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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A descriptive study on demographic and behavioral characteristics of males and their responses to a male involvement intervention in Blantyre, Malawi</title><author><name sortKey="Nyondo Mipando, Alinane Linda" sort="Nyondo Mipando, Alinane Linda" uniqKey="Nyondo Mipando A" first="Alinane Linda" last="Nyondo-Mipando">Alinane Linda Nyondo-Mipando</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001">School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine University of Malawi, Malawi</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0002">Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Malawi</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chimwaza, Angela Faith" sort="Chimwaza, Angela Faith" uniqKey="Chimwaza A" first="Angela Faith" last="Chimwaza">Angela Faith Chimwaza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Kamuzu College of Nursing, University of Malawi, Malawi</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muula, Adamson Sinjani" sort="Muula, Adamson Sinjani" uniqKey="Muula A" first="Adamson Sinjani" last="Muula">Adamson Sinjani Muula</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001">School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine University of Malawi, Malawi</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28293345</idno><idno type="pmc">5337293</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5337293</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5337293</idno><idno type="doi">10.11604/pamj.2016.25.229.10014</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002C04</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002C04</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A descriptive study on demographic and behavioral characteristics of males and their responses to a male involvement intervention in Blantyre, Malawi</title><author><name sortKey="Nyondo Mipando, Alinane Linda" sort="Nyondo Mipando, Alinane Linda" uniqKey="Nyondo Mipando A" first="Alinane Linda" last="Nyondo-Mipando">Alinane Linda Nyondo-Mipando</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001">School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine University of Malawi, Malawi</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0002">Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Malawi</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chimwaza, Angela Faith" sort="Chimwaza, Angela Faith" uniqKey="Chimwaza A" first="Angela Faith" last="Chimwaza">Angela Faith Chimwaza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Kamuzu College of Nursing, University of Malawi, Malawi</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muula, Adamson Sinjani" sort="Muula, Adamson Sinjani" uniqKey="Muula A" first="Adamson Sinjani" last="Muula">Adamson Sinjani Muula</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001">School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine University of Malawi, Malawi</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Pan African Medical Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1937-8688</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Male involvement (MI) remains a key factor in the enrollment and retention of pregnant women in the Prevention of Mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) services. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of men who accompanied their partners for PMTCT services and secondly, describe the reported reasons for the non-reporting by men for the services in Blantyre, Malawi.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>Methods</title><p>All men included in this analysis were partners of pregnant women enrolled in a MI in PMTCT randomized controlled trial (RCT), which took place in Blantyre, Malawi from 14 June 2013 to 24 February 2014. After randomization women were asked to invite their male partners for PMTCT services either through an invitation card or word of mouth invite. Descriptive statistics were tabulated using Stata.</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>Results</title><p>Of the 462 women randomized, 109 (23.59%) women came back to the clinic with their male partner following the intervention. The majority, 307 (66.5%) women returned to the clinic without their partners. Although most men accepted the intervention, some failed to accompany their partners because of work obligations, a lack of interest in accompanying their partners for the service, and others promised to report at the next clinic visit.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>Conclusion</title><p>The characteristics of men that reported were similar in the two groups, suggesting that demographic characteristics may not greatly influence their decision to be involved in PMTCT services. There is need to develop more flexible strategies to include men in PMTCT programmes.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Msuya, S" uniqKey="Msuya S">S Msuya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mbizvo, E" uniqKey="Mbizvo E">E Mbizvo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hussain, A" uniqKey="Hussain A">A Hussain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uriyo, J" uniqKey="Uriyo J">J Uriyo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sam, N" uniqKey="Sam N">N Sam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stray Pedersen, B" uniqKey="Stray Pedersen B">B Stray-Pedersen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tweheyo, R" uniqKey="Tweheyo R">R Tweheyo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Konde Lule, J" uniqKey="Konde Lule J">J Konde-Lule</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tumwesigye, Nm" uniqKey="Tumwesigye N">NM Tumwesigye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sekandi, Jn" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Pan Afr Med J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pan Afr Med J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PAMJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Pan African Medical Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1937-8688</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The African Field Epidemiology Network</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28293345</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5337293</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PAMJ-25-229</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.11604/pamj.2016.25.229.10014</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A descriptive study on demographic and behavioral characteristics of males and their responses to a male involvement intervention in Blantyre, Malawi</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nyondo-Mipando</surname><given-names>Alinane Linda</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0001">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0002">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">&</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chimwaza</surname><given-names>Angela Faith</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0003">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Muula</surname><given-names>Adamson Sinjani</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0001">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0001"><label>1</label>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine University of Malawi, Malawi</aff><aff id="aff0002"><label>2</label>Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Malawi</aff><aff id="aff0003"><label>3</label>Kamuzu College of Nursing, University of Malawi, Malawi</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>&</label>Corresponding author: Alinane Linda Nyondo-Mipando, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Malawi</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><elocation-id>229</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Alinane Linda Nyondo-Mipando et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"><license-p>The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Male involvement (MI) remains a key factor in the enrollment and retention of pregnant women in the Prevention of Mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) services. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of men who accompanied their partners for PMTCT services and secondly, describe the reported reasons for the non-reporting by men for the services in Blantyre, Malawi.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>Methods</title><p>All men included in this analysis were partners of pregnant women enrolled in a MI in PMTCT randomized controlled trial (RCT), which took place in Blantyre, Malawi from 14 June 2013 to 24 February 2014. After randomization women were asked to invite their male partners for PMTCT services either through an invitation card or word of mouth invite. Descriptive statistics were tabulated using Stata.</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>Results</title><p>Of the 462 women randomized, 109 (23.59%) women came back to the clinic with their male partner following the intervention. The majority, 307 (66.5%) women returned to the clinic without their partners. Although most men accepted the intervention, some failed to accompany their partners because of work obligations, a lack of interest in accompanying their partners for the service, and others promised to report at the next clinic visit.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>Conclusion</title><p>The characteristics of men that reported were similar in the two groups, suggesting that demographic characteristics may not greatly influence their decision to be involved in PMTCT services. There is need to develop more flexible strategies to include men in PMTCT programmes.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Male Involvement</kwd><kwd>PMTCT</kwd><kwd>behaviour</kwd><kwd>characteristics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Male involvement (MI) remains a key factor in the enrollment and retention of pregnant women in the Prevention of Mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) services [<xref rid="cit0001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>–<xref rid="cit0003" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. In Malawi, relevance of male partner participation is more highlighted with the implementation of Option B+ as a PMTCT strategy because MI in PMTCT is significant for the uptake of HIV testing and antiretrovirals (ARVs) [<xref rid="cit0003" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="cit0004" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. Option B+, which is the policy for PMTCT services in Malawi since 2011, entails offering of triple antiretrovirals to a woman irrespective of CD4 count or clinical staging. Antiretroviral therapy is continued for life and the infant receives nevirapine daily, from birth until 4-6 weeks irrespective of the choice on infant feeding method [<xref rid="cit0005" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Retention in care under Option B+ has been challenging as evidenced by preliminary assessments in the country which have indicated that more women who started on ARVs based on PMTCT needs were not retained in care than those who started on ARVs because of their clinical condition [<xref rid="cit0006" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. The lack of MI inevitably leads to withdrawals from an effective program and substantial losses at every step of the PMTCT cascade [<xref rid="cit0007" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>–<xref rid="cit0009" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. Although several strategies for the inclusion of male partners have been suggested for Malawi [<xref rid="cit0010" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>, <xref rid="cit0011" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] they have not resulted into improved rates of MI because they have not been implemented to scale. A review by Ditekemena on factors associated with MI showed that men who were more involved in the maternal and child health services were those who were older in age, in monogamous relationships and cohabiting partnerships; involvement was also associated with education and type of occupation; those with higher education and those in more paying jobs were more likely to be involved than their counterparts [<xref rid="cit0012" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. As Malawi aims at optimizing the uptake and retention of women in PMTCT programmes, understanding the characteristics of the men who accompany their partners, their response to implemented strategies and the hindrances to their involvement in PMTCT services remain important. This information is fundamental in optimizing interventions for men currently not participating in PMTCT services as well as strengthening the interventions for the men that participate. Currently, the rates for MI in MTCT and the entire maternal and child health services in Malawi remains low with self-reported rates by women ranging from 3.2% to 23% [<xref rid="cit0003" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="cit0013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>, <xref rid="cit0014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of men who accompanied their partners for PMTCT services and secondly, describe the reported reasons for the lack of participation by men in PMTCT services in Blantyre, Malawi.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods" id="sec2"><title>Methods</title><sec id="sec2.1"><title>Study design</title><p>All men included in this analysis were partners of pregnant women enrolled in a MI in PMTCT randomized controlled trial (RCT) which took place in Blantyre, Malawi from 14 June 2013 to 24 February 2014. The study design, eligibility, interventions, procedures and primary findings have been reported in another article [<xref rid="cit0015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. Briefly, the trial recruited pregnant women of less than or equal to 30 weeks gestation and determined the efficacy of an invitation card as a strategy for inviting male partners to antenatal care. In the RCT the study intervention was an invitation card to a pregnant woman’s partner while women in the standard of care group delivered a “word of mouth invite” as a strategy of inviting their male partners to accompany them for PMTCT at the next study scheduled visit. The women had two follow up visits, 2 and 6 weeks after recruitment [<xref rid="cit0015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. In this article, we describe the baseline characteristics of men that reported for PMTCT with their partners following the intervention. We also describe the reasons for the lack of participation of male partners in PMTCT services following invitations, as reported by their female partners.