Expression and functional analysis of citrus carotene hydroxylases: unravelling the xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits
Identifieur interne : 002092 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 002091; suivant : 002093Expression and functional analysis of citrus carotene hydroxylases: unravelling the xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits
Auteurs : Gang Ma ; Lancui Zhang ; Witchulada Yungyuen [Japon] ; Issei Tsukamoto ; Natsumi Iijima ; Michiru Oikawa ; Kazuki Yamawaki ; Masaki Yahata ; Masaya KatoSource :
- BMC Plant Biology [ 1471-2229 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids and fulfill critical roles in plant growth and development. In plants, two different types of carotene hydroxylases, non-heme di-iron and heme-containing cytochrome P450, were reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll. Citrus fruits accumulate a high amount of xanthophylls, especially β,β-xanthophylls. To date, however, the roles of carotene hydroxylases in regulating xanthophyll content and composition have not been elucidated.
In the present study, the roles of four carotene hydroxylase genes (
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0840-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0840-2
PubMed: 27358074
PubMed Central: 4928310
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Expression and functional analysis of citrus carotene hydroxylases: unravelling the xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits</title>
<author><name sortKey="Ma, Gang" sort="Ma, Gang" uniqKey="Ma G" first="Gang" last="Ma">Gang Ma</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Suruga 422-8529 Japan</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Lancui" sort="Zhang, Lancui" uniqKey="Zhang L" first="Lancui" last="Zhang">Lancui Zhang</name>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yungyuen, Witchulada" sort="Yungyuen, Witchulada" uniqKey="Yungyuen W" first="Witchulada" last="Yungyuen">Witchulada Yungyuen</name>
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<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Suruga 422-8529 Japan</wicri:noCountry>
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<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Suruga 422-8529 Japan</wicri:noCountry>
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<author><name sortKey="Yahata, Masaki" sort="Yahata, Masaki" uniqKey="Yahata M" first="Masaki" last="Yahata">Masaki Yahata</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Suruga 422-8529 Japan</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Kato, Masaya" sort="Kato, Masaya" uniqKey="Kato M" first="Masaya" last="Kato">Masaya Kato</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Suruga 422-8529 Japan</wicri:noCountry>
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<series><title level="j">BMC Plant Biology</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1471-2229</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids and fulfill critical roles in plant growth and development. In plants, two different types of carotene hydroxylases, non-heme di-iron and heme-containing cytochrome P450, were reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll. Citrus fruits accumulate a high amount of xanthophylls, especially β,β-xanthophylls. To date, however, the roles of carotene hydroxylases in regulating xanthophyll content and composition have not been elucidated.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>In the present study, the roles of four carotene hydroxylase genes (<italic>CitHYb</italic>
, <italic>CitCYP97A</italic>
, <italic>CitCYP97B</italic>
, and <italic>CitCYP97C</italic>
) in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll in citrus fruits were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the four citrus carotene hydroxylases presented in four distinct clusters which have been identified in higher plants. CitHYb was a non-heme di-iron carotene hydroxylase, while CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C were heme-containing cytochrome P450-type carotene hydroxylases. Gene expression results showed that the expression of <italic>CitHYb</italic>
increased in the flavedo and juice sacs during the ripening process, which was well consistent with the accumulation of β,β-xanthophyll in citrus fruits. The expression of <italic>CitCYP97A</italic>
and <italic>CitCYP97C</italic>
increased with a peak in November, which might lead to an increase of lutein in the juice sacs during the ripening process. The expression level of <italic>CitCYP97B</italic>
was much lower than that of <italic>CitHYb</italic>
, <italic>CitCYP97A</italic>
, and <italic>CitCYP97C</italic>
in the juice sacs during the ripening process. Functional analysis showed that the CitHYb was able to catalyze the hydroxylation of the β-rings of β-carotene and α-carotene in <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>
BL21 (DE3) cells. Meanwhile, when CitHYb was co-expressed with CitCYP97C, α-carotene was hydroxylated on the β-ring and ε-ring sequentially to produce lutein.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p><italic>CitHYb</italic>
was a key gene for β,β-xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. <italic>CitCYP97C</italic>
functioned as an ε-ring hydroxylase to produce lutein using zeinoxanthin as a substrate. The results will contribute to elucidating xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits, and provide new strategies to improve the nutritional and commercial qualities of citrus fruits.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title>
<p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0840-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Plant Biol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Plant Biol</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Plant Biology</journal-title>
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<issn pub-type="epub">1471-2229</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27358074</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4928310</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">840</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12870-016-0840-2</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Expression and functional analysis of citrus carotene hydroxylases: unravelling the xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits</article-title>
