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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">HIV co-infection with tuberculous and non-tuberculous mycobacteria in western Kenya: challenges in the diagnosis and management</title>
<author><name sortKey="Nyamogoba, H Dn" sort="Nyamogoba, H Dn" uniqKey="Nyamogoba H" first="H Dn" last="Nyamogoba">H Dn Nyamogoba</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Moi University School of Medicine, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mbuthia, G" sort="Mbuthia, G" uniqKey="Mbuthia G" first="G" last="Mbuthia">G. Mbuthia</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Moi University School of Public Health, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mining, S" sort="Mining, S" uniqKey="Mining S" first="S" last="Mining">S. Mining</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Moi University School of Medicine, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kikuvi, G" sort="Kikuvi, G" uniqKey="Kikuvi G" first="G" last="Kikuvi">G. Kikuvi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Biegon, R" sort="Biegon, R" uniqKey="Biegon R" first="R" last="Biegon">R. Biegon</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Moi University School of Medicine, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mpoke, S" sort="Mpoke, S" uniqKey="Mpoke S" first="S" last="Mpoke">S. Mpoke</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Menya, D" sort="Menya, D" uniqKey="Menya D" first="D" last="Menya">D. Menya</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Moi University School of Public Health, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waiyaki, P G" sort="Waiyaki, P G" uniqKey="Waiyaki P" first="P G" last="Waiyaki">P G Waiyaki</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">23382744</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3557672</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3557672</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3557672</idno>
<date when="2012">2012</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001527</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001527</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">HIV co-infection with tuberculous and non-tuberculous mycobacteria in western Kenya: challenges in the diagnosis and management</title>
<author><name sortKey="Nyamogoba, H Dn" sort="Nyamogoba, H Dn" uniqKey="Nyamogoba H" first="H Dn" last="Nyamogoba">H Dn Nyamogoba</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Moi University School of Medicine, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mbuthia, G" sort="Mbuthia, G" uniqKey="Mbuthia G" first="G" last="Mbuthia">G. Mbuthia</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Moi University School of Public Health, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mining, S" sort="Mining, S" uniqKey="Mining S" first="S" last="Mining">S. Mining</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Moi University School of Medicine, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kikuvi, G" sort="Kikuvi, G" uniqKey="Kikuvi G" first="G" last="Kikuvi">G. Kikuvi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Biegon, R" sort="Biegon, R" uniqKey="Biegon R" first="R" last="Biegon">R. Biegon</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Moi University School of Medicine, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mpoke, S" sort="Mpoke, S" uniqKey="Mpoke S" first="S" last="Mpoke">S. Mpoke</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Menya, D" sort="Menya, D" uniqKey="Menya D" first="D" last="Menya">D. Menya</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Moi University School of Public Health, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waiyaki, P G" sort="Waiyaki, P G" uniqKey="Waiyaki P" first="P G" last="Waiyaki">P G Waiyaki</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">African Health Sciences</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1680-6905</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1729-0503</idno>
<imprint><date when="2012">2012</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co-infections have a global prevalence with devastating morbidity and massive mortality, Sub-Saharan Africa being the worst hit.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Objectives</title>
<p>To evaluate the prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection and demonstrate the confusion caused by NTM and HIV/AIDS co-infection in TB diagnosis and treatment in western Kenya.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title>
<p>In a cross-sectional study carried out at 10 hospitals in western Kenya, sputa from consenting 872 TB suspects underwent microscopy, and culture on Lowenstein-Jensen and Mycobacteria Growth Index Tube media. Isolates were identified using the Hain's GenoType<sup>®</sup>
<italic>Mycobacterium</italic>
CM and GenoType<sup>®</sup>
<italic>Mycobacterium</italic>
AS kits. A total of 695 participants were screened for HIV using Uni-Gold™ test and positives confirmed with the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title>
<p>A total of 346 (39.7%) participants were diagnosed with TB. Out of the 346 TB cases, 263 (76%) were tested for HIV infection and 110 (41.8%) of these were sero-positive (co-infected). The female to male TB-HIV co-infection prevalence ratio (PR) was 1.35. This study reports isolation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from TB suspects at a rate of 1.7%.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>A high TB-HIV co-infection rate was observed in this study. The NTM disease could be misdiagnosed and treated as TB in western Kenya.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Afr Health Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Afr Health Sci</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>African Health Sciences</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1680-6905</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1729-0503</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Makerere Medical School</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Kampala, Uganda</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23382744</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3557672</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jAFHS.v12.i3.pg305</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>HIV co-infection with tuberculous and non-tuberculous mycobacteria in western Kenya: challenges in the diagnosis and management</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nyamogoba</surname>
<given-names>H DN</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mbuthia</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mining</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kikuvi</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Biegon</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mpoke</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Menya</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Waiyaki</surname>
<given-names>P G</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1"><label>1</label>
Moi University School of Medicine, Kenya</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>2</label>
Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya</aff>
<aff id="A3"><label>3</label>
Moi University School of Public Health, Kenya</aff>
<aff id="A4"><label>4</label>
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya</aff>
<author-notes><corresp><bold>*Corresponding author:</bold>
Nyamogoba H DN Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology P.O. Box 4606 Eldoret Kenya E-mail: <email>henrynyamogoba@yahoo.co.uk</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>9</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>305</fpage>
<lpage>311</lpage>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © Makerere Medical School, Uganda 2012</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co-infections have a global prevalence with devastating morbidity and massive mortality, Sub-Saharan Africa being the worst hit.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Objectives</title>
<p>To evaluate the prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection and demonstrate the confusion caused by NTM and HIV/AIDS co-infection in TB diagnosis and treatment in western Kenya.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title>
<p>In a cross-sectional study carried out at 10 hospitals in western Kenya, sputa from consenting 872 TB suspects underwent microscopy, and culture on Lowenstein-Jensen and Mycobacteria Growth Index Tube media. Isolates were identified using the Hain's GenoType<sup>®</sup>
<italic>Mycobacterium</italic>
CM and GenoType<sup>®</sup>
<italic>Mycobacterium</italic>
AS kits. A total of 695 participants were screened for HIV using Uni-Gold™ test and positives confirmed with the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title>
<p>A total of 346 (39.7%) participants were diagnosed with TB. Out of the 346 TB cases, 263 (76%) were tested for HIV infection and 110 (41.8%) of these were sero-positive (co-infected). The female to male TB-HIV co-infection prevalence ratio (PR) was 1.35. This study reports isolation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from TB suspects at a rate of 1.7%.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>A high TB-HIV co-infection rate was observed in this study. The NTM disease could be misdiagnosed and treated as TB in western Kenya.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Tuberculosis</kwd>
<kwd>HIV co-infection</kwd>
<kwd>high prevalence</kwd>
<kwd>TB diagnosis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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