Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Willingness to receive text message medication reminders among patients on antiretroviral treatment in North West Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study</title><author><name sortKey="Kebede, Mihiretu" sort="Kebede, Mihiretu" uniqKey="Kebede M" first="Mihiretu" last="Kebede">Mihiretu Kebede</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Health Informatics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeleke, Atinkut" sort="Zeleke, Atinkut" uniqKey="Zeleke A" first="Atinkut" last="Zeleke">Atinkut Zeleke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asemahagn, Mulusew" sort="Asemahagn, Mulusew" uniqKey="Asemahagn M" first="Mulusew" last="Asemahagn">Mulusew Asemahagn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Bahirdar University, Bahirdar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fritz, Fleur" sort="Fritz, Fleur" uniqKey="Fritz F" first="Fleur" last="Fritz">Fleur Fritz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26268394</idno><idno type="pmc">4535252</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4535252</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4535252</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12911-015-0193-z</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000642</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000642</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Willingness to receive text message medication reminders among patients on antiretroviral treatment in North West Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study</title><author><name sortKey="Kebede, Mihiretu" sort="Kebede, Mihiretu" uniqKey="Kebede M" first="Mihiretu" last="Kebede">Mihiretu Kebede</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Health Informatics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeleke, Atinkut" sort="Zeleke, Atinkut" uniqKey="Zeleke A" first="Atinkut" last="Zeleke">Atinkut Zeleke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asemahagn, Mulusew" sort="Asemahagn, Mulusew" uniqKey="Asemahagn M" first="Mulusew" last="Asemahagn">Mulusew Asemahagn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Bahirdar University, Bahirdar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fritz, Fleur" sort="Fritz, Fleur" uniqKey="Fritz F" first="Fleur" last="Fritz">Fleur Fritz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making</title><idno type="eISSN">1472-6947</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Non-adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) is strongly associated with virologic rebound and drug resistance. Studies have shown that the most frequently mentioned reason for missing ART doses is the forgetfulness of patients to take their medications on time. Therefore using communication devices as reminder tools, for example alarms, pagers, text messages and telephone calls could improve adherence to ART. The aim of this study is to measure access to cellphones, willingness to receive text message medication reminders and to identify associated factors of ART patients at the University of Gondar Hospital, in North West Ethiopia.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>An institution based cross sectional quantitative study was conducted among 423 patients on ART during April 2014. Data were collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data entry and analysis were done using Epi-Info version 7 and SPSS version 20 respectively. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to describe the characteristic of the sample and identify factors associated with the willingness to receive text message medication reminders.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A total of 415 (98 % response rate) respondents participated in the interview. The majority of respondents 316 (76.1 %) owned a cellphone, and 161(50.9 %) were willing to receive text message medication reminders. Positively associated factors to the willingness were the following: Younger age group (AOR = 5.18, 95 % CI: [1.69, 15.94]), having secondary or higher education (AOR = 4.61, 95 % CI: [1.33, 16.01]), using internet (AOR = 3.94, 95 % CI: [1.67, 9.31]), not disclosing HIV status to anyone other than HCP (Health Care Provider) (AOR = 3.03, 95 % CI: [1.20, 7.61]), availability of radio in dwelling (AOR = 2.74 95 % CI: [1.27, 5.88]), not answering unknown calls (AOR = 2.67, 95 % CI: [1.34, 5.32]), use of cellphone alarm as medication reminder (AOR = 2.22, 95%CI [1.09, 4.52]), and forgetting to take medications (AOR = 2.13, 95 % CI: [1.14, 3.96]).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>A high proportion of respondents have a cell phone and are willing to use it as medication reminders. Age, educational status and using internet were the main factors that are significantly associated with the willingness of patients to receive text message medication reminders.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12911-015-0193-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beith, A" uniqKey="Beith A">A Beith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, A" uniqKey="Johnson A">A Johnson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sethi, Ak" uniqKey="Sethi A">AK Sethi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Celentano, Dd" uniqKey="Celentano D">DD Celentano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gange, Sj" uniqKey="Gange S">SJ Gange</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Rd" uniqKey="Moore R">RD Moore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gallant, Je" uniqKey="Gallant J">JE Gallant</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tessema, B" uniqKey="Tessema B">B Tessema</name></author><author><name sortKey="Biadglegne, F" uniqKey="Biadglegne F">F Biadglegne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mulu, A" uniqKey="Mulu A">A Mulu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Getachew, A" uniqKey="Getachew A">A Getachew</name></author><author><name sortKey="Emmrich, F" uniqKey="Emmrich F">F Emmrich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sack, S" uniqKey="Sack S">S Sack</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Szilagyi, Pg" uniqKey="Szilagyi P">PG Szilagyi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bordley, C" uniqKey="Bordley C">C Bordley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vann, Jc" uniqKey="Vann J">JC Vann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chelminski, A" uniqKey="Chelminski A">A Chelminski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kraus, Rm" uniqKey="Kraus R">RM Kraus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Margolis, Pa" uniqKey="Margolis P">PA Margolis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rodewald, Le" uniqKey="Rodewald L">LE Rodewald</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xiaoqi, W" uniqKey="Xiaoqi W">W Xiaoqi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Z" uniqKey="Wu Z">Z Wu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Frick, Pa" uniqKey="Frick P">PA Frick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lavreys, L" uniqKey="Lavreys L">L Lavreys</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mandaliya, K" uniqKey="Mandaliya K">K Mandaliya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kreiss, Jk" uniqKey="Kreiss J">JK Kreiss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dunbar, Pj" uniqKey="Dunbar P">PJ Dunbar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Madigan, D" uniqKey="Madigan D">D Madigan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grohskopf, La" uniqKey="Grohskopf L">LA Grohskopf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Revere, D" uniqKey="Revere D">D Revere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woodward, J" uniqKey="Woodward J">J Woodward</name></author><author><name sortKey="Minstrell, J" uniqKey="Minstrell J">J Minstrell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Melbourne, Km" uniqKey="Melbourne K">KM Melbourne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geletko, Sm" uniqKey="Geletko S">SM Geletko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Sl" uniqKey="Brown S">SL Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Willey Lessne, C" uniqKey="Willey Lessne C">C Willey-Lessne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chase, S" uniqKey="Chase S">S Chase</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fisher, A" uniqKey="Fisher A">A Fisher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Perrine, R" uniqKey="Perrine R">R Perrine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kouanfack, C" uniqKey="Kouanfack C">C Kouanfack</name></author><author><name sortKey="Julien, C" uniqKey="Julien C">C Julien</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fabienne, M" uniqKey="Fabienne M">M Fabienne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sylvie, B" uniqKey="Sylvie B">B Sylvie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eric, D" uniqKey="Eric D">D Eric</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patrizia, C" uniqKey="Patrizia C">C Patrizia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Christian, L" uniqKey="Christian L">L Christian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruno, S" uniqKey="Bruno S">S Bruno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stratall, Anrs" uniqKey="Stratall A">ANRS Stratall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rashmi, R" uniqKey="Rashmi R">R Rashmi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shet, A" uniqKey="Shet A">A Shet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jimmy, A" uniqKey="Jimmy A">A Jimmy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kristi, S" uniqKey="Kristi S">S