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<title xml:lang="en">Women’s empowerment and fertility: A review of the literature</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Upadhyay, Ushma D" sort="Upadhyay, Ushma D" uniqKey="Upadhyay U" first="Ushma D." last="Upadhyay">Ushma D. Upadhyay</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1">Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH), Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1330 Broadway, Suite 1100, Oakland, CA 94612, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A7">Women’s Health & Empowerment Center of Expertise, University of California Global Health Institute, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gipson, Jessica D" sort="Gipson, Jessica D" uniqKey="Gipson J" first="Jessica D." last="Gipson">Jessica D. Gipson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, CHS 46-071B, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A7">Women’s Health & Empowerment Center of Expertise, University of California Global Health Institute, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Withers, Mellissa" sort="Withers, Mellissa" uniqKey="Withers M" first="Mellissa" last="Withers">Mellissa Withers</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A3">UCLA Center for the Study of Women, Box 957222, Public Affairs 1500, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7222, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A7">Women’s Health & Empowerment Center of Expertise, University of California Global Health Institute, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lewis, Shayna" sort="Lewis, Shayna" uniqKey="Lewis S" first="Shayna" last="Lewis">Shayna Lewis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A5">UCSF/UC Hastings Consortium on Law, Science and Health Policy, University of California Hastings College of the Law, 200 McAllister St., San Francisco, CA 94102, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ciaraldi, Erica J" sort="Ciaraldi, Erica J" uniqKey="Ciaraldi E" first="Erica J." last="Ciaraldi">Erica J. Ciaraldi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, CHS 46-071B, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fraser, Ashley" sort="Fraser, Ashley" uniqKey="Fraser A" first="Ashley" last="Fraser">Ashley Fraser</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A4">Bixby Center for Population, Health and Sustainability, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 17 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A7">Women’s Health & Empowerment Center of Expertise, University of California Global Health Institute, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Huchko, Megan J" sort="Huchko, Megan J" uniqKey="Huchko M" first="Megan J." last="Huchko">Megan J. Huchko</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A6">San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 50 Beale St, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94105, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A7">Women’s Health & Empowerment Center of Expertise, University of California Global Health Institute, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Prata, Ndola" sort="Prata, Ndola" uniqKey="Prata N" first="Ndola" last="Prata">Ndola Prata</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A4">Bixby Center for Population, Health and Sustainability, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 17 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A7">Women’s Health & Empowerment Center of Expertise, University of California Global Health Institute, United States</nlm:aff>
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<idno type="doi">10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.014</idno>
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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Women’s empowerment and fertility: A review of the literature</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Upadhyay, Ushma D" sort="Upadhyay, Ushma D" uniqKey="Upadhyay U" first="Ushma D." last="Upadhyay">Ushma D. Upadhyay</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1">Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH), Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1330 Broadway, Suite 1100, Oakland, CA 94612, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A7">Women’s Health & Empowerment Center of Expertise, University of California Global Health Institute, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gipson, Jessica D" sort="Gipson, Jessica D" uniqKey="Gipson J" first="Jessica D." last="Gipson">Jessica D. Gipson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, CHS 46-071B, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A7">Women’s Health & Empowerment Center of Expertise, University of California Global Health Institute, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Withers, Mellissa" sort="Withers, Mellissa" uniqKey="Withers M" first="Mellissa" last="Withers">Mellissa Withers</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A3">UCLA Center for the Study of Women, Box 957222, Public Affairs 1500, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7222, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A7">Women’s Health & Empowerment Center of Expertise, University of California Global Health Institute, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lewis, Shayna" sort="Lewis, Shayna" uniqKey="Lewis S" first="Shayna" last="Lewis">Shayna Lewis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A5">UCSF/UC Hastings Consortium on Law, Science and Health Policy, University of California Hastings College of the Law, 200 McAllister St., San Francisco, CA 94102, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ciaraldi, Erica J" sort="Ciaraldi, Erica J" uniqKey="Ciaraldi E" first="Erica J." last="Ciaraldi">Erica J. Ciaraldi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, CHS 46-071B, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fraser, Ashley" sort="Fraser, Ashley" uniqKey="Fraser A" first="Ashley" last="Fraser">Ashley Fraser</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A4">Bixby Center for Population, Health and Sustainability, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 17 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A7">Women’s Health & Empowerment Center of Expertise, University of California Global Health Institute, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Huchko, Megan J" sort="Huchko, Megan J" uniqKey="Huchko M" first="Megan J." last="Huchko">Megan J. Huchko</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A6">San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 50 Beale St, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94105, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A7">Women’s Health & Empowerment Center of Expertise, University of California Global Health Institute, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Prata, Ndola" sort="Prata, Ndola" uniqKey="Prata N" first="Ndola" last="Prata">Ndola Prata</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A4">Bixby Center for Population, Health and Sustainability, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 17 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A7">Women’s Health & Empowerment Center of Expertise, University of California Global Health Institute, United States</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<series>
<title level="j">Social science & medicine (1982)</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0277-9536</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1873-5347</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2014">2014</date>
