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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Association of Age at First Sex with HIV-1, HSV-2 and other Sexual Transmitted Infections among Women in Northern Tanzania</title>
<author><name sortKey="Ghebremichael, Musie" sort="Ghebremichael, Musie" uniqKey="Ghebremichael M" first="Musie" last="Ghebremichael">Musie Ghebremichael</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Harvard University School of Public Healt, Boston, Massachusetts</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Larsen, Ulla" sort="Larsen, Ulla" uniqKey="Larsen U" first="Ulla" last="Larsen">Ulla Larsen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Paintsil, Elijah" sort="Paintsil, Elijah" uniqKey="Paintsil E" first="Elijah" last="Paintsil">Elijah Paintsil</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">19707109</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3529537</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3529537</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3529537</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181a866b8</idno>
<date when="2009">2009</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001B85</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001B85</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Association of Age at First Sex with HIV-1, HSV-2 and other Sexual Transmitted Infections among Women in Northern Tanzania</title>
<author><name sortKey="Ghebremichael, Musie" sort="Ghebremichael, Musie" uniqKey="Ghebremichael M" first="Musie" last="Ghebremichael">Musie Ghebremichael</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Harvard University School of Public Healt, Boston, Massachusetts</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Larsen, Ulla" sort="Larsen, Ulla" uniqKey="Larsen U" first="Ulla" last="Larsen">Ulla Larsen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Paintsil, Elijah" sort="Paintsil, Elijah" uniqKey="Paintsil E" first="Elijah" last="Paintsil">Elijah Paintsil</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Sexually transmitted diseases</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0148-5717</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1537-4521</idno>
<imprint><date when="2009">2009</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title>
<p id="P1">To examine the association between age at first sex and the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including, HIV-1, and HSV-2 in women in Moshi urban district, northern Tanzania.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S2"><title>Methods</title>
<p id="P2">A total of 2,019 women aged 20–44 were randomly selected in a two-stage sampling from Moshi urban district, northern Tanzania. Information on demographics and sexual behaviors were obtained. Blood and urine samples were drawn for testing of HIV-1, HSV-2 and other STIs.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S3"><title>Results</title>
<p id="P3">Women who had their first sexual intercourse at age 18–19 (OR=0.66; 95% CI=0.50–0.86) or 20+ (OR=0.46; 95% CI=0.36–0.60) were less likely to have STIs, including HIV-1 and HSV-2, than women who had their first intercourse before their 18<sup>th</sup>
birthday. The hazards of having had first sex at an earlier age were significantly higher for women who tested positive for STIs (HR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.37–1.69) or had STI symptoms (HR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.05–1.30). Early age at first sex was associated with having a regular non-cohabiting partner (HR=1.40; 95% CI: 1.23–1.58), female circumcision (HR=1.20; 95% CI: 1.02–1.40), and coercion at first intercourse (HR=1.47; 95% CI: 1.15–1.89).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S4"><title>Conclusions</title>
<p id="P4">In sub-Saharan Africa, where the prevalence of HIV and other STIs is high, a better understanding of the determinants of the age at first sex is crucial for HIV/STI prevention programs. Prevention programs should not only aim at delaying the age at first sex but also address factors leading to early age at first sex.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">7705941</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">7382</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sex Transm Dis</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sex Transm Dis</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Sexually transmitted diseases</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0148-5717</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1537-4521</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19707109</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3529537</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181a866b8</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS427215</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Association of Age at First Sex with HIV-1, HSV-2 and other Sexual Transmitted Infections among Women in Northern Tanzania</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ghebremichael</surname>
<given-names>Musie</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>PhD,</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">*</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">†</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Larsen</surname>
<given-names>Ulla</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>PhD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">§</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paintsil</surname>
<given-names>Elijah</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">‡</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1"><label>*</label>
Harvard University School of Public Healt, Boston, Massachusetts</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>†</label>
Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts</aff>
<aff id="A3"><label>§</label>
Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland</aff>
<aff id="A4"><label>‡</label>
Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Correspondence to: Musie Ghebremichael, Ph.D., Dana Farber Cancer Center Institute and Harvard University School of Public Health, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS-11045, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Phone: 617-632-5868 Fax: 617-632-2444: <email>musie@jimmy.harvard.edu</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>19</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>9</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>24</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>570</fpage>
<lpage>576</lpage>
<abstract><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title>
<p id="P1">To examine the association between age at first sex and the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including, HIV-1, and HSV-2 in women in Moshi urban district, northern Tanzania.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S2"><title>Methods</title>
<p id="P2">A total of 2,019 women aged 20–44 were randomly selected in a two-stage sampling from Moshi urban district, northern Tanzania. Information on demographics and sexual behaviors were obtained. Blood and urine samples were drawn for testing of HIV-1, HSV-2 and other STIs.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S3"><title>Results</title>
<p id="P3">Women who had their first sexual intercourse at age 18–19 (OR=0.66; 95% CI=0.50–0.86) or 20+ (OR=0.46; 95% CI=0.36–0.60) were less likely to have STIs, including HIV-1 and HSV-2, than women who had their first intercourse before their 18<sup>th</sup>
birthday. The hazards of having had first sex at an earlier age were significantly higher for women who tested positive for STIs (HR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.37–1.69) or had STI symptoms (HR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.05–1.30). Early age at first sex was associated with having a regular non-cohabiting partner (HR=1.40; 95% CI: 1.23–1.58), female circumcision (HR=1.20; 95% CI: 1.02–1.40), and coercion at first intercourse (HR=1.47; 95% CI: 1.15–1.89).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S4"><title>Conclusions</title>
<p id="P4">In sub-Saharan Africa, where the prevalence of HIV and other STIs is high, a better understanding of the determinants of the age at first sex is crucial for HIV/STI prevention programs. Prevention programs should not only aim at delaying the age at first sex but also address factors leading to early age at first sex.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Age of at first sex</kwd>
<kwd>sexually transmitted infections</kwd>
<kwd>marginal Cox model</kwd>
<kwd>mixed models</kwd>
<kwd>sub-Saharan Africa</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="United States">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Extramural Activities : NIAID</funding-source>
<award-id>P30 AI060354 || AI</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source country="United States">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Extramural Activities : NIAID</funding-source>
<award-id>K08 AI074404 || AI</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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