Kristi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karthika, A" uniqKey="Karthika A">A Karthika</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shubha, K" uniqKey="Shubha K">K Shubha</name></author><author><name sortKey="D Ouza, G" uniqKey="D Ouza G">G D’Souza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ayesha, D" uniqKey="Ayesha D">D Ayesha</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cristian Pop Elechesa, Ht" uniqKey="Cristian Pop Elechesa H">HT Cristian Pop-Elechesa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Habyarimanae, Jp" uniqKey="Habyarimanae J">JP Habyarimanae</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zivinf, Jg" uniqKey="Zivinf J">JG Zivinf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goldsteing, Mp" uniqKey="Goldsteing M">MP Goldsteing</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Walqueg, D" uniqKey="De Walqueg D">D de Walqueg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mackeenh, L" uniqKey="Mackeenh L">L MacKeenh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Habereri, J" uniqKey="Habereri J">J Habereri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kimaiyoj, S" uniqKey="Kimaiyoj S">S Kimaiyoj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sidlek, J" uniqKey="Sidlek J">J Sidlek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ngarem, D" uniqKey="Ngarem D">D Ngarem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bangsbergn, Dr" uniqKey="Bangsbergn D">DR Bangsbergn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andrzej, Z" uniqKey="Andrzej Z">Z Andrzej</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zieli Ski, K" uniqKey="Zieli Ski K">K Zieliński</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tesfa, T" uniqKey="Tesfa T">T Tesfa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Weide, T" uniqKey="Van Der Weide T">T van der Weide</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tamaryn, C" uniqKey="Tamaryn C">C Tamaryn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corless, Ib" uniqKey="Corless I">IB Corless</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janet, G" uniqKey="Janet G">G Janet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patrice, Kn" uniqKey="Patrice K">KN Patrice</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quentin, E" uniqKey="Quentin E">E Quentin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lisa, Mb" uniqKey="Lisa M">MB Lisa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lester, Rt" uniqKey="Lester R">RT Lester</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gelmon, L" uniqKey="Gelmon L">L Gelmon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Plummer, Fa" uniqKey="Plummer F">FA Plummer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Naing, L" uniqKey="Naing L">L Naing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winn, T" uniqKey="Winn T">T Winn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rusli, Bn" uniqKey="Rusli B">BN Rusli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tanbakuch, A" uniqKey="Tanbakuch A">A Tanbakuch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stephen, M" uniqKey="Stephen M">M Stephen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franz, E" uniqKey="Franz E">E Franz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, S" uniqKey="Thomas S">S Thomas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xiaoab, Y" uniqKey="Xiaoab Y">Y Xiaoab</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jic, G" uniqKey="Jic G">G Jic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tiana, C" uniqKey="Tiana C">C Tiana</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lia, H" uniqKey="Lia H">H Lia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Biaod, W" uniqKey="Biaod W">W Biaod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Z" uniqKey="Hu Z">Z Hu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Piette, Jd" uniqKey="Piette J">JD Piette</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mendoza Avelares, Mo" uniqKey="Mendoza Avelares M">MO Mendoza-Avelares</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milton, Ec" uniqKey="Milton E">EC Milton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lange, I" uniqKey="Lange I">I Lange</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roosevelt, F" uniqKey="Roosevelt F">F Roosevelt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leite, L" uniqKey="Leite L">L Leite</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buresh, M" uniqKey="Buresh M">M Buresh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rios, N" uniqKey="Rios N">N Rios</name></author><author><name sortKey="Conley, A" uniqKey="Conley A">A Conley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flys, T" uniqKey="Flys T">T Flys</name></author><author><name sortKey="Page, K" uniqKey="Page K">K Page</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Balogun, Mr" uniqKey="Balogun M">MR Balogun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sekoni, Ao" uniqKey="Sekoni A">AO Sekoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okafor, Ip" uniqKey="Okafor I">IP Okafor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Odukoya, Oo" uniqKey="Odukoya O">OO Odukoya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ezeiru, Ss" uniqKey="Ezeiru S">SS Ezeiru</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogunnowo, Be" uniqKey="Ogunnowo B">BE Ogunnowo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Pc" uniqKey="Campbell P">PC Campbell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bach, X" uniqKey="Bach X">X Bach</name></author><author><name sortKey="Houston, S" uniqKey="Houston S">S Houston</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kunutsor, S" uniqKey="Kunutsor S">S Kunutsor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walley, J" uniqKey="Walley J">J Walley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katabira, E" uniqKey="Katabira E">E Katabira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muchuro, S" uniqKey="Muchuro S">S Muchuro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balidawa, H" uniqKey="Balidawa H">H Balidawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Namagala, E" uniqKey="Namagala E">E Namagala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ikoona, E" uniqKey="Ikoona E">E Ikoona</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Walter, Hc" uniqKey="Walter H">HC Walter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kurth, Ae" uniqKey="Kurth A">AE Kurth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anna, Kp" uniqKey="Anna K">KP Anna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blain, Mlm" uniqKey="Blain M">MLM Blain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Helen, J" uniqKey="Helen J">J Helen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petra, Wr" uniqKey="Petra W">WR Petra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jason, Es" uniqKey="Jason E">ES Jason</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baranoskiab, As" uniqKey="Baranoskiab A">AS Baranoskiab</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meuserb, E" uniqKey="Meuserb E">E Meuserb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hardyab, H" uniqKey="Hardyab H">H Hardyab</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clossonc, Ef" uniqKey="Clossonc E">EF Clossonc</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mimiagacde, Mj" uniqKey="Mimiagacde M">MJ Mimiagacde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Safrende, Sa" uniqKey="Safrende S">SA Safrende</name></author><author><name sortKey="Virkf, P" uniqKey="Virkf P">P Virkf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lukf, R" uniqKey="Lukf R">R Lukf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Skolnikab, Pr" uniqKey="Skolnikab P">PR Skolnikab</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuma, Vs" uniqKey="Kuma V">VS Kuma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Curioso, Wh" uniqKey="Curioso W">WH Curioso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quistberg, Da" uniqKey="Quistberg D">DA Quistberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cabello, R" uniqKey="Cabello R">R Cabello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gozzer, E" uniqKey="Gozzer E">E Gozzer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Pj" uniqKey="Garcia P">PJ Garcia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Kk" uniqKey="Holmes K">KK Holmes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kurth, Ae" uniqKey="Kurth A">AE Kurth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, Kj" uniqKey="Mitchell K">KJ Mitchell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bull, S" uniqKey="Bull S">S Bull</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kiwanuka, J" uniqKey="Kiwanuka J">J Kiwanuka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ybarra, Ml" uniqKey="Ybarra M">ML Ybarra</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Med Inform Decis Mak</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Med Inform Decis Mak</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1472-6947</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26268394</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4535252</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">193</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12911-015-0193-z</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Willingness to receive text message medication reminders among patients on antiretroviral treatment in North West Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Kebede</surname><given-names>Mihiretu</given-names></name><address><phone>+251 913 173 333</phone><email>mihiretaabush@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zeleke</surname><given-names>Atinkut</given-names></name><address><phone>+251911313578</phone><email>atinkut222@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Asemahagn</surname><given-names>Mulusew</given-names></name><address><phone>+251913814608</phone><email>muler.hi@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fritz</surname><given-names>Fleur</given-names></name><address><phone>+49 (0)251 83-55265</phone><email>Fleur.Fritz@ukmuenster.