniqKey="Galindo M" first="María Francisca" last="Galindo">María Francisca Galindo</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arroyo Jimenez, Maria Del Mar" sort="Arroyo Jimenez, Maria Del Mar" uniqKey="Arroyo Jimenez M" first="María Del Mar" last="Arroyo-Jiménez">María Del Mar Arroyo-Jiménez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26904169</idno><idno type="pmc">4745316</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4745316</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4745316</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2016/8915729</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000364</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000363</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000251</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Bioactive Flavonoids, Antioxidant Behaviour, and Cytoprotective Effects of Dried Grapefruit Peels (<italic>Citrus paradisi</italic> Macf.)</title><author><name sortKey="Castro Vazquez, Lucia" sort="Castro Vazquez, Lucia" uniqKey="Castro Vazquez L" first="Lucia" last="Castro-Vazquez">Lucia Castro-Vazquez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ala N, Maria Elena" sort="Ala N, Maria Elena" uniqKey="Ala N M" first="María Elena" last="Ala N">María Elena Ala N</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Robledo, Virginia" sort="Rodriguez Robledo, Virginia" uniqKey="Rodriguez Robledo V" first="Virginia" last="Rodríguez-Robledo">Virginia Rodríguez-Robledo</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Coello, Maria Soledad" sort="Perez Coello, Maria Soledad" uniqKey="Perez Coello M" first="María Soledad" last="Pérez-Coello">María Soledad Pérez-Coello</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hermosin Gutierrez, Isidro" sort="Hermosin Gutierrez, Isidro" uniqKey="Hermosin Gutierrez I" first="Isidro" last="Hermosín-Gutierrez">Isidro Hermosín-Gutierrez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz Maroto, Maria Consuelo" sort="Diaz Maroto, Maria Consuelo" uniqKey="Diaz Maroto M" first="María Consuelo" last="Díaz-Maroto">María Consuelo Díaz-Maroto</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jordan, Joaquin" sort="Jordan, Joaquin" uniqKey="Jordan J" first="Joaquín" last="Jordán">Joaquín Jordán</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I3">Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galindo, Maria Francisca" sort="Galindo, Maria Francisca" uniqKey="Galindo M" first="María Francisca" last="Galindo">María Francisca Galindo</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arroyo Jimenez, Maria Del Mar" sort="Arroyo Jimenez, Maria Del Mar" uniqKey="Arroyo Jimenez M" first="María Del Mar" last="Arroyo-Jiménez">María Del Mar Arroyo-Jiménez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Castille-La Manche</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity</title><idno type="ISSN">1942-0900</idno><idno type="eISSN">1942-0994</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Grapefruit (<italic>Citrus paradisi</italic> Macf.) is an important cultivar of the<italic> Citrus</italic> genus which contains a number of nutrients beneficial to human health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate changes in bioactive flavonoids, antioxidant behaviour, and<italic> in vitro</italic> cytoprotective effect of processed white and pink peels after oven-drying (45°C–60°C) and freeze-drying treatments. Comparison with fresh grapefruit peels was also assessed. Significant increases in DPPH, FRAPS, and ABTS values were observed in dried grapefruit peel samples in comparison with fresh peels, indicating the suitability of the treatments for use as tools to greatly enhance the antioxidant potential of these natural byproducts. A total of thirteen flavonoids were quantified in grapefruit peel extracts by HPLC-MS/MS. It was found that naringin, followed by isonaringin, was the main flavonoid occurring in fresh, oven-dried, and freeze-dried grapefruit peels.<italic> In vivo</italic> assay revealed that fresh and oven-dried grapefruit peel extracts (45°C) exerted a strong cytoprotective effect on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines at concentrations ranging within 0.1–0.25 mg/mL. Our data suggest that grapefruit (<italic>Citrus paradisi</italic> Macf.) peel has considerable potential as a source of natural bioactive flavonoids with outstanding antioxidant activity which can be used as agents in several therapeutic strategies.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bocco, A" uniqKey="Bocco A">A. Bocco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cuvelier, M E" uniqKey="Cuvelier M">M.-E. Cuvelier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richard, H" uniqKey="Richard H">H. Richard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berset, C" uniqKey="Berset C">C. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Oxid Med Cell Longev</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Oxid Med Cell Longev</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">OMCL</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1942-0900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1942-0994</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26904169</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4745316</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/8915729</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Bioactive Flavonoids, Antioxidant Behaviour, and Cytoprotective Effects of Dried Grapefruit Peels (<italic>Citrus paradisi</italic> Macf.)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Castro-Vazquez</surname><given-names>Lucia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alañón</surname><given-names>María Elena</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rodríguez-Robledo</surname><given-names>Virginia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pérez-Coello</surname><given-names>María Soledad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hermosín-Gutierrez</surname><given-names>Isidro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Díaz-Maroto</surname><given-names>María Consuelo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jordán</surname><given-names>Joaquín</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Galindo</surname><given-names>María Francisca</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arroyo-Jiménez</surname><given-names>María del Mar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Food Technology Area, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Ciudad Real, Spain</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Lucia Castro-Vazquez: <email>luciaisabel.castro@uclm.es</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Denis Delic</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>2016</volume><elocation-id>8915729</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>30</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>1</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Lucia Castro-Vazquez et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Grapefruit (<italic>Citrus paradisi</italic> Macf.) is an important cultivar of the<italic> Citrus</italic> genus which contains a number of nutrients beneficial to human health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate changes in bioactive flavonoids, antioxidant behaviour, and<italic> in vitro</italic> cytoprotective effect of processed white and pink peels after oven-drying (45°C–60°C) and freeze-drying treatments. Comparison with fresh grapefruit peels was also assessed. Significant increases in DPPH, FRAPS, and ABTS values were observed in dried grapefruit peel samples in comparison with fresh peels, indicating the suitability of the treatments for use as tools to greatly enhance the antioxidant potential of these natural byproducts. A total of thirteen flavonoids were quantified in grapefruit peel extracts by HPLC-MS/MS. It was found that naringin, followed by isonaringin, was the main flavonoid occurring in fresh, oven-dried, and freeze-dried grapefruit peels.<italic> In vivo</italic> assay revealed that fresh and oven-dried grapefruit peel extracts (45°C) exerted a strong cytoprotective effect on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines at concentrations ranging within 0.1–0.25 mg/mL. Our data suggest that grapefruit (<italic>Citrus paradisi</italic> Macf.) peel has considerable potential as a source of natural bioactive flavonoids with outstanding antioxidant activity which can be used as agents in several therapeutic strategies.