Expectations about future health and longevity in Kenyan and Ugandan communities receiving a universal test-and-treat intervention in the SEARCH trial
Identifieur interne : 002D29 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002D28; suivant : 002D30Expectations about future health and longevity in Kenyan and Ugandan communities receiving a universal test-and-treat intervention in the SEARCH trial
Auteurs : Harsha Thirumurthy [États-Unis] ; Aleksandra Jakubowski [États-Unis] ; Carol Camlin [États-Unis] ; Jane Kabami [Ouganda] ; Emmanuel Ssemmondo [Ouganda] ; Assurah Elly [Kenya] ; Daniel Mwai [Kenya] ; Tamara Clark [États-Unis] ; Craig Cohen [États-Unis] ; Elizabeth Bukusi [Kenya] ; Moses Kamya [Ouganda] ; Maya Petersen [États-Unis] ; Diane Havlir [États-Unis] ; Edwin D. Charlebois [États-Unis]Source :
- AIDS care [ 0954-0121 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Expectations about future health and longevity are important determinants of individuals’ decisions to invest in physical and human capital. Few population-level studies have measured subjective expectations and examined how they are affected by scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We assessed these expectations in communities receiving annual HIV testing and universal ART. Longitudinal data on expectations were collected at baseline and one year later in 16 intervention communities participating in the Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health (SEARCH) trial of the test and treat strategy in Kenya and Uganda (NCT01864603). A random sample of households with and without an HIV-positive adult was selected after baseline HIV testing. Individuals’ expectations about survival to 50, 60, 70, and 80 years of age, as well as future health status and economic well-being, were measured using a Likert scale. Primary outcomes were binary variables indicating participants who reported being very likely or almost certain to survive to advanced ages. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine trends in expectations as well as associations with HIV status and viral load for HIV-positive individuals. Data were obtained from 3126 adults at baseline and 3977 adults in year 1, with 2926 adults participating in both waves. HIV-negative adults were more likely to have favorable expectations about survival to 60 years than HIV-positive adults with detectable viral load (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.87, 95% CI 1.53–2.30), as were HIV-positive adults with undetectable viral load (AOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.13–1.77). Favorable expectations about survival to 60 years were more likely for all groups in year 1 compared to baseline (AOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.31–1.77). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that universal ART leads to improved population-level expectations about future health and well-being. Future research from the SEARCH trial will help determine whether these changes are causally driven by the provision of universal ART.
Url:
DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1178959
PubMed: 27421056
PubMed Central: 5443252
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">Expectations about future health and longevity are important determinants of individuals’ decisions to invest in physical and human capital. Few population-level studies have measured subjective expectations and examined how they are affected by scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We assessed these expectations in communities receiving annual HIV testing and universal ART. Longitudinal data on expectations were collected at baseline and one year later in 16 intervention communities participating in the Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health (SEARCH) trial of the test and treat strategy in Kenya and Uganda (NCT01864603). A random sample of households with and without an HIV-positive adult was selected after baseline HIV testing. Individuals’ expectations about survival to 50, 60, 70, and 80 years of age, as well as future health status and economic well-being, were measured using a Likert scale. Primary outcomes were binary variables indicating participants who reported being very likely or almost certain to survive to advanced ages. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine trends in expectations as well as associations with HIV status and viral load for HIV-positive individuals. Data were obtained from 3126 adults at baseline and 3977 adults in year 1, with 2926 adults participating in both waves. HIV-negative adults were more likely to have favorable expectations about survival to 60 years than HIV-positive adults with detectable viral load (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.87, 95% CI 1.53–2.30), as were HIV-positive adults with undetectable viral load (AOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.13–1.77). Favorable expectations about survival to 60 years were more likely for all groups in year 1 compared to baseline (AOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.31–1.77). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that universal ART leads to improved population-level expectations about future health and well-being. Future research from the SEARCH trial will help determine whether these changes are causally driven by the provision of universal ART.</p>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">8915313</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">1056</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">AIDS Care</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">AIDS Care</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>AIDS care</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0954-0121</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1360-0451</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27421056</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5443252</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09540121.2016.1178959</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS857639</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Expectations about future health and longevity in Kenyan and Ugandan communities receiving a universal test-and-treat intervention in the SEARCH trial</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thirumurthy</surname>
<given-names>Harsha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">a</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jakubowski</surname>
<given-names>Aleksandra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">a</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Camlin</surname>
<given-names>Carol</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">b</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kabami</surname>
<given-names>Jane</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">c</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ssemmondo</surname>
<given-names>Emmanuel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">c</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Elly</surname>
<given-names>Assurah</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">d</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mwai</surname>
<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">e</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Clark</surname>
<given-names>Tamara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">f</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cohen</surname>
<given-names>Craig</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">b</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bukusi</surname>
<given-names>Elizabeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">d</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kamya</surname>
<given-names>Moses</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">g</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Petersen</surname>
<given-names>Maya</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">h</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Havlir</surname>
<given-names>Diane</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">f</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Charlebois</surname>
<given-names>Edwin D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">i</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1"><label>a</label>
Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>b</label>
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</aff>
<aff id="A3"><label>c</label>
Makerere University-University of California Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda</aff>
<aff id="A4"><label>d</label>
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya</aff>
<aff id="A5"><label>e</label>
The Palladium Group, Nairobi, Kenya</aff>
<aff id="A6"><label>f</label>
Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</aff>
<aff id="A7"><label>g</label>
Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda</aff>