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4"></xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label></label>Department of Health Informatics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label></label>Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label></label>Bahirdar University, Bahirdar, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label></label>Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>8</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>13</day><month>8</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><elocation-id>65</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Kebede et al. 2015</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold> This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Non-adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) is strongly associated with virologic rebound and drug resistance. Studies have shown that the most frequently mentioned reason for missing ART doses is the forgetfulness of patients to take their medications on time. Therefore using communication devices as reminder tools, for example alarms, pagers, text messages and telephone calls could improve adherence to ART. The aim of this study is to measure access to cellphones, willingness to receive text message medication reminders and to identify associated factors of ART patients at the University of Gondar Hospital, in North West Ethiopia.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>An institution based cross sectional quantitative study was conducted among 423 patients on ART during April 2014. Data were collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data entry and analysis were done using Epi-Info version 7 and SPSS version 20 respectively. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to describe the characteristic of the sample and identify factors associated with the willingness to receive text message medication reminders.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A total of 415 (98 % response rate) respondents participated in the interview. The majority of respondents 316 (76.1 %) owned a cellphone, and 161(50.9 %) were willing to receive text message medication reminders. Positively associated factors to the willingness were the following: Younger age group (AOR = 5.18, 95 % CI: [1.69, 15.94]), having secondary or higher education (AOR = 4.61, 95 % CI: [1.33, 16.01]), using internet (AOR = 3.94, 95 % CI: [1.67, 9.31]), not disclosing HIV status to anyone other than HCP (Health Care Provider) (AOR = 3.03, 95 % CI: [1.20, 7.61]), availability of radio in dwelling (AOR = 2.74 95 % CI: [1.27, 5.88]), not answering unknown calls (AOR = 2.67, 95 % CI: [1.34, 5.32]), use of cellphone alarm as medication reminder (AOR = 2.22, 95%CI [1.09, 4.52]), and forgetting to take medications (AOR = 2.13, 95 % CI: [1.14, 3.96]).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>A high proportion of respondents have a cell phone and are willing to use it as medication reminders. Age, educational status and using internet were the main factors that are significantly associated with the willingness of patients to receive text message medication reminders.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12911-015-0193-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Text message</kwd><kwd>Medication reminders</kwd><kwd>ART</kwd><kwd>Cellphone</kwd><kwd>Willingness</kwd><kwd>mHealth</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2015</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1"><title>Background</title><p>Since the introduction of Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) in developed nations during the mid-1990s, access to ART has become more widely available. This combination of drugs has fundamentally transformed the lives of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has changed from a serious and deadly illness to a more easily manageable disease [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>]. Once the treatment has started the patient needs to strictly adhere (optimal adherence, 95 %) to it throughout his/her entire lifetime to maintain the functionality of the immune system of the individual and to control the emergence of drug resistant strains [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>].</p><p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 50 % of all medicines are prescribed, dispensed or sold inappropriately, and half of all patients fail to take medicines correctly [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>].</p><p>Non-adherence to ART and forgetting to take medications are strongly associated with virologic rebound and clinically significant resistance. A cumulative adherence of 70–89 % was strongly associated with viral rebound and clinically significant resistance, when compared with cumulative adherence of 90 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>]. Patients who used medication reminders were less likely to develop resistance [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>]. The prevalence of non-adherence to ART in Ethiopia was revealed to be high (17.3 %) in a study done in Felegehiwot Hospital and University of Gondar Hospital [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref>].</p><p>Missing healthcare appointments could be a consequence of inefficient healthcare delivery, with ample expenses for the health system, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment. Forgetfulness is the main reason for missing healthcare appointments [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>] and ART doses [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>]. Hence, communication devices which act as a reminding tool e.g. alarms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>], pagers, and telephones could supplement adherence support strategies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">9</xref>]. Reminders in the form of text messages, alarm tones, calls to landlines or cellphones may help patients meet their healthcare appointments and remember to take their medications accordingly [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>].</p><p>Previous studies conducted in Africa and elsewhere have demonstrated that text messaging or cellphone call medication reminders significantly improve the adherence of patients on ART [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>].</p><p>Cellphones are the most ubiquitous types of equipment in the world and nearly one of every two citizens of the planet possesses a cellphone [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref>]. Many African countries have reached more than 30 % mobile cellular telephone subscription rates, markedly lower than the world average of 78 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>]. Sub Saharan Africa has registered the highest cellphone uptake rate in the world and the mobile network coverage rate is rapidly expanding [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref>]. In Ethiopia, mobile subscribers have reached 17 % of the total population and the mobile network coverage is expanding [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref>]. In 2012, mobile network coverage of the country has reached 73 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>].</p><p>There is a great opportunity to link the ever-growing mobile telecommunication technology with the multifaceted ART adherence support strategies. An electronic health service readiness assessment study from Ethiopia concluded that mobile-based health services are feasible for consultation, creating awareness, and diagnosis and treatment because the affordability of mobile phones by low income inhabitants and the growth of the mobile network coverage of the country is increasing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>].</p><p>However, there are also challenges. As Tamaryn C. et al. indicated: the loss of cellphone devices due to theft and/or damage, the patterns of cellphone use and privacy issues influence the willingness of patients to receive mobile phone text or call reminders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>]. In some settings, one mobile phone might be used by more than one individual and therefore cellphone interventions will need to consider issues of confidentiality and privacy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">21</xref>].</p><p>Although ART has dramatically improved the health of patients and reduced the morbidity and mortality of HIV patients in Ethiopia, adherence to ART is still a problem and a significant contributor to drug resistance and treatment failure. A number of strategies have been tried to enhance the multifaceted issue of treatment adherence, but very little has been done using mobile telecommunication technology.</p><p>Access to cellphone technology among patients on ART and the willingness of patients to receive text message medication reminders are still unknown. Before implementing cellphone text message based treatment adherence strategies, the willingness of patients to receive text message medication reminders needs to be investigated.