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>HPLC chromatogram of white grapefruit peels. Peak assignments: (1) isonaringin; (2) naringin; (3) hesperidin; (4) neohesperidin; (5) unknown-1; (6) unknown-2; (7) naringenin; (8) hesperetin; (9) isosinensetin; (10) sinensetin; (11) unknown-3; (12) nobiletin; (13) tangeretin.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="OMCL2016-8915729.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Principal Component Analysis performed considering duplicates of the flavanones glycosides, flavones, and polymethoxylated flavones contents on fresh, oven-dried and freeze-dried, and white and pink grapefruit peel extracts. F-Wgp: fresh white grapefruit; F-Pgf: fresh pink grapefruit; D-Wgf-45°C: dried white grapefruit at 45°C; D-Pgf-45°C: dried pink grapefruit at 45°C; D-Wgf-60°C: dried white grapefruit at 60°C; D-Pgf-60°C: dried white grapefruit at 60°C; FD-Wgf: freeze-dried white grapefruit; FD-Pgf: freeze-dried pink grapefruit.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="OMCL2016-8915729.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Effects of different concentrations of red and white grapefruit extracts in cell viability of SH-SY5Y cell cultures for 24 h. Data were expressed as the percentage of live cells relative to total cells. Data are presented by means ± SD (<italic>n</italic> = 3). F-Wgp: fresh white grapefruit; F-Pgf: fresh pink grapefruit; D-Wgf-45°C: dried white grapefruit at 45°C; D-Pgf-45°C: dried pink grapefruit at 45°C; D-Wgf-60°C: dried white grapefruit at 60°C; D-Pgf-60°C: dried white grapefruit at 60°C; FD-Wgf: freeze-dried white grapefruit; FD-Pgf: freeze-dried pink grapefruit. a, b, c, d, e, f: different letters in the same column denote a significant difference according to the Student-Newman-Keuls test, at <italic>p</italic> < 0.05.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="OMCL2016-8915729.003"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Total Polyphenol Index (TPI), DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays mean values and standard deviation (SD) of untreated, oven-dried, and freeze-dried grapefruit peel extracts.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TPI</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DPPH</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRAP</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ABTS</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fresh white grapefruit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.14<sup>a</sup> ± 7.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.46<sup>a</sup> ± 0.80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.30<sup>a</sup> ± 3.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122.34<sup>a</sup> ± 6.22</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fresh pink grapefruit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.95<sup>b</sup> ± 0.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.18<sup>a</sup> ± 8.52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.82<sup>b</sup> ± 5.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.46<sup>a</sup> ± 12.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">White grapefruit dried at 45°C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.95<sup>a</sup> ± 4.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.05<sup>b</sup> ± 3.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.57<sup>a</sup> ± 0.60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">194.81<sup>b</sup> ± 3.80</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pink grapefruit dried at 45°C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.29<sup>a</sup> ± 3.30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.26<sup>a</sup> ± 3.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.86<sup>a</sup> ± 5.28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175.87<sup>b</sup> ± 5.64</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">White grapefruit dried at 60°C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.35<sup>c</sup> ± 0.84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.76<sup>c</sup> ± 8.40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105.86<sup>c</sup> ± 22.39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">339.66<sup>c</sup> ± 33.61</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pink grapefruit dried at 60°C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.36<sup>ac</sup> ± 3.57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.07<sup>b</sup> ± 2.26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.43<sup>ac</sup> ± 5.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">210.78<sup>b</sup> ± 2.19</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freeze-dried white grapefruit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.60<sup>d</sup> ± 10.80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122.83<sup>d</sup> ± 15.95</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">181.80<sup>d</sup> ± 25.97</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">537.48<sup>d</sup> ± 36.10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freeze-dried pink grapefruit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.70<sup>e</sup> ± 1.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110.98<sup>d</sup> ± 13.76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">207.74<sup>d</sup> ± 14.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">455.38<sup>e</sup> ± 1.95</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>TPI are expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight.</p></fn><fn><p>DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays are expressed as mg trolox per gram of dry weight.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>a,b,c,d,e</sup>Different letters in the same column denote a significant difference according to the Student-Newman-Keuls test, at <italic>p</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Spectral data of flavonoids in grapefruit peel extracts.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tentative identification</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UVmax</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MS [M − H]<sup>−</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MS [M + H]<sup>+</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Products ions</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(min)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>λ</italic> (nm)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>m</italic>/<italic>z</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>m</italic>/<italic>z</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>m</italic>/<italic>z</italic>)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isonaringin [<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">217, 284, 331</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">579</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">271, 151</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naringin [<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">224, 283, 331</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">579</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">459, 271</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hesperidin [<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225, 284, 328</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">609</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">301</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neohesperidin [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">228, 283, 331</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">609</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">301, 489</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown-1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">283, 328</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">617</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">465, 303</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown-2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">249, 257, 324</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">595</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">449, 287</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naringenin [<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">226, 284, 325</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">273</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">153</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hesperetin [<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225, 285, 329</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">303</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">285</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isosinensetin [<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">249, 270, 342</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">373</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">357, 343, 327</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sinensetin [<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>, <xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">243, 264, 333</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">373</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">358, 343, 312</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown-3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250, 272, 335</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">403</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">388, 373</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nobiletin [<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>, <xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">248, 268, 334</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">403</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">388, 373</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tangeretin [<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">271, 322</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">373</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">358, 343, 325, 297</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>References given in brackets are taken from papers with matching spectral data:</p></fn><fn><p>Angeloni et al. 2012 [<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]; Rivas et al. 2008 [<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]; Jeong et al. 2004 [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]; Xu et al. 2007 [<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]; Alañón et al. 2011 [<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>].</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Flavanones glycosides, flavanones, and polymethoxylated flavones content (milligrams per gram of dry weight) and relative standard deviations (RSD) both for white and pink grapefruit peel extracts.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> Fresh white<break></break>grapefruit</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> White grapefruit<break></break>oven-dried at 45°C</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> White grapefruit<break></break>oven-dried at 60°C</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> Freeze-dried<break></break>white grapefruit</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> Fresh pink<break></break>grapefruit</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> Pink grapefruit<break></break>oven-dried at 45°C</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> Pink grapefruit<break></break>oven-dried at 60°C</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> Freeze-dried<break></break>pink grapefruit</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isonaringin<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.42<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(13.92)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.57<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.71)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.02<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.22)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.17<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.06)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.85<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(10.73)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.72<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.65)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.55<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.32)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.22<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4.74)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naringin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">160.25<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(18.24)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.41<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.96)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.16<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.25)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.08<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.39)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142.39<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(16.81)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.92<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(6.39)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.50<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.34)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.40<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.12)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hesperidin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.23<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(15.81)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51<sup>cd</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.20)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37<sup>cd</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.82)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65<sup>cd</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.90)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.68<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(6.31)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21<sup>d</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(6.29)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13<sup>d</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.26)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.77)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neohesperidin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.30<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(9.93)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.34)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67<sup>cd</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.48)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.39<sup>e</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.45)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.93<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7.40)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30<sup>d</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(6.41)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27<sup>d</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.39)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.09)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown-1<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.39<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.26)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.17)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.08)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.26)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.88<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4.83)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(10.65)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.12)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.59)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown-2<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.36<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(6.71)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67<sup>bc</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.28)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.46<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.80)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.20<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7.01)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