<aff id="A8"><label>h</label>
University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA</aff>
<aff id="A9"><label>i</label>
Department of Medicine and Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="FN1"><bold>CONTACT</bold>
Harsha Thirumurthy, <email>harsha@unc.edu</email>
, Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box 7411, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7411, USA</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>27</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>24</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>28</volume>
<issue>Suppl 3</issue>
<fpage>90</fpage>
<lpage>98</lpage>
<pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1178959</pmc-comment>
<permissions><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ext-link>
), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p id="P1">Expectations about future health and longevity are important determinants of individuals’ decisions to invest in physical and human capital. Few population-level studies have measured subjective expectations and examined how they are affected by scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We assessed these expectations in communities receiving annual HIV testing and universal ART. Longitudinal data on expectations were collected at baseline and one year later in 16 intervention communities participating in the Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health (SEARCH) trial of the test and treat strategy in Kenya and Uganda (NCT01864603). A random sample of households with and without an HIV-positive adult was selected after baseline HIV testing. Individuals’ expectations about survival to 50, 60, 70, and 80 years of age, as well as future health status and economic well-being, were measured using a Likert scale. Primary outcomes were binary variables indicating participants who reported being very likely or almost certain to survive to advanced ages. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine trends in expectations as well as associations with HIV status and viral load for HIV-positive individuals. Data were obtained from 3126 adults at baseline and 3977 adults in year 1, with 2926 adults participating in both waves. HIV-negative adults were more likely to have favorable expectations about survival to 60 years than HIV-positive adults with detectable viral load (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.87, 95% CI 1.53–2.30), as were HIV-positive adults with undetectable viral load (AOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.13–1.77). Favorable expectations about survival to 60 years were more likely for all groups in year 1 compared to baseline (AOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.31–1.77). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that universal ART leads to improved population-level expectations about future health and well-being. Future research from the SEARCH trial will help determine whether these changes are causally driven by the provision of universal ART.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Antiretroviral therapy</kwd>
<kwd>test and treat</kwd>
<kwd>health expectations</kwd>
<kwd>subjective life expectancy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Trends in survival at baseline and follow-up year 1. Notes: Each bar represents participants’ subjective expectations to survive to age 50, 60, 70, and 80 using a 5-point Likert scale. Responses are presented separately for baseline and follow-up year 1. Expectations about survival to each of the target ages of 50, 60, 70, and 80 years were elicited from participants aged below the corresponding target age.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="nihms857639f1"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="T3" position="float" orientation="portrait"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Descriptive characteristics of study participants in SEARCH intervention communities.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Baseline No. (%)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Follow-up year 1 No. (%)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
-Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. individuals</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2676</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3410</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. households</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2670</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2695</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV status</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HIV+, detectable viral load</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 526 (19.7)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 164 (4.8)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HIV+, undetectable viral load</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 535 (20.0)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,084 (31.8)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HIV-status</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1615 (60.4)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2162 (63.4)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.009</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1706 (63.8)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2209 (64.8)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.723</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age categories</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 18–25 years old</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 530 (19.8)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 561 (16.5)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.151</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 26–35 years old</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 730 (27.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 859 (25.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.043</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 36–45 years old</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 602 (22.5)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 808 (23.7)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.765</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 46–80 years old</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 814 (30.4)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1182 (34.7)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.004</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education level</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 439 (16.4)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 503 (14.8)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.068</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1669 (62.4)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2201 (64.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.121</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary or more education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 567 (21.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 703 (20.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.839</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Married/cohabiting</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1828 (68.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2430 (71.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.117</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wealth index</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Least wealth</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 576 (21.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 655 (19.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.012</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Less wealth</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 549 (20.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 667 (19.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.260</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Middle wealth</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 512 (19.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 658 (19.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.876</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> More wealth</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 520 (19.5)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 693 (20.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.317</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Most wealth</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 512 (19.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 737 (21.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.006</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Region</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Southwest Uganda</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 837 (31.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1064 (31.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.744</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Eastern Uganda</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 818 (30.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1100 (32.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.744</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Kenya</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1021 (38.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1246 (36.5)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.532</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN7"><p>Notes: p-Values based on chi-squared tests comparing characteristics of participants at baseline and follow-up. Wealth quintiles are based on a wealth index created using principal components analysis of ownership of 47 items. Characteristics reported are for participants aged 18–80 years, with HIV status and HIV-1 viral load information.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T4" position="float" orientation="landscape"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Survival, health, and economic expectations of participants, by HIV status and over time in SEARCH intervention communities.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1"></th>