</imprint>
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<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p id="P2">Women’s empowerment has become a focal point for development efforts worldwide and there is a need for an updated, critical assessment of the existing evidence on women’s empowerment and fertility. We conducted a literature review on studies examining the relationships between women’s empowerment and several fertility-related topics. Among the 60 studies identified for this review, the majority were conducted in South Asia (
<italic>n</italic>
= 35) and used household decision-making as a measure of empowerment (
<italic>n</italic>
= 37). Overall, the vast majority of studies found some positive associations between women’s empowerment and lower fertility, longer birth intervals, and lower rates of unintended pregnancy, but there was some variation in results. In many studies, results differed based on the measure of empowerment used, sociopolitical or gender environment, or sub-population studied. This article is one of the first evaluations of the literature assessing the relationships between women’s empowerment and fertility. We identify several key issues that merit further investigation.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">8303205</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">7517</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Soc Sci Med</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Soc Sci Med</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Social science & medicine (1982)</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0277-9536</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1873-5347</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24955875</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4096045</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.014</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS607858</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Women’s empowerment and fertility: A review of the literature</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Upadhyay</surname>
<given-names>Ushma D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">a</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">g</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="CR1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gipson</surname>
<given-names>Jessica D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">b</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">g</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Withers</surname>
<given-names>Mellissa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">c</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">g</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lewis</surname>
<given-names>Shayna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">e</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ciaraldi</surname>
<given-names>Erica J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">b</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fraser</surname>
<given-names>Ashley</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">d</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">g</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Huchko</surname>
<given-names>Megan J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">f</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">g</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Prata</surname>
<given-names>Ndola</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">d</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">g</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1">
<label>a</label>
Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH), Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1330 Broadway, Suite 1100, Oakland, CA 94612, United States</aff>
<aff id="A2">
<label>b</label>
Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, CHS 46-071B, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States</aff>
<aff id="A3">
<label>c</label>
UCLA Center for the Study of Women, Box 957222, Public Affairs 1500, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7222, United States</aff>
<aff id="A4">
<label>d</label>
Bixby Center for Population, Health and Sustainability, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 17 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States</aff>
<aff id="A5">
<label>e</label>
UCSF/UC Hastings Consortium on Law, Science and Health Policy, University of California Hastings College of the Law, 200 McAllister St., San Francisco, CA 94102, United States</aff>
<aff id="A6">
<label>f</label>
San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 50 Beale St, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94105, United States</aff>
<aff id="A7">
<label>g</label>
Women’s Health & Empowerment Center of Expertise, University of California Global Health Institute, United States</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="CR1">
<label>*</label>
Corresponding author. Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH), Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1330 Broadway, Suite 1100, Oakland, CA 94612, United States. </corresp>
<fn id="FN1">
<p id="P1">
<email>upadhyayu@obgyn.ucsf.edu</email>
,
<email>ushma@jhu.edu</email>
(U.D. Upadhyay),
<email>jgipson@ucla.edu</email>
(J.D. Gipson),
<email>mellwit@yahoo.com</email>
(M. Withers),
<email>lewissh@ uchastings.edu</email>
(S. Lewis),
<email>eciaraldi@ucla.edu</email>
(E.J. Ciaraldi),
<email>afraser@berkeley.edu</email>
(A. Fraser),
<email>megan.huchko@ucsf.edu</email>
(M.J. Huchko),
<email>ndola@berkeley.edu</email>
(N. Prata).</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted">
<day>24</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>11</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>8</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release">
<day>01</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>0</volume>
<fpage>111</fpage>
<lpage>120</lpage>
<pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.014</pmc-comment>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p id="P2">Women’s empowerment has become a focal point for development efforts worldwide and there is a need for an updated, critical assessment of the existing evidence on women’s empowerment and fertility. We conducted a literature review on studies examining the relationships between women’s empowerment and several fertility-related topics. Among the 60 studies identified for this review, the majority were conducted in South Asia (
<italic>n</italic>
= 35) and used household decision-making as a measure of empowerment (
<italic>n</italic>
= 37). Overall, the vast majority of studies found some positive associations between women’s empowerment and lower fertility, longer birth intervals, and lower rates of unintended pregnancy, but there was some variation in results. In many studies, results differed based on the measure of empowerment used, sociopolitical or gender environment, or sub-population studied. This article is one of the first evaluations of the literature assessing the relationships between women’s empowerment and fertility. We identify several key issues that merit further investigation.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Gender</kwd>
<kwd>Women’s empowerment</kwd>
<kwd>Number of children</kwd>
<kwd>Ideal family size</kwd>
<kwd>Fertility</kwd>
<kwd>Birth spacing</kwd>
<kwd>Unintended pregnancy</kwd>
<kwd>Abortion</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>

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