.05<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(8.82)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.60<sup>bc</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4.70)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.29<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.08)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.40)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naringenin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.49<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(9.95)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.05<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.16)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.54<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.10)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.83<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4.78)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.14<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(15.83)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.87<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.29)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.49<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.29)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.35<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.35)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hesperetin<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.93<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.24)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.94)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43<sup>cd</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.17)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87<sup>e</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.25)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.55<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.03)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42<sup>cd</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.57)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.39<sup>d</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.40)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47<sup>cd</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(6.99)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isosinensetin<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.02<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.71)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.44)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.59)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4.96)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.12<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(10.67)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.34)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.07)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(6.16)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sinensetin<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.10<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(14.48)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.82<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.13)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.78<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.68)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.74<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.68)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.07<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.30)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.77)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.69)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7.69)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown-3<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.07<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(9.42)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4.56)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.87)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.46<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.69)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.86<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(9.83)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.50)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.68)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(8.13)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nobiletin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.36<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(14.26)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.22<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.29)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(13.02)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.09<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(12.63)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(11.67)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63<sup>d</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.74)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58<sup>d</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.61)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(10.19)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tangeretin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.45<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(10.48)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.05<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.11)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.98<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.29)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.96<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.51)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.34)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.38)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.46)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(8.32)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup><italic>∗</italic></sup>Compounds tentatively identified. Data are expressed as naringin equivalents (mg/g).</p></fn><fn><p><sup>a,b,c,d,e</sup>Different letters in the same column denote a significant difference according to the Student-Newman-Keuls test, at <italic>p</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Espagne</li></country><region><li>Castille-La Manche</li></region></list><tree><country name="Espagne"><region name="Castille-La Manche"><name sortKey="Castro Vazquez, Lucia" sort="Castro Vazquez, Lucia" uniqKey="Castro Vazquez L" first="Lucia" last="Castro-Vazquez">Lucia Castro-Vazquez</name></region><name sortKey="Ala N, Maria Elena" sort="Ala N, Maria Elena" uniqKey="Ala N M" first="María Elena" last="Ala N">María Elena Ala N</name><name sortKey="Arroyo Jimenez, Maria Del Mar" sort="Arroyo Jimenez, Maria Del Mar" uniqKey="Arroyo Jimenez M" first="María Del Mar" last="Arroyo-Jiménez">María Del Mar Arroyo-Jiménez</name><name sortKey="Diaz Maroto, Maria Consuelo" sort="Diaz Maroto, Maria Consuelo" uniqKey="Diaz Maroto M" first="María Consuelo" last="Díaz-Maroto">María Consuelo Díaz-Maroto</name><name sortKey="Diaz Maroto, Maria Consuelo" sort="Diaz Maroto, Maria Consuelo" uniqKey="Diaz Maroto M" first="María Consuelo" last="Díaz-Maroto">María Consuelo Díaz-Maroto</name><name sortKey="Galindo, Maria Francisca" sort="Galindo, Maria Francisca" uniqKey="Galindo M" first="María Francisca" last="Galindo">María Francisca Galindo</name><name sortKey="Hermosin Gutierrez, Isidro" sort="Hermosin Gutierrez, Isidro" uniqKey="Hermosin Gutierrez I" first="Isidro" last="Hermosín-Gutierrez">Isidro Hermosín-Gutierrez</name><name sortKey="Jordan, Joaquin" sort="Jordan, Joaquin" uniqKey="Jordan J" first="Joaquín" last="Jordán">Joaquín Jordán</name><name sortKey="Perez Coello, Maria Soledad" sort="Perez Coello, Maria Soledad" uniqKey="Perez Coello M" first="María Soledad" last="Pérez-Coello">María Soledad Pérez-Coello</name><name sortKey="Perez Coello, Maria Soledad" sort="Perez Coello, Maria Soledad" uniqKey="Perez Coello M" first="María Soledad" last="Pérez-Coello">María Soledad Pérez-Coello</name><name sortKey="Rodriguez Robledo, Virginia" sort="Rodriguez Robledo, Virginia" uniqKey="Rodriguez Robledo V" first="Virginia" last="Rodríguez-Robledo">Virginia Rodríguez-Robledo</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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