<th colspan="4" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1">Baseline
<hr></hr>
</th>
<th colspan="4" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1">Follow-up year 1
<hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV+, detectable viral load No. (%)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV+, undetectable viral load No. (%)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-uninfected No. (%)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full Sample No. (%)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV+, detectable viral load No. (%)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV+, undetectable viral load No. (%)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-uninfected No. (%)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full sample No. (%)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Very likely or almost certain to survive to:</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 50 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">204 (44.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">237 (56.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 619 (55.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1060 (53.0)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 73 (50.7)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">468 (56.0)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 955 (65.7)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1496 (61.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 60 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">153 (30.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">203 (40.8)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 607 (45.0)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">963 (40.9)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 60 (38.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">478 (47.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 981 (55.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1519 (51.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 70 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93 (19.5)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">133 (26.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 453 (31.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">679 (28.1)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 38 (26.0)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">315 (31.8)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 751 (39.8)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1104 (36.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 80 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72 (15.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93 (18.7)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 347 (23.0)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">512 (20.7)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 31 (22.0)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">214 (22.5)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 569 (29.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">814 (26.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Expects much better or somewhat better:</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Health in 1 year</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">288 (56.8)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">279 (54.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 902 (57.7)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1469 (56.9)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104 (65.0)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">703 (67.0)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1363 (64.9)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2170 (65.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Health in 3 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">313 (59.5)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312 (58.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,004 (62.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1629 (60.9)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110 (67.1)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">744 (68.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1478 (68.4)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2332 (68.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Standard of living in</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">239 (45.4)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">228 (42.6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 739 (45.8)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1206 (45.1)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 74 (45.1)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">534 (49.3)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1194 (55.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1802 (52.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> community in 1 year</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Household financial well-being in 3 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">258 (49.0)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225 (42.1)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 808 (50.0)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1291 (48.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 80 (48.8)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">577 (53.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1216 (56.2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1873 (54.9)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN8"><p>Notes: Analyses were limited to participants aged 18–80 years, with HIV status and HIV-1 viral load information. Expectations about survival to each of the target ages of 50, 60, 70, and 80 years were elicited from participants who were younger than the corresponding target age.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T5" position="float" orientation="portrait"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Bivariate logistic regression results at baseline</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"></th>
<th colspan="4" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1">Very likely or almost certain to survive to
<hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 years<break></break>
OR [95% CI]</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 years<break></break>
OR [95% CI]</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 years<break></break>
OR [95% CI]</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80years<break></break>
OR [95% CI]</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HIV status and viral load</bold>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref: HIV+, detectable viral load</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HIV+, undetectable viral load</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.64<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.26–2.14]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.59<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.22–2.06]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.48<xref rid="TFN10" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref>
<break></break>
[1.10–2.00]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28<break></break>