</p></sec><sec id="sec2.2"><title>Study setting and population and sample size</title><p>The study was conducted at South Lunzu and Mpemba Health Centres in Blantyre, Malawi. Both health centers offer PMTCT services within their antenatal care service and serve a semi urban population [<xref rid="cit0015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. The study included all men whose partners participated in the RCT described above. The women’s sample size for the RCT was 462 pregnant women.</p></sec><sec id="sec2.3"><title>Recruitment</title><p>Men were recruited into the study when they accompanied their spouses following a word of mouth or invitation card invite. The men were eligible as long as their partner had enrolled into the trial. We obtained informed consent from all men that accompanied their partners for PMTCT services. A demographic baseline questionnaire was administered on enrollment and also a questionnaire on the men’s involvement in PMTCT. The demographic data described in this article were obtained from the men that accompanied their partners for PMTCT services using a demographic questionnaire. The data describing the reasons for lack of participation of male partners in the PMTCT services were collected from the women, who reported to the study clinics on subsequent visits unaccompanied by their male partners.</p></sec><sec id="sec2.4"><title>Ethical approval</title><p>The University of Malawi College of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee (COMREC) approved the protocol, consent forms and invitation card on 3 June 2013 (identifier: COMREC No P 09/12/1279). The Blantyre District Health Office permitted the conduct of the trial in the two health centres. All men provided a written informed consent (or a witnessed thumbprint if illiterate) prior to study participation. The trial was registered with Pan African Clinical Trials Registry <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.pactr.org">www.pactr.org</ext-link> (Identifier: PACTR No 201311000675100).</p></sec><sec id="sec2.5"><title>Data management</title><p>All data were captured in a Microsoft Access Database. Data were cleaned for completeness and incomplete information was deemed as missing with a designated code.</p></sec><sec id="sec2.6"><title>Statistical analyses</title><p>Descriptive statistics were tabulated in Stata to compare the men that reported in the invitation card and word of mouth invites groups at baseline. We also present a summary of proportions highlighting the reasons for non-reporting by the men for the PMTCT services following the invitations. We present the interquartile range (IQR) while we summarized categorical variables using proportions.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec3"><title>Results</title><p>Between June 2013 and February 2014, 993 pregnant women were screened for eligibility and 462 women were enrolled in the trial at a 1:1 ratio. Of the 462 women randomized, 109 (23.59%) women came back to the clinic with their male partner following the intervention. Of the 109 men who came, 65 (59.63%) were in the invitation card group while 44 (40.36%) were in the word of mouth group.</p><sec id="sec3.1"><title>Male participant’s baseline characteristics</title><p>Baseline characteristics of the men that reported to the clinic were comparable between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t0001">Table 1</xref>). The median age of the male partners in the invitation card group was 29 years, interquartile range (IOR) 23-33 years while in the word of mouth invite group; it was 28.5 years, IQR 25-35 years. The majority of the male partners were educated to secondary school level with 30 (46.2%) in the invitation card group and 21 (47.7%) in the word of mouth invite group. About half of male participants in each arm were self-employed with 27 (41.5%) and 16 (36.4%) in the intervention and control arm respectively. Most men who reported to the clinic 77 (70.64%) reported to be HIV uninfected while 14 (12.84%) were HIV infected and 18 (16.51%) had an unknown HIV status (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t0002">Table 2</xref>). Of the 14 HIV infected men, 9 were on ART while 5 had not initiated on ARVs because 2 were waiting for CD4 count results to determine eligibility for ARVs, one was scheduled for a counselling session and the other 2 never showed up for counselling after referral.</p><table-wrap id="t0001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Characteristics of male participants (<italic>n</italic>=109)</p></caption><table frame="border" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristics</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intervention N=65</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control N=44</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total N=109</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P Values</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age (years)</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median (IQR)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (23-33)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.5(25-35)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (23-34)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Education</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No education</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (6.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (4.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (5.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (40.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19(43.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (41.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Secondary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 (46.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21(47.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51 (46.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tertiary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (7.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (4.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (6.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Employment Status</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not employed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (23.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13(29.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (25.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Formally employed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (35.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15(34.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (34.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Self employed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (41.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16(36.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 (39.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HIV Status</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Negative</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (69.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32(72.