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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Molecular and Contextual Markers of Hepatitis C Virus and Drug Abuse</title><author><name sortKey="Shapshak, Paul" sort="Shapshak, Paul" uniqKey="Shapshak P" first="Paul" last="Shapshak">Paul Shapshak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Somboonwit, Charurut" sort="Somboonwit, Charurut" uniqKey="Somboonwit C" first="Charurut" last="Somboonwit">Charurut Somboonwit</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drumright, Lydia N" sort="Drumright, Lydia N" uniqKey="Drumright L" first="Lydia N." last="Drumright">Lydia N. Drumright</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Division of International Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frost, Simon D W" sort="Frost, Simon D W" uniqKey="Frost S" first="Simon D. W." last="Frost">Simon D. W. Frost</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Commins, Deborah" sort="Commins, Deborah" uniqKey="Commins D" first="Deborah" last="Commins">Deborah Commins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tellinghuisen, Timothy L" sort="Tellinghuisen, Timothy L" uniqKey="Tellinghuisen T" first="Timothy L." last="Tellinghuisen">Timothy L. Tellinghuisen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, William K" sort="Scott, William K" uniqKey="Scott W" first="William K." last="Scott">William K. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Miami Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duncan, Robert" sort="Duncan, Robert" uniqKey="Duncan R" first="Robert" last="Duncan">Robert Duncan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Epidemiology, Comprehensive Drug Research Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccoy, Clyde" sort="Mccoy, Clyde" uniqKey="Mccoy C" first="Clyde" last="Mccoy">Clyde Mccoy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Epidemiology, Comprehensive Drug Research Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Page, J Bryan" sort="Page, J Bryan" uniqKey="Page J" first="J. Bryan" last="Page">J. Bryan Page</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Comprehensive Drug Research Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giunta, Brian" sort="Giunta, Brian" uniqKey="Giunta B" first="Brian" last="Giunta">Brian Giunta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandez, Francisco" sort="Fernandez, Francisco" uniqKey="Fernandez F" first="Francisco" last="Fernandez">Francisco Fernandez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singer, Elyse" sort="Singer, Elyse" uniqKey="Singer E" first="Elyse" last="Singer">Elyse Singer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Neurology and National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levine, Andrew" sort="Levine, Andrew" uniqKey="Levine A" first="Andrew" last="Levine">Andrew Levine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Neurology and National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Minagar, Alireza" sort="Minagar, Alireza" uniqKey="Minagar A" first="Alireza" last="Minagar">Alireza Minagar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oluwadara, Oluwadayo" sort="Oluwadara, Oluwadayo" uniqKey="Oluwadara O" first="Oluwadayo" last="Oluwadara">Oluwadayo Oluwadara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kotila, Taiwo" sort="Kotila, Taiwo" uniqKey="Kotila T" first="Taiwo" last="Kotila">Taiwo Kotila</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Hematology, College of Medicine and University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiappelli, Francesco" sort="Chiappelli, Francesco" uniqKey="Chiappelli F" first="Francesco" last="Chiappelli">Francesco Chiappelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sinnott, John T" sort="Sinnott, John T" uniqKey="Sinnott J" first="John T." last="Sinnott">John T. Sinnott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19650670</idno><idno type="pmc">4447498</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4447498</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4447498</idno><idno type="doi">10.2165/01250444-200913030-00002</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001A38</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001A38</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Molecular and Contextual Markers of Hepatitis C Virus and Drug Abuse</title><author><name sortKey="Shapshak, Paul" sort="Shapshak, Paul" uniqKey="Shapshak P" first="Paul" last="Shapshak">Paul Shapshak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Somboonwit, Charurut" sort="Somboonwit, Charurut" uniqKey="Somboonwit C" first="Charurut" last="Somboonwit">Charurut Somboonwit</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drumright, Lydia N" sort="Drumright, Lydia N" uniqKey="Drumright L" first="Lydia N." last="Drumright">Lydia N. Drumright</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Division of International Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frost, Simon D W" sort="Frost, Simon D W" uniqKey="Frost S" first="Simon D. W." last="Frost">Simon D. W. Frost</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Commins, Deborah" sort="Commins, Deborah" uniqKey="Commins D" first="Deborah" last="Commins">Deborah Commins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tellinghuisen, Timothy L" sort="Tellinghuisen, Timothy L" uniqKey="Tellinghuisen T" first="Timothy L." last="Tellinghuisen">Timothy L. Tellinghuisen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, William K" sort="Scott, William K" uniqKey="Scott W" first="William K." last="Scott">William K. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Miami Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duncan, Robert" sort="Duncan, Robert" uniqKey="Duncan R" first="Robert" last="Duncan">Robert Duncan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Epidemiology, Comprehensive Drug Research Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccoy, Clyde" sort="Mccoy, Clyde" uniqKey="Mccoy C" first="Clyde" last="Mccoy">Clyde Mccoy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Epidemiology, Comprehensive Drug Research Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Page, J Bryan" sort="Page, J Bryan" uniqKey="Page J" first="J. Bryan" last="Page">J. Bryan Page</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Comprehensive Drug Research Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giunta, Brian" sort="Giunta, Brian" uniqKey="Giunta B" first="Brian" last="Giunta">Brian Giunta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandez, Francisco" sort="Fernandez, Francisco" uniqKey="Fernandez F" first="Francisco" last="Fernandez">Francisco Fernandez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singer, Elyse" sort="Singer, Elyse" uniqKey="Singer E" first="Elyse" last="Singer">Elyse Singer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Neurology and National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levine, Andrew" sort="Levine, Andrew" uniqKey="Levine A" first="Andrew" last="Levine">Andrew Levine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Neurology and National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Minagar, Alireza" sort="Minagar, Alireza" uniqKey="Minagar A" first="Alireza" last="Minagar">Alireza Minagar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oluwadara, Oluwadayo" sort="Oluwadara, Oluwadayo" uniqKey="Oluwadara O" first="Oluwadayo" last="Oluwadara">Oluwadayo Oluwadara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kotila, Taiwo" sort="Kotila, Taiwo" uniqKey="Kotila