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<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>Gang</given-names>
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<address><email>agma@ipc.shizuoka.ac.jp</email>
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<address><email>archo@ipc.shizuoka.ac.jp</email>
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<address><email>abkyama@ipc.shizuoka.ac.jp</email>
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<address><email>amyahat@ipc.shizuoka.ac.jp</email>
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<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6574-8031</contrib-id>
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<address><email>amkato@ipc.shizuoka.ac.jp</email>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="Aff1"><label></label>
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan</aff>
<aff id="Aff2"><label></label>
The United Graduate school of Agricultural Science, Gifu University (Shizuoka University), Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>29</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<elocation-id>148</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>22</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s). 2016</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>
) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids and fulfill critical roles in plant growth and development. In plants, two different types of carotene hydroxylases, non-heme di-iron and heme-containing cytochrome P450, were reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll. Citrus fruits accumulate a high amount of xanthophylls, especially β,β-xanthophylls. To date, however, the roles of carotene hydroxylases in regulating xanthophyll content and composition have not been elucidated.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>In the present study, the roles of four carotene hydroxylase genes (<italic>CitHYb</italic>
, <italic>CitCYP97A</italic>
, <italic>CitCYP97B</italic>
, and <italic>CitCYP97C</italic>
) in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll in citrus fruits were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the four citrus carotene hydroxylases presented in four distinct clusters which have been identified in higher plants. CitHYb was a non-heme di-iron carotene hydroxylase, while CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C were heme-containing cytochrome P450-type carotene hydroxylases. Gene expression results showed that the expression of <italic>CitHYb</italic>
increased in the flavedo and juice sacs during the ripening process, which was well consistent with the accumulation of β,β-xanthophyll in citrus fruits. The expression of <italic>CitCYP97A</italic>
and <italic>CitCYP97C</italic>
increased with a peak in November, which might lead to an increase of lutein in the juice sacs during the ripening process. The expression level of <italic>CitCYP97B</italic>
was much lower than that of <italic>CitHYb</italic>
, <italic>CitCYP97A</italic>
, and <italic>CitCYP97C</italic>
in the juice sacs during the ripening process. Functional analysis showed that the CitHYb was able to catalyze the hydroxylation of the β-rings of β-carotene and α-carotene in <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>
BL21 (DE3) cells. Meanwhile, when CitHYb was co-expressed with CitCYP97C, α-carotene was hydroxylated on the β-ring and ε-ring sequentially to produce lutein.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p><italic>CitHYb</italic>
was a key gene for β,β-xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. <italic>CitCYP97C</italic>
functioned as an ε-ring hydroxylase to produce lutein using zeinoxanthin as a substrate. The results will contribute to elucidating xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits, and provide new strategies to improve the nutritional and commercial qualities of citrus fruits.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title>
<p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0840-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>β-Cryptoxanthin</kwd>
<kwd>Flavedo</kwd>
<kwd>Juice sacs</kwd>
<kwd>Lutein</kwd>
<kwd>Satsuma mandarin</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution>Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists B, Japan.</institution>
</funding-source>
<award-id>16K18649</award-id>
<principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>Gang</given-names>
</name>
</principal-award-recipient>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name>
<meta-value>© The Author(s) 2016</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Japon</li>
</country>
<region><li>Préfecture de Gifu</li>
<li>Région du Chūbu</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Gifu (ville)</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université de Gifu</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Iijima, Natsumi" sort="Iijima, Natsumi" uniqKey="Iijima N" first="Natsumi" last="Iijima">Natsumi Iijima</name>
<name sortKey="Kato, Masaya" sort="Kato, Masaya" uniqKey="Kato M" first="Masaya" last="Kato">Masaya Kato</name>
<name sortKey="Ma, Gang" sort="Ma, Gang" uniqKey="Ma G" first="Gang" last="Ma">Gang Ma</name>
<name sortKey="Oikawa, Michiru" sort="Oikawa, Michiru" uniqKey="Oikawa M" first="Michiru" last="Oikawa">Michiru Oikawa</name>
<name sortKey="Tsukamoto, Issei" sort="Tsukamoto, Issei" uniqKey="Tsukamoto I" first="Issei" last="Tsukamoto">Issei Tsukamoto</name>
<name sortKey="Yahata, Masaki" sort="Yahata, Masaki" uniqKey="Yahata M" first="Masaki" last="Yahata">Masaki Yahata</name>
<name sortKey="Yamawaki, Kazuki" sort="Yamawaki, Kazuki" uniqKey="Yamawaki K" first="Kazuki" last="Yamawaki">Kazuki Yamawaki</name>
<name sortKey="Zhang, Lancui" sort="Zhang, Lancui" uniqKey="Zhang L" first="Lancui" last="Zhang">Lancui Zhang</name>
</noCountry>
<country name="Japon"><region name="Région du Chūbu"><name sortKey="Yungyuen, Witchulada" sort="Yungyuen, Witchulada" uniqKey="Yungyuen W" first="Witchulada" last="Yungyuen">Witchulada Yungyuen</name>
</region>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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