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77 (70.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (15.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4(9.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (12.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (15.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8(18.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (16.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Male partner’s reaction after receipt of an invitation</p></caption><table frame="border" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Partners Reaction</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intervention Arm (N=145)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Arm (N=162) n (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (N=307) n (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">P Value</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Accepted</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">133 (91.72)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142 (87.65)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">275/307 (89.58)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Declined Invitation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (13.10)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (11.11)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (12.05)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Angry with the Invite</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.07)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.62)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (1.30)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Confused with the invite</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.62)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.33)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Promised to attend</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57 (39.31)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79 (48.77)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">136 (44.30)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Did not say anything</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (4.14)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8(4.94)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (4.56)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Note: Only relevant proportions have been presented, therefore the figures are not adding up to N</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec id="sec3.2"><title>Male partners’ reaction following invitation</title><p>Of the 462 women randomized, the majority, 353/462(76.41%) women returned to the clinic without their partners 165 (71.74%) and 188 (81.03%) from the invitation card group and the word of mouth invite group (standard of care group) respectively. Of the women that showed up without their male partners 307/353 (86.97%) had complete data that have been used in this section. Upon presenting the invitation, in total, 89.58% of women reported that their male partners accepted the accepted the invitation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t0002">Table 2</xref>). Majority of the women reported that their partners were neither angry nor confused with them being invited to the ANC clinic (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t0002">Table 2</xref>). None of the women who reported that their partner was angry at the invitation reported of experiencing any physical abuse from her partner. In total, just below half (48.56%) of the women stated that their partners promised to accompany them at the next visit while 5% of the women stated that their partners did not comment or say anything following the invitation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t0002">Table 2</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="sec3.3"><title>Reasons for not reporting for PMTCT services following an invitation</title><p>The major reason as reported by the women in their partners’ non-reporting was the non-availability of their male partners secondary to work obligations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t0003">Table 3</xref>). Seventeen percent of the women in each group reported that their male partners were not interested in accompanying their partners for the service while others promised their female partners that they will report at the next clinic visit or expressed other reasons for not reporting.</p><table-wrap id="t0003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Male partners’ reasons for not reporting at the clinic following an invitation</p></caption><table frame="border" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Reason</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intervention (n=145)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control (n=162)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (n=307)</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">P Value</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uninterested</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (17.93)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27(16.67)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53(17.26)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unavailability</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">116 (80.00)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135(83.33)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">251(81.76)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Next Visit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118 (81.38)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">134(82.72)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">252(82.08)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Other</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (16.55)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (16.05)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 (16.29)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Note: Only relevant proportions have been presented, therefore the figures are not adding up to N</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec4"><title>Discussion</title><p>The characteristics of men that accompanied their partners for PMTCT were similar between the two groups, suggesting that the demographic aspects of the men may not be significant contributors to their attendance to the PMTCT services in this setting. The majority of the men were HIV uninfected while those that were HIV infected were linked to care and were either on ARVs or in Pre ART. This result underscores the opportunity that MI in PMTCT creates for HIV testing and linkage to care for men as reported in Burkina Faso [<xref rid="cit0016" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] and a health education forum for men where health information is shared [<xref rid="cit0004" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="cit0017" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="cit0018" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]. This result remains consistent with findings in Papua New Guinea where men who reported for PMTCT were linked to care after attending to PMTCT services [<xref rid="cit0019" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] thereby highlighting other avenues for men to access HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy [<xref rid="cit0020" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. Although the invitation card was superior to the word of mouth-invite, the card was not a panacea solution and could not serve all male partners. There remain barriers to MI in PMTCT because most men accepted the invitation irrespective of the study group (invitation card versus word of mouth); however it did not translate in most men accompanying their partners. This finding remains congruent with what Tadesse et al [<xref rid="cit0013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] found in Blantyre, Malawi, that despite women believing that their partners would accompany them for antenatal care only 5.2% of the women were ever accompanied by their partners. This result emphasizes the urgency in finding complementary strategies that may be rolled out at the same time to increase MI in PMTCT services and also eliminating the barriers for MI. Despite our study being in a semi urban area, it concurred with what Jeffreys et al. in a Tanzanian implementation study concluded, that official invitation cards may be more effective for MI in PMTCT in a rural area and that the semi-rural areas may need more strategies beyond the letters to increase uptake of the service by men [<xref rid="cit0021" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. The non-availability of men secondary to work or other obligations was the main reason for lack of male involvement in this study. Similarly, a review on the barriers to MI in PMTCT services in sub-Saharan African by Morfaw et al. [<xref rid="cit0022" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] highlighted time constraints secondary to socioeconomic demands and other obligations as a barrier to MI. The formative study prior to this trial alluded to this dilemma that results from work commitments, responsibility of fending for their families versus accompanying their partners for antenatal care [<xref rid="cit0023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. This suggests that male partners may not accompany their partners not out of disinterest, but because of other competing interests such as providing for their families. This finding necessitates the strategies or policies that encourage employers to allow men to accompany their partners for PMTCT without negative consequences to the employees [<xref rid="cit0024" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. Notably, there were some men in this study who were not interested with involvement in the PMTCT services. The lack of interest expressed in this study concurs with findings by Auvinen et al. in a study conducted in Zambia where men were also disinterested with participation in the PMTCT programme [<xref rid="cit0025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="cit0026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] and could be partially explained by the lack of clear policies on the role of men in the programme and the lack of inclusion of men from the inception of the programme [<xref rid="cit0002" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="cit0027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>–<xref rid="cit0031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]. Furthermore, the cultural inappropriateness of MI in female dominated and centred programme [<xref rid="cit0001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="cit0032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>–<xref rid="cit0034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] explains the lack of action.</p><sec id="sec4.1"><title>Study strengths and limitations</title><p>The strength of this study is that it presents findings directly from men who reported for PMTCT services. These men may be different from the men that never reported as such the findings may not be generalizable beyond this group. The reasons for non-reporting were solicited from the women and not directly from the men themselves, which may potentially be biased but since they are partners to the men, they were the best proxy to interview.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="sec5"><title>Conclusion</title><p>The characteristics of men that report for PMTCT services and the barriers to their involvement are critical in the development of male centred projects within the PMTCT programme. The men that reported were similar in the two groups, suggesting that demographic characteristics may not greatly influence their decision. There is need to develop more flexible strategies to include men in PMTCT programmes. There is need to consult with labour laws and act to ensure that men are protected from negative consequences when they accompany their partners for PMTCT services.</p><sec id="sec5.1"><title>What is known about this topic</title><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Demographic characteristics are associated with male attendance to PMTCT;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Men have conflicting roles that hinder their attendance to PMTCT services;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Men abuse their partners for attending to PMTCT.</p></list-item></list></sec><sec id="sec5.2"><title>What this study adds</title><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Although men accepted an invitation to PMTCT, the majority did not report suggesting that an invitation alone is not enough for them to attend PMTCT services;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Flexible and multiple strategies rolled out at the same time may improve male attendance to PMTCT services;</p></list-item><list-item><p>There are some men who will not refuse nor accept an invitation to attend PMTCT service.</p></list-item></list></sec></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>This research was partially funded by a Fellowship award provided by the Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA). CARTA has been funded by the Wellcome Trust (UK) (Grant No: 087547/Z/08/Z), the Department for International Development (DfID) under the Development Partnerships in Higher Education (DelPHE), the Carnegie Corporation of New York (Grant No: B 8606), the Ford Foundation (Grant No: 1100-0399), Google.org (Grant No: 191994), Sida (Grant No: 54100029) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant No: 512<xref rid="cit0028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>). This study was also funded by the Malawi Health Research Capacity Strengthening Initiative, a DFID and Wellcome Trust funded program grant number HRCSI/PhD/12/09. All the funders had no role in the design, analysis and drafting of the manuscript. We would also like to thank Christabel Bwanali, Chisomo Nkalodzwa, Hilda Guta, the research nurses who collected the data; the data entry officers, Tambudzai Chisesele and Grace Jana and the research participants for participating in this study.</p></ack><sec sec-type="COI-statement"><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare no competing interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>ALNM planned the study, developed study methods, developed the analysis plan, analysed the data and drafted the manuscript. AFC and ASM supervised the planning, development of the methods, analysis plan, and data analysis and contributed and supervised the manuscript writing. 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