T" first="Taiwo" last="Kotila">Taiwo Kotila</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Hematology, College of Medicine and University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiappelli, Francesco" sort="Chiappelli, Francesco" uniqKey="Chiappelli F" first="Francesco" last="Chiappelli">Francesco Chiappelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sinnott, John T" sort="Sinnott, John T" uniqKey="Sinnott J" first="John T." last="Sinnott">John T. Sinnott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Molecular diagnosis & therapy</title><idno type="ISSN">1177-1062</idno><idno type="eISSN">1179-2000</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">The spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection involves a complex interplay of social risks, and molecular factors of both virus and host. Injection drug abuse is the most powerful risk factor for HCV infection, followed by sexual transmission and additional non-injection drug abuse factors such as co-infection with other viruses and barriers to treatment. It is clearly important to understand the wider context in which the factors related to HCV infection occur. This understanding is required for a comprehensive approach leading to the successful prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of HCV. An additional consideration is that current treatments and advanced molecular methods are generally unavailable to socially disadvantaged patients. Thus, the recognition of behavioral/social, viral, and host factors as components of an integrated approach to HCV is important to help this vulnerable group. Equally important, this approach is key to the development of personalized patient treatment – a significant goal in global healthcare.</p><p id="P2">In this review, we discuss recent findings concerning the impact of drug abuse, epidemiology, social behavior, virology, immunopathology, and genetics on HCV infection and the course of disease.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">101264260</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">32916</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Mol Diagn Ther</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Mol Diagn Ther</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Molecular diagnosis & therapy</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1177-1062</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1179-2000</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19650670</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4447498</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2165/01250444-200913030-00002</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS582670</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Molecular and Contextual Markers of Hepatitis C Virus and Drug Abuse</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shapshak</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Somboonwit</surname><given-names>Charurut</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Drumright</surname><given-names>Lydia N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frost</surname><given-names>Simon D.W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Commins</surname><given-names>Deborah</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tellinghuisen</surname><given-names>Timothy L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Scott</surname><given-names>William K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duncan</surname><given-names>Robert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McCoy</surname><given-names>Clyde</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Page</surname><given-names>J. Bryan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Giunta</surname><given-names>Brian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fernandez</surname><given-names>Francisco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Singer</surname><given-names>Elyse</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Levine</surname><given-names>Andrew</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Minagar</surname><given-names>Alireza</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oluwadara</surname><given-names>Oluwadayo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kotila</surname><given-names>Taiwo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chiappelli</surname><given-names>Francesco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sinnott</surname><given-names>John T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida, USA</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Division of International Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label>Miami Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label>Department of Epidemiology, Comprehensive Drug Research Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label>Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Comprehensive Drug Research Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label>Department of Neurology and National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, California, USA</aff><aff id="A12"><label>12</label>Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA</aff><aff id="A13"><label>13</label>Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA</aff><aff id="A14"><label>14</label>Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</aff><aff id="A15"><label>15</label>Department of Hematology, College of Medicine and University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Correspondence: <italic>Paul Shapshak</italic>, PhD, Division of Infectious Disease, University of South Florida Health, Tampa General Hospital, 2 Columbia Drive, Tampa, FL 33606, USA. <email>pshapshak@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>19</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>28</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>153</fpage><lpage>179</lpage><pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.2165/01250444-200913030-00002</pmc-comment>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2009 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2009</copyright-year></permissions><abstract><p id="P1">The spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection involves a complex interplay of social risks, and molecular factors of both virus and host. Injection drug abuse is the most powerful risk factor for HCV infection, followed by sexual transmission and additional non-injection drug abuse factors such as co-infection with other viruses and barriers to treatment. It is clearly important to understand the wider context in which the factors related to HCV infection occur. This understanding is required for a comprehensive approach leading to the successful prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of HCV. An additional consideration is that current treatments and advanced molecular methods are generally unavailable to socially disadvantaged patients. Thus, the recognition of behavioral/social, viral, and host factors as components of an integrated approach to HCV is important to help this vulnerable group. Equally important, this approach is key to the development of personalized patient treatment – a significant goal in global healthcare.</p><p id="P2">In this review, we discuss recent findings concerning the impact of drug abuse, epidemiology, social behavior, virology, immunopathology, and genetics on HCV infection and the course of disease.</p></abstract></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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