[0.91–1.79]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HIV-status</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.56<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.25–1.94]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.89<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.52–2.35]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.92<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.49–2.47]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.66<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.26–2.19]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Observations</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2352</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2415</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2477</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Expected future health</bold>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Better or much better health in 1 year</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.90<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.58–2.29]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.80<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.51–2.13]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.35–1.96]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.32–2.00]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Observations</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1931</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2270</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2339</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2403</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Much better health in 1 year</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.92<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[2.19–3.88]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.34<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.84–2.98]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.84<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.44–2.35]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.79<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.38–2.33]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Observations</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1931</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2270</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2339</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2403</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Better or much better health in 3 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.91<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.58–2.29]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.81<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.52–2.15]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.24–1.82]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.25–1.89]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Observations</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2352</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2415</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2477</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Much better health in 3 years</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.77<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[2.20–3.48]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.06<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.69–2.51]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.56<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.27–1.92]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.20–1.88]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Observations</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2352</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2415</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2477</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN9"><p>Notes: OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. Logistic regression model was used to separately examine the association between the binary dependent variables and each of the five independent variables: (1) HIV status and HIV-1 viral load; (2) better or much better health in 1 year; (3) much better health in 1 year; (4) better or much better health in 3 years; (5) much better health in 3 years in separate logistic regression models. For each of the target ages of 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, the sample was limited to participants who were younger than the target age. 95% confidence intervals calculated using robust standard errors clustered at the individual level are reported in brackets.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN10"><label>*</label>
<p><italic>p</italic>
< .05.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN11"><label>***</label>
<p><italic>p</italic>
< .001.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T6" position="float" orientation="landscape"><label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>Adjusted logistic regression results using pooled data from baseline and follow-up.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1"></th>
<th colspan="4" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1">Very likely or almost certain to survive to
<hr></hr>
</th>
<th colspan="4" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1">Very likely or almost certain to have better
<hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 years<break></break>
AOR<break></break>
[95% CI]</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 years<break></break>
AOR<break></break>
[95% CI]</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 years<break></break>
AOR<break></break>
[95% CI]</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80 years<break></break>
AOR<break></break>
[95% CI]</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Health in 1 year<break></break>
AOR<break></break>
[95% CI]</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Health in 3 years<break></break>
AOR<break></break>
[95% CI]</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Standard of living in this community in 1 year<break></break>
AOR<break></break>
[95% CI]</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Household financial well-being in 3 years<break></break>
AOR<break></break>
[95% CI]</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Follow-up year 1 indicator variable</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.29<xref rid="TFN14" ref-type="table-fn">**</xref>
<break></break>
[1.10–1.53]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.53<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.31–1.77]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.72<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.48–2.01]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.72<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.45–2.03]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.12<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.82–2.47]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.63<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.40–1.89]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.49<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.29–1.71]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.41<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.23–1.61]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV status and viral load</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>HIV+, detectable viral load</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HIV+, undetectable viral load</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.24<break></break>
[0.98–1.57]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.41<xref rid="TFN14" ref-type="table-fn">**</xref>
<break></break>
[1.13–1.77]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.36<xref rid="TFN13" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref>
<break></break>
[1.05–1.75]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.08<break></break>
[0.81–1.43]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.15<break></break>
[0.91–1.44]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.21<break></break>
[0.96–1.52]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.01<break></break>
[0.81–1.25]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.05<break></break>
[0.85–1.29]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HIV-status</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.72<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.39–2.13]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.87<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.53–2.30]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.82<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.43–2.30]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.51<xref rid="TFN14" ref-type="table-fn">**</xref>
<break></break>
[1.16–1.96]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.87<break></break>
[0.71–1.07]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.97<break></break>
[0.78–1.19]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.94<break></break>
[0.77–1.14]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.02<break></break>
