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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Estimating Alcohol Content of Traditional Brew in Western Kenya Using Culturally Relevant Methods: The Case for Cost Over Volume</title><author><name sortKey="Papas, Rebecca K" sort="Papas, Rebecca K" uniqKey="Papas R" first="Rebecca K." last="Papas">Rebecca K. Papas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sidle, John E" sort="Sidle, John E" uniqKey="Sidle J" first="John E." last="Sidle">John E. Sidle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wamalwa, Emmanuel S" sort="Wamalwa, Emmanuel S" uniqKey="Wamalwa E" first="Emmanuel S." last="Wamalwa">Emmanuel S. Wamalwa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okumu, Thomas O" sort="Okumu, Thomas O" uniqKey="Okumu T" first="Thomas O." last="Okumu">Thomas O. Okumu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bryant, Kendall L" sort="Bryant, Kendall L" uniqKey="Bryant K" first="Kendall L." last="Bryant">Kendall L. Bryant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goulet, Joseph L" sort="Goulet, Joseph L" uniqKey="Goulet J" first="Joseph L." last="Goulet">Joseph L. Goulet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maisto, Stephen A" sort="Maisto, Stephen A" uniqKey="Maisto S" first="Stephen A." last="Maisto">Stephen A. Maisto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Braithwaite, R Scott" sort="Braithwaite, R Scott" uniqKey="Braithwaite R" first="R. Scott" last="Braithwaite">R. Scott Braithwaite</name></author><author><name sortKey="Justice, Amy C" sort="Justice, Amy C" uniqKey="Justice A" first="Amy C." last="Justice">Amy C. Justice</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19015972</idno><idno type="pmc">2909349</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2909349</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2909349</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s10461-008-9492-z</idno><date when="2008">2008</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001119</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001119</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Estimating Alcohol Content of Traditional Brew in Western Kenya Using Culturally Relevant Methods: The Case for Cost Over Volume</title><author><name sortKey="Papas, Rebecca K" sort="Papas, Rebecca K" uniqKey="Papas R" first="Rebecca K." last="Papas">Rebecca K. Papas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sidle, John E" sort="Sidle, John E" uniqKey="Sidle J" first="John E." last="Sidle">John E. Sidle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wamalwa, Emmanuel S" sort="Wamalwa, Emmanuel S" uniqKey="Wamalwa E" first="Emmanuel S." last="Wamalwa">Emmanuel S. Wamalwa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okumu, Thomas O" sort="Okumu, Thomas O" uniqKey="Okumu T" first="Thomas O." last="Okumu">Thomas O. Okumu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bryant, Kendall L" sort="Bryant, Kendall L" uniqKey="Bryant K" first="Kendall L." last="Bryant">Kendall L. Bryant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goulet, Joseph L" sort="Goulet, Joseph L" uniqKey="Goulet J" first="Joseph L." last="Goulet">Joseph L. Goulet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maisto, Stephen A" sort="Maisto, Stephen A" uniqKey="Maisto S" first="Stephen A." last="Maisto">Stephen A. Maisto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Braithwaite, R Scott" sort="Braithwaite, R Scott" uniqKey="Braithwaite R" first="R. Scott" last="Braithwaite">R. Scott Braithwaite</name></author><author><name sortKey="Justice, Amy C" sort="Justice, Amy C" uniqKey="Justice A" first="Amy C." last="Justice">Amy C. Justice</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">AIDS and behavior</title><idno type="ISSN">1090-7165</idno><idno type="eISSN">1573-3254</idno><imprint><date when="2008">2008</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">Traditional homemade brew is believed to represent the highest proportion of alcohol use in sub-Saharan Africa. In Eldoret, Kenya, two types of brew are common: chang’aa, spirits, and busaa, maize beer. Local residents refer to the amount of brew consumed by the amount of money spent, suggesting a culturally relevant estimation method. The purposes of this study were to analyze ethanol content of chang’aa and busaa; and to compare two methods of alcohol estimation: use by cost, and use by volume, the latter the current international standard. Laboratory results showed mean ethanol content was 34% (SD = 14%) for chang’aa and 4% (SD = 1%) for busaa. Standard drink unit equivalents for chang’aa and busaa, respectively, were 2 and 1.3 (US) and 3.5 and 2.3 (Great Britain). Using a computational approach, both methods demonstrated comparable results. We conclude that cost estimation of alcohol content is more culturally relevant and does not differ in accuracy from the international standard.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="EN"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">9712133</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">21042</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">AIDS Behav</journal-id><journal-title>AIDS and behavior</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">1090-7165</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1573-3254</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19015972</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2909349</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10461-008-9492-z</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS197699</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Estimating Alcohol Content of Traditional Brew in Western Kenya Using Culturally Relevant Methods: The Case for Cost Over Volume</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Papas</surname><given-names>Rebecca K.</given-names></name><aff id="A1">Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA</aff><email>Rebecca.papas@yale.edu</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sidle</surname><given-names>John E.</given-names></name><aff id="A2">Department of Medicine, Moi University Faculty of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 5550, Eldoret, Kenya</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wamalwa</surname><given-names>Emmanuel S.</given-names></name><aff id="A3">P.O. Box 5550, Eldoret, Kenya</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Okumu</surname><given-names>Thomas O.</given-names></name><aff id="A4">Kenya Bureau of Standards, Nairobi, Kenya</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bryant</surname><given-names>Kendall L.</given-names></name><aff id="A5">National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goulet</surname><given-names>Joseph L.</given-names></name><aff id="A6">Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maisto</surname><given-names>Stephen A.</given-names></name><aff id="A7">Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Braithwaite</surname><given-names>R. Scott</given-names></name><aff id="A8">Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Justice</surname><given-names>Amy C.</given-names></name><aff id="A9">Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>26</day><month>4</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>8</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>8</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>836</fpage><lpage>844</lpage><abstract><p id="P1">Traditional homemade brew is believed to represent the highest proportion of alcohol use in sub-Saharan Africa. In Eldoret, Kenya, two types of brew are common: chang’aa, spirits, and busaa, maize beer. Local residents refer to the amount of brew consumed by the amount of money spent, suggesting a culturally relevant estimation method. The purposes of this study were to analyze ethanol content of chang’aa and busaa; and to compare two methods of alcohol estimation: use by cost, and use by volume, the latter the current international standard. Laboratory results showed mean ethanol content was 34% (SD = 14%) for chang’aa and 4% (SD = 1%) for busaa. Standard drink unit equivalents for chang’aa and busaa, respectively, were 2 and 1.3 (US) and 3.5 and 2.3 (Great Britain). Using a computational approach, both methods demonstrated comparable results. We conclude that cost estimation of alcohol content is more culturally relevant and does not differ in accuracy from the international standard.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Alcohol</kwd><kwd>Traditional brew</kwd><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>Kenya</kwd><kwd>Cognitive behavioral treatment</kwd></kwd-group><contract-num rid="AA1">R21 AA016884-02
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