</p><p>Therefore the objectives of this study are to:<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>determine the access to cellphones among patients on ART,</p></list-item><list-item><p>determine the willingness of those patients to receive text message medication reminders and</p></list-item><list-item><p>identify the factors associated with the willingness to receive text message medication reminders</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="Sec2" sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><sec id="Sec3"><title>Study design and setting</title><p>An institution based cross sectional quantitative survey was conducted at the University of Gondar Hospital in April 2014. This hospital serves a population of more than five million. It is a tertiary level hospital in the Ethiopian three tier healthcare system, located 727 km North West of Addis Ababa. Nearly 10,000 patients are currently receiving ART in this hospital.</p></sec><sec id="Sec4"><title>Study subjects</title><p>All HIV patients whose age is > = 15 years and are taking their ART medication at the University of Gondar Hospital were the source population for this study. A systematic random sampling technique was performed to select 423 study participants. The sample size of this study was determined using the single population proportion formula (<italic>n</italic> = Z<sub>(α/2)</sub><sup>2</sup>pq/∂<sup>2</sup>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">22</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">23</xref>] with the following assumptions:</p><p>n = the required sample size</p><p>Z = the value of standard normal distribution corresponding to α/2, 1.96</p><p>p = proportion of patients who are on ART and willing to be contacted by cellphone</p><p>q = 1-p, proportion of patients who are on ART and NOT willing to be contacted by cellphone</p><p>∂ = Precision as 0.05</p><p>We could not find any study conducted to determine the access to cellphones among patients on ART, however, the general population’s access to cellphones in Ethiopia is 17 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref>]. As we also could not find any study conducted in Ethiopia to determine the willingness of patients on ART to receive text message medication reminders we assumed the proportion to be 50 %. With those numbers two sample sizes were calculated. The maximum sample size was found to be 384 using the proportion of patients who are on ART and willing to be contacted by cellphone. Taking a 10 % non-response rate into account, we calculated the final sample size to be 423.</p></sec><sec id="Sec5"><title>Study variables</title><p>According to our research objectives the primary outcome measures are: access to cellphone and willingness to receive text message ART medication reminders.</p><p>By reviewing the existing literatures on mobile health [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">24</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">29</xref>], the following independent variables were used to develop the conceptual framework for the questionnaire, which is also presented in Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>:<fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Conceptual framework (adopted from [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">24</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">29</xref>])</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="12911_2015_193_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic></fig><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Socio-demographics: Age, Sex, Marital status, Educational status, Employment status</p></list-item><list-item><p>Behavioral factors: HIV status disclosure, Substance abuse, Taking medication in front of others, Use of medication reminder mechanisms</p></list-item><list-item><p>Psychosocial factors: Social support, Perceived satisfaction with the social support, Self-esteem, Perceived satisfaction in being valued or esteemed by others, Perceived doubts about HIV/ART and healthcare provider, Perceived treatment benefit, Perceived self confidence in taking the medication and the doses as prescribed by the clinician</p></list-item><list-item><p>Environmental factors: Transportation access, Travel time, Transportation facility, Electricity in the house, Access to radio, Access to television</p></list-item><list-item><p>Patient provider relationship: Level of relationship with clinician, Perceived satisfaction of patient provider relationship, Frequency of health visit, Perceived satisfaction with progress after starting ART, Missing appointment, forgetting to take medication.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Pattern of cellphone use: Use of cellphone alarm reminders, Preferred way of communication in cellphone, Carry cellphone always, Lock cellphone with password, Do not answer unknown numbers, Perceived privacy in using cellphone, Switch off cellphone during day, Put cellphone in a place where others could use and access, Share cellphone with others, Ability to send/receive/read text messaging, Perceived text message confidentiality, Use of internet with cellphone</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="Sec6"><title>Methods for data acquisition and analysis</title><p>Data were collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires (Additional file <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">1</xref>) which included the above mentioned variables and their willingness to receive text message ART medication reminders. The questionnaire was primarily prepared in English and translated in to local language, Amharic and back again to English by language experts to check its consistency. A pretest was conducted at Felegehiwot Referral Hospital with 43 participants (10 % of the total sample size). The questionnaire was modified according to the feedback from the pretest. A one day training on the objective and relevance of the study, confidentiality of data, respondents’ rights, informed consent and data collection techniques was given to three nurses who were recruited to interview the study participants. Ethical clearance and support letters were obtained from the University of Gondar ethical approval committee and the University of Gondar Hospital. Verbal consent was requested from all respondents for their willingness to participate in the study after explaining the objective of the study and data confidentiality.</p><p>The investigators conducted daily supportive supervision of the data collection process. Data from the respondents were checked for completeness and consistency before being entered into the computer for cleaning and analysis.</p><p>Data were entered using Epi-Info version 7 and transferred to SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were performed to describe the study population. Binary logistic regression was computed to analyze the effect of each study variable on the outcome variable. Variables significantly associated with the outcome variable (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) in the bivariate analysis were subjected in a multivariable logistic regression analysis to evaluate the consistency of the effect after adjusting other variables. The strength of associations was described using Odds Ratio (OR) and a 95 % confidence interval (CI). In the bivariate and multivariable regression analysis, the total number of patients who owned cellphone (316) were included.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec7" sec-type="discussion"><title>Results and discussions</title><p>A total of 423 study subjects were approached for the interview, 415 (response rate 98 %) of them gave their consent and responded to the questions. The socio-demographic characteristics can be found in Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>. The majority of respondents, 275 (66.3 %) were females and the mean age was 33.6 years (SD = 10.02). A large number of respondents, 177 (42.7 %) were married, 295 (71.1 %) had primary education, 220 (53 %) were unemployed, and 179 (43.2 %) were earning less than 25 USD per month.<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Socio-demographic characteristics of PLWHA at the University of Gondar Hospital, North West Ethiopia, 2014</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Socio-demographic characteristics</th><th colspan="2">Patients on ART (<italic>n</italic> = 415)</th><th colspan="2">On ART and owned cellphone (<italic>n</italic> = 316)</th></tr><tr><th>Number</th><th>Percent</th><th>Number</th><th>Percent</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Sex</td><td>Male</td><td>140</td><td>33.7</td><td>108</td><td>34.2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Female</td><td>275</td><td>66.3</td><td>208</td><td>65.8</td></tr><tr><td>Age</td><td>15–30</td><td>171</td><td>41.2</td><td>124</td><td>39.2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>31–45</td><td>199</td><td>48</td><td>158</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>>45</td><td>45</td><td>10.8</td><td>34</td><td>10.8</td></tr><tr><td>Marital status</td><td>Single</td><td>94</td><td>22.7</td><td>60</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Married</td><td>177</td><td>42.7</td><td>142</td><td>44.9</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Separated</td><td>15</td><td>3.6</td><td>13</td><td>4.1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Divorced</td><td>78</td><td>18.8</td><td>63</td><td>19.9</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Widow/Widower</td><td>51</td><td>12.3</td><td>38</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Educational status</td><td>No formal education</td><td>75</td><td>18.1</td><td>35</td><td>11.1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Primary</td><td>295</td><td>71.1</td><td>238</td><td>75.3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Secondary and above</td><td>45</td><td>10.8</td><td>43</td><td>13.6</td></tr><tr><td>Employment