[0.84–1.23]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.76<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[0.65–0.88]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.73<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[0.64–0.83]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.63<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[0.55–0.73]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.66<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[0.56–0.77]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.83<xref rid="TFN14" ref-type="table-fn">**</xref>
<break></break>
[0.73–0.95]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.86<xref rid="TFN13" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref>
<break></break>
[0.74–0.99]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.87<xref rid="TFN13" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref>
<break></break>
[0.76–0.99]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.75<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[0.66–0.85]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age categories <italic>(Ref: 18</italic>
–<italic>25)</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 26–35 years old</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.16<break></break>
[0.97–1.39]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.03<break></break>
[0.86–1.23]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.04<break></break>
[0.85–1.28]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.04<break></break>
[0.83–1.32]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.84<break></break>
[0.69–1.03]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.80<xref rid="TFN13" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref>
<break></break>
[0.65–0.98]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.87<break></break>
[0.72–1.06]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.84<break></break>
[0.70–1.02]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 36–45 years old</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.66<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.37–2.02]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.37<xref rid="TFN14" ref-type="table-fn">**</xref>
<break></break>
[1.13–1.65]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.14<break></break>
[0.92–1.40]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.08<break></break>
[0.85–1.37]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.62<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[0.50–0.76]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.51<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[0.41–0.62]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.88<break></break>
[0.72–1.06]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.60<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[0.50–0.73]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 46–80 years old</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3.02<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[2.24–4.08]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.84<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[2.32–3.46]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.63<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[2.16–3.21]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.08<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.67–2.59]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.45<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[0.37–0.54]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.39<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[0.32–0.47]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.76<xref rid="TFN14" ref-type="table-fn">**</xref>
<break></break>
[0.64–0.92]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.43<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[0.36–0.52]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education <italic>(Ref: None)</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Ref.</italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.06<break></break>
[0.81–1.39]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.18<break></break>
[0.96–1.47]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.36<xref rid="TFN14" ref-type="table-fn">**</xref>
<break></break>
[1.11–1.67]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.15<break></break>
[0.92–1.44]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.59<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.32–1.91]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.52<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.27–1.82]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.27<xref rid="TFN14" ref-type="table-fn">**</xref>
<break></break>
[1.07–1.52]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.83<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.52–2.20]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary or more education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.72<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.28–2.32]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.87<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.47–2.39]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.89<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.49–2.40]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.68<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.30–2.19]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.49<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.99–3.13]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.39<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.90–3.00]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.97<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.59–2.45]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3.38<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[2.71–4.21]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Married/cohabiting</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1<break></break>
[0.85–1.17]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.15<break></break>
[0.99–1.33]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.03<break></break>
[0.89–1.20]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.97<break></break>
[0.82–1.15]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.30<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.12–1.49]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.34<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.16–1.55]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.14<break></break>
[1.00–1.31]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.46<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref>
<break></break>
[1.27–1.67]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Observations</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4423</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5277</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5432</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5406</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5880</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6073</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6079</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6073</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of clusters</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3103</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3664</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3851</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3894</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4100</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4170</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4173</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4170</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Community fixed effects</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interviewer fixed effects</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN12"><p>Notes: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. Logistic regression models included HIV status and HIV-1 viral load, gender, age categories, education categories, marital status, community fixed effects, and interviewer fixed effects. For each of the target ages of 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, the sample was limited to participants who were younger than the target age. 95% confidence intervals calculated using robust standard errors clustered at the individual level are reported in brackets.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN13"><label>*</label>
<p><italic>p</italic>
< .05.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN14"><label>**</label>
<p><italic>p</italic>
<.01.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN15"><label>***</label>
<p><italic>p</italic>
< .001.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>
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