status</td><td>Unemployed</td><td>220</td><td>53</td><td>147</td><td>46.5</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Employed</td><td>195</td><td>47</td><td>169</td><td>53.5</td></tr><tr><td>Time since HIV diagnosis</td><td>0 to 6 months</td><td>13</td><td>3.1</td><td>9</td><td>2.8</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7 to 12 months</td><td>11</td><td>2.7</td><td>5</td><td>1.6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>>12 months</td><td>391</td><td>94.2</td><td>302</td><td>95.6</td></tr><tr><td>Time since ART started</td><td>0 to 6 months</td><td>26</td><td>6.3</td><td>21</td><td>6.6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7 to 12 months</td><td>12</td><td>2.9</td><td>6</td><td>1.9</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>>12 months</td><td>377</td><td>90.8</td><td>289</td><td>91.5</td></tr><tr><td>Income (USD per month)</td><td>Less than 25</td><td>179</td><td>43.2</td><td>114</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>25 up to 50</td><td>115</td><td>27.7</td><td>95</td><td>30.1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>50 up to 75</td><td>26</td><td>6.3</td><td>91</td><td>28.8</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>>75</td><td>95</td><td>22.9</td><td>16</td><td>5.1</td></tr><tr><td>Cellphone ownership</td><td>Yes</td><td>316</td><td>76.2</td><td>316</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>No</td><td>99</td><td>23.8</td><td colspan="2"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p>As can be seen in Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>, 76.1 % of patients owned a cellphone. From those patients owning a cellphone, majority were females (65.8 %), and the mean (SD) age was 34.03 years (9.4). Almost half of the respondents were married 142 (44.9 %), three quarters 238 (75.3 %) had primary education, more than half 169 (53.5 %) were unemployed and more than a third 114 (36 %) were earning less than 25 USD per a month.</p><sec id="Sec8"><title>Patterns of cellphone use</title><p>About three quarters (76.1 %, 95 % CI: 71.6–80.0 %) of the respondents reported having a personal cellphone. We have calculated the patterns of cellphone use percentages only from total number of patients who owned a cellphone (316). From those patients who owned a cellphone, more than 70 % (225) reported that they already use the alarm function of their cellphone as a medication reminder. For 273 (86.4 %) of patients who owned a cellphone, the preferred way of routine cellphone communication is voice call. The majority, 228 (72.2 %) of patients described that they are able to read and send text messages using their cellphone. But a large number of respondents, 163 (51.6 %) reported that their cellphone was lost, damaged or stolen in the past. Only a third of them 93 (29.4 %) lock their cellphone with a password and 169 (53.5 %) of the patients store their cellphone in a place where others can see and access it easily. More than 41 % of respondents described that they share their cellphone with others. A small number of patients, 62 (19.6 %) described that they access the internet by using their cellphone. From those patients who are using internet on their cellphone, 54 (87.1 %) reported that they are Facebook or other social network site users.</p></sec><sec id="Sec9"><title>Willingness to be contacted by ART clinic through cellphone</title><p>As summarized in Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>, almost all respondents (95.9 % of the 316) indicated that they are willing to be contacted by the ART clinic through voice call, text messages or both. Most respondents were willing to be contacted verbally (70 %), half of them prefer text messages (50.9 %, 95 % CI: 45.3–56.3 %) and they believed that it could improve their adherence to medication. Moreover, respondents were also asked to specify what sort of service they would like to have if the ART clinic starts text message based health services. Of the total respondents owning a cellphone, 247 (78.2 %) reported they would like to have health advice or tips and 188 (59.5 %) wanted to receive text message appointment reminders.<table-wrap id="Tab2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Patterns of cellphone use and willingness to be contacted through cellphone among patients on ART at University of Gondar Hospital, North West Ethiopia, 2014 (<italic>n</italic> = 316)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th>Number</th><th>Percent</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">Use cellphone as medication reminder</td><td>Yes</td><td>225</td><td>71.2</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>91</td><td>28.8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Preferred way of routine cellphone communication</td><td>Voice call</td><td>273</td><td>86.4</td></tr><tr><td>Text</td><td>40</td><td>12.9</td></tr><tr><td>Email</td><td>3</td><td>0.3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">How often do you have your cellphone with you</td><td>Always</td><td>271</td><td>85.8</td></tr><tr><td>Not always</td><td>45</td><td>14.2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Cellphone, damaged, lost, or stolen in the past</td><td>Yes</td><td>163</td><td>51.6</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>153</td><td>48.4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Have other phone number</td><td>Yes</td><td>79</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>237</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Switch off cellphone during the day</td><td>Yes</td><td>58</td><td>18.4</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>258</td><td>81.6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">There are times or places where no calls are answered</td><td>Yes</td><td>119</td><td>37.7</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>197</td><td>62.3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">There are times, places or situations that unknown calls are answered</td><td>Yes</td><td>123</td><td>38.9</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>193</td><td>61.1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Store cellphone where others could use and access</td><td>Yes</td><td>169</td><td>53.5</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>147</td><td>46.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Share cellphone with others</td><td>Yes</td><td>131</td><td>41.5</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>185</td><td>58.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Lock cellphone with password</td><td>Yes</td><td>93</td><td>29.4</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>223</td><td>70.6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Read and send text messages with cellphone</td><td>Yes</td><td>228</td><td>72.2</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>88</td><td>27.8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Likelihood of text message to be seen by others</td><td>Very Likely</td><td>69</td><td>21.8</td></tr><tr><td>Likely</td><td>132</td><td>41.8</td></tr><tr><td>Unlikely</td><td>25</td><td>7.9</td></tr><tr><td>Very Unlikely</td><td>90</td><td>28.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Use internet with cellphone</td><td>Yes</td><td>62</td><td>19.6</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>254</td><td>80.4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Willingness to be contacted by cellphone(voice call, text or both)</td><td>Yes</td><td>303</td><td>95.9</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>13</td><td>4.1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Willingness to receive text message ART medication reminders</td><td>Yes</td><td>161</td><td>50.9</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>155</td><td>49.1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Willingness to pay for text message ART medication reminders</td><td>Yes</td><td>269</td><td>85.1</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>47</td><td>14.9</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p>From the total respondents who are using cell phones, (85.1 %) indicated that they are willing to pay for text message ART medication reminders based on the current tariff. Only 13 (4.1 %) patients reported that they are not willing to receive any kind of cellular phone contact from the ART service provider. Twelve of them (92 %) believed that text messages written about their medication would ruin their privacy.</p></sec><sec id="Sec10"><title>Factors associated with willingness to receive text message ART medication reminders</title><p>The bivariate analysis indicated that age, educational status, employment status, income, availability of television in dwelling, radio in dwelling, travel time, frequency of visiting ART clinic, ever miss healthcare appointment, missing medications, HIV status disclosure, substance abuse, use cellphone as medication reminder, lock cellphone with password, perceived confidentiality of text message, use internet, not answering phone calls, not answering unknown calls were significantly associated (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) with the willingness of respondents to receive text message ART medication reminders. All of these variables were included in the final multivariable logistic regression model to control the effect of confounding.</p><p>The multivariable logistic regression analysis pointed out the following factors to be significantly associated with the willingness to receive text message ART medication reminders: younger age group (15–30 years; <italic>p</italic> = 0.004), educational status (Secondary and above; <italic>p</italic> = 0.016), using internet (<italic>p</italic> = 0.002), not disclosing HIV status (<italic>p</italic> = 0.019), availability of radio in dwelling (<italic>p</italic> = 0.01), not answering unknown calls (<italic>p</italic> = 0.005) , use the alarm function of cellphone as medication reminder (<italic>p</italic> = 0.029), and forget to take medications (<italic>p</italic> = 0.017).</p><p>As shown in Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>, respondents from the age group of 15–30 years are 5.18 times more likely to be willing to receive text messages than those who are greater than 45 years of age. Respondents who had secondary and higher education are 4.61 times more likely to be willing to receive text message ART medication reminders. Respondents who use internet on their cellphone are 3.94 times more likely to be willing to receive text message medication reminders.<table-wrap id="Tab3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Factors associated with the willingness to receive text message medication reminders among patients on ART at the University of Gondar Hospital, North West Ethiopia, (<italic>n</italic> = 316)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Factor</th><th rowspan="2"></th><th colspan="2">Willingness</th><th>Crude OR(95 % CI)</th><th><italic>P</italic> value</th><th>AOR (95 % CI)</th><th><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>Yes</th><th>No</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Age</td><td>15–30</td><td>77</td><td>47</td><td>5.32(2.23, 12.73)</td><td char="." align="char"><0.001</td><td>5.18(1.69, 15.94)</td><td char="." align="char">0.004</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>31–45</td><td>76</td><td>82</td><td>3.01(1.29, 7.06)</td><td char="." align="char">0.011</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>>45</td><td>8</td><td>26</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Educational status</td><td>No formal education</td><td>8</td><td>27</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Primary education</td><td>123</td><td>115</td><td>3.61 (1.58, 8.27)</td><td char="." align="char">0.002</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Secondary and above</td><td>30</td><td>13</td><td>7.79(2.80, 21.66)</td><td char="." align="char"><0.001</td><td>4.61(1.33,16.01)</td><td char="." align="char">0.016</td></tr><tr><td>Employment status</td><td>Unemployed</td><td>61</td><td>86</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Employed</td><td>100</td><td>69</td><td>2.04(1.3, 3.2)</td><td char="." align="char">0.002</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Income (USD per month)</td><td><51</td><td>92</td><td>113</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>> = 51</td><td>69</td><td>42</td><td>2.012(1.26, 3.24)</td><td char="." align="char">0.004</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TV in dwelling</td><td>Yes</td><td>141</td><td>119</td><td>2.13(1.17, 3.88)</td><td char="." align="char">0.013</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>No</td><td>20</td><td>36</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Radio in dwelling</td><td>Yes</td><td>145</td><td>108</td><td>3.94(2.12, 7.33)</td><td char="." align="char"><0.001</td><td>2.74(1.27, 5.88)</td><td char="." align="char">0.010</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>No</td><td>16</td><td>47</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Travel time</td><td>Less than 1 h</td><td>140</td><td>115</td><td>2.32(1.29, 4.15)</td><td char="." align="char">0.005</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>More than 1 h</td><td>21</td><td>40</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Frequency of Visiting ART clinic</td><td>Every month</td><td>100</td><td>57</td><td>2.82(1.79, 4.45)</td><td char="." align="char"><0.001</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>> one month</td><td>61</td><td>98</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ever missed healthcare appointment</td><td>Yes</td><td>77</td><td>49</td><td>1.98(1.25, 3.14)</td><td char="." align="char">0.003</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>No</td><td>84</td><td>106</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forget to take medication</td><td>Yes</td><td>90</td><td>55</td><td>2.31(1.47, 3.63)</td><td char="." align="char"><0.001</td><td>2.13(1.14, 3.96)</td><td char="." align="char">0.017</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>No</td><td>71</td><td>100</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HIV status disclosure</td><td>Yes</td><td>128</td><td>142</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>No</td><td>33</td><td>13</td><td>2.82(1.42, 5.59)</td><td char="." align="char">0.003</td><td>3.03(1.20, 7.61)</td><td char="." align="char">0.019</td></tr><tr><td>Substance abuse</td><td>Yes</td><td>17</td><td>6</td><td>2.93(1.12, 7.65)</td><td char="." align="char">0.028</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>No</td><td>144</td><td>149</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Use cellphone as medication reminder</td><td>Yes</td><td>125</td><td>100</td><td>1.19(1.16, 3.14)</td><td char="." align="char">0.011</td><td>2.22(1.09, 4.52)</td><td char="." align="char">0.029</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>No</td><td>36</td><td>55</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>There are times or places where no calls are answered</td><td>Yes</td><td>71</td><td>48</td><td>1.76(1.11, 2.79)</td><td char="." align="char">0.016</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>No</td><td>90</td><td>107</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>There are times or places that don’t answer unknown calls</td><td>Yes</td><td>84</td><td>39</td><td>3.25(2.1, 5.23)</td><td char="." align="char"><0.001</td><td>2.67(1.34, 5.32)</td><td char="." align="char">0.005</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>No</td><td>77</td><td>116</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lock cellphone with pass word</td><td>Yes</td><td>60</td><td>33</td><td>2.2(1.33, 3.62)</td><td char="." align="char">0.002</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>No</td><td>101</td><td>122</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Perceived text message confidentiality</td><td>High</td><td>24</td><td>45</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Low</td><td>137</td><td>110</td><td>2.34(1.34, 4.07)</td><td char="." align="char">0.003</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Use internet</td><td>Yes</td><td>52</td><td>10</td><td>6.92(3.36, 14.23)</td><td char="." align="char"><0.001</td><td>3.94(1.67, 9.31)</td><td char="." align="char">0.002</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>No</td><td>109</td><td>145</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p>Perceived satisfaction with the clinical service, health education, access to reliable pharmacy, perceived satisfaction of the health progress after starting ART, frequency of ART clinic visits and psychosocial factors were not shown to be significantly associated with text message medication reminders. Moreover, cellphone usage privacy variables like locking cellphone with password, perceived text message confidentiality, sharing cellphone with others, storing cellphone in a place where others could see and access were not found to be significantly associated with willingness.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec11" sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>The purpose of this study was to assess the access to cellphones among patients on ART and their willingness to receive text message medication reminders. The result shows that the access to cellphones among patients on ART at University of Gondar Hospital is high, with three quarters of patients having access 76.2 % (95 % CI: 71.6–80.0 %). The study also shows that half of the patients 51 % (95 % CI: 45.3–56.3 %) are willing to receive text message medication reminders from their ART clinic.</p><p>Age, educational status, use of internet and not disclosing HIV status to anyone other than their healthcare provider are among the notable factors associated with the willingness of patients to receive text message medication reminders.</p><p>Accessibility of patients to cellphone in this study (76.2 %) is slightly lower than similar studies from South Africa 81 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>], China 88.4 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">25</xref>], Vietnam 84 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">30</xref>], and the United States 92.3 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">27</xref>]. This disparity might be due to the difference in information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, ICT development index (IDI) and socioeconomic status among the countries crating the digital divide among countries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>]. According to these results the ownership of cellphones is prevalent among patients on ART, therefore cellphone based interventions to improve ART adherence should be tried and explored further.</p><p>The access rate in this study is much higher than the Ethiopian general population access to cellphones that was reported to be only 17 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref>]. It is also higher than a study from Uganda 64 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">31</xref>]. Those differences might be due to the study setting which was a major town in Ethiopia. Here most of the inhabitants obviously have better access to telecommunication services. Because of this, the findings of this study might not be generalizable to other areas of the country, especially in the rural communities. But, cellphone ownership among patients on ART in this study is consistent with similar studies from Peru 77 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">32</xref>] and North Carolina, USA 76.5 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">33</xref>]. This similarity could be due to the rapid growth cellphone ownership in the towns of Ethiopia.</p><p>Almost all patients in this study (95.9 %) are willing to be contacted by the ART clinic via cellphone using either voice call and/or text. Nearly three quarter (70 %) prefer to be contacted verbally and only half of the respondents (50.9 %) are willing to receive text message ART medication reminders. Other studies show different numbers about the willingness to receive text message ART medication reminders. For example it is higher in South Africa 96 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>], Peru 81 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">32</xref>] and China 68.9 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">25</xref>] but it is lower in North Carolina, USA 33 % [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">33</xref>]. This discrepancy can be explained by the difference in the educational status of patients. Our analysis indicates that patients who have achieved secondary or above education are more likely to be willing to receive text message medication reminders. Other studies also showed that literacy is a major barrier to the use of text message medication reminders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">32</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">34</xref>]. Patients who are not able to read and write tend to prefer contact from healthcare providers using only voice call. Therefore it is very important to also offer an optional voice call or voice message medication reminder intervention strategy for those who are unable to use text messages.</p><p>It could also be assumed that the patient provider relationship affects the willingness of patients to receive text message medication reminders as a study from Peru [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">35</xref>] suggested. However, our study findings do not show significant associations between the patient provider relationship factors and the willingness to receive text message medication reminders.</p><p>From those who are willing to receive text message ART medication reminders, 85.1 % are willing to pay for this service on the current tariff. This high proportion might be due to a better economic status of those who are able to use text messages. If patients on ART can afford to pay for text message medication reminders a fee based system can be designed to support their adherence. Additionally cost sharing mechanisms for text message medication reminders could also help to achieve better adherence levels. However, the fee acceptability and the cost effectiveness of cellphone text message based interventions need to be further investigated.</p><p>This study identified numerous factors to be significantly associated with the willingness to receive text message reminders. Patients who are from the younger age group and/or have secondary or higher education are more likely to be willing. This result is consistent with a study from China [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">25</xref>]. However, contrary to this finding a study from North Carolina, USA reported that lower educational attainment was significantly associated with the willingness to receive text message medication reminders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">33</xref>]. The result suggests that implementing text message medication reminders is particularly feasible in the younger age group.</p><p>This study shows that travel time, missing health care appointments and ethnicity are not significantly associated with willingness; again contradictory to the finding of the study from North Carolina [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">33</xref>]. The difference might be due to the difference in socioeconomic status and health service accessibility among the study populations.</p><p>Moreover, patients who access the internet by using their cellphone were almost four times more likely to be willing to receive text message medication reminders. It was shown that patients who use internet on their cellphone usually have improved health information access [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">36</xref>] and awareness about the importance of text message medication reminders.</p><p>An interesting finding is that cellphone usage privacy variables like locking cellphone with password, perceived text message confidentiality, sharing cellphone with others, storing cellphone in a place where others could see and access were not significantly associated with the willingness to receive text message medication reminders. This is due to the high level of HIV status disclosure to family members and the high extent of sharing mobile phones with families. Those who disclose their HIV status could also share their cellphone and patients trust that their family members keep confidentiality of their HIV related information. This could lead patients to be willing to receive text message medication reminders. Thus, we assume that cellphone usage privacy would not be a major concern for implementing text based medication reminders. However, it has to be further explored whether this holds true or whether patients are just not aware of privacy concerns.</p><sec id="Sec12"><title>Limitations of the study</title><p>The main limitation of this study is the patient population. Because the study is an institution based cross sectional survey, only respondents who came to the ART clinic for meeting their schedule were interviewed. Moreover, the study was done in a hospital based in a major town which could have inflated the accessibility of patients to cellphones and their willingness to receive text message medication reminders. A different result could have come from a large scale population based study. The survey was also interviewer administered and even if we used neutral interviewers, there might be an interviewer and social desirability bias that could have made more participants to respond as being willing. These limitations have to be taken into account when generalizing the results.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec13" sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusion</title><p>A large proportion of patients on ART at the University of Gondar Hospital have a cellphone. The findings of this study show that the willingness to use cellphone as ART medication reminders is high. Age, educational status, use of internet and HIV status disclosure are the most notable factors that are associated with the willingness of patients to receive text message medication reminders.</p></sec></body><back><app-group><app id="App1"><sec id="Sec14"><title>Additional file</title><p><media position="anchor" xlink:href="12911_2015_193_MOESM1_ESM.docx" id="MOESM1"><label>Additional file 1:</label><caption><p><bold>Questionnaire.</bold> (DOCX 24 kb)</p></caption></media></p></sec></app></app-group><glossary><title>Abbreviations</title><def-list><def-item><term>AIDS</term><def><p>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>AOR</term><def><p>Adjusted odds ratio</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ART</term><def><p>Anti-retroviral treatment</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>CI</term><def><p>Confidence interval</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>HCP</term><def><p>Health care provider</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>HIV</term><def><p>Human immune deficiency virus</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>OR</term><def><p>Odds ratio</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PLWA</term><def><p>People living with HIV/AIDS</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>SPSS</term><def><p>Statistical package for social sciences</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>USD</term><def><p>United States Dollar</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>WHO</term><def><p>World Health Organization</p></def></def-item></def-list></glossary><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Competing interests</bold></p><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></fn><fn><p><bold>Authors’ contributions</bold></p><p>MK made substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, data collection supervision, data analysis, interpretation of data and preparation of the manuscript. AZ agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. MA was involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it and have agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. FF was involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content and have given final approval of the version to be published. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p></fn><fn><p><bold>Authors’ information</bold></p><p>1. MK: BSc, MPH in Health Informatics, Lecturer at the University of Gondar, Ethiopia.</p><p>2. AZ: BSc, MPH in Health Informatics, Advanced Diploma in Health Care and Management in Tropical Countries, Lecturer at the University of Gondar, Ethiopia.</p><p>3. MA: BSc, MPH in Health Informatics, Lecturer at Bahirdar University, Ethiopia.</p><p>4. FF: BSC, MSC, PHD, Postdoctoral researcher at the Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Muenster, Germany.</p></fn></fn-group><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>The authors of this study would like to thank all University of Gondar Hospital ART clinicians, nurses and patients for their time and effort spent during the data collection period.</p><sec id="FPar1"><title>Funding</title><p>This study was funded by the University of Gondar Community Service and Research Vice President Office. This funding office had no involvement in the design, data collection analysis, write up and decision for the results to be published. It only did the accounting and evaluated whether the fund allocated was used for the proposed research and planned objective.</p></sec></ack><ref-list id="Bib1"><title>References</title><ref id="CR1"><label>1.</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Beith</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy: a review of the evidence</article-title><source>Management sciences for health</source><year>2006</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">WHO. Promoting rational use of medicines: core components, 2002. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/policyperspectives/ppm05en.pdf">http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/policyperspectives/ppm05en.pdf</ext-link>. Last accessed date: July 31/2015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR3"><label>3.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sethi</surname><given-names>AK</given-names></name><name><surname>Celentano</surname><given-names>DD</given-names></name><name><surname>Gange</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Moore</surname><given-names>RD</given-names></name><name><surname>Gallant</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Association between adherence to antiretroviral therapy and human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2003</year><volume>37</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>1112</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1086/378301</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14523777</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR4"><label>4.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tessema</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Biadglegne</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Mulu</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Getachew</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Emmrich</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Sack</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Magnitude and determinants of nonadherence and nonreadiness to highly active antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV/AIDS in Northwest Ethiopia: a cross - sectional study</article-title><source>AIDS Res Ther</source><year>2010</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>2</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1742-6405-7-2</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20180959</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR5"><label>5.</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>DOH</collab></person-group><article-title>Missed appointments guidance</article-title><source>GP Bulletin</source><year>2004</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR6"><label>6.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Szilagyi</surname><given-names>PG</given-names></name><name><surname>Bordley</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Vann</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name><name><surname>Chelminski</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Kraus</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Margolis</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Rodewald</surname><given-names>LE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Effect of patient reminder/recall interventions on immunization rates. A review</article-title><source>JAMA</source><year>2000</year><volume>284</volume><issue>14</issue><fpage>1820</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.284.14.1820</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11025835</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR7"><label>7.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Xiaoqi</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV/AIDS patients in rural China</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2007</year><volume>21</volume><issue>suppl 8</issue><fpage>S149</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.aids.0000304711.87164.99</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18172384</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR8"><label>8.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Frick</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Lavreys</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Mandaliya</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Kreiss</surname><given-names>JK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Impact of an alarm device on medication compliance in women in Mombasa, Kenya</article-title><source>Int J STD AIDS</source><year>2001</year><volume>12</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>329</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1258/0956462011923048</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11368808</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR9"><label>9.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dunbar</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Madigan</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Grohskopf</surname><given-names>LA</given-names></name><name><surname>Revere</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Woodward</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Minstrell</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>A two-way messaging system to enhance antiretroviral adherence, 10 (2003)</article-title><source>J Am Med Inf Assoc</source><year>2003</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1197/jamia.M1047</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR10"><label>10.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Melbourne</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name><name><surname>Geletko</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Willey-Lessne</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Chase</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Fisher</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Medication adherence in patients with HIV infection: a comparison of two measurement methods</article-title><source>AIDS Reader</source><year>1998</year><volume>9</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>329</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12737122</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR11"><label>11.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Perrine</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Kouanfack</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Julien</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Fabienne</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Sylvie</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Eric</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Patrizia</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Christian</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Bruno</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Stratall</surname><given-names>ANRS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Adherence to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-positive patients in the Cameroon context: promoting the use of medication reminder methods</article-title><source>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</source><year>2011</year><volume>57</volume><issue>6s</issue><fpage>S40</fpage><lpage>3</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAI.0b013e318222b5c2</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21857285</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR12"><label>12.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rashmi</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Shet</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Jimmy</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Kristi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Karthika</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Shubha</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>D’Souza</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Ayesha</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Supporting adherence to antiretroviral therapy with mobile phone reminders: results from a cohort in South India</article-title><source>PLoS One</source><year>2012</year><volume>7</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>e40723</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0040723</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22952574</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR13"><label>13.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cristian Pop-Elechesa</surname><given-names>HT</given-names></name><name><surname>Habyarimanae</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><name><surname>Zivinf</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name><name><surname>Goldsteing</surname><given-names>MP</given-names></name><name><surname>de Walqueg</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>MacKeenh</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Habereri</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Kimaiyoj</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Sidlek</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Ngarem</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Bangsbergn</surname><given-names>DR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mobile phone technologies improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment in resource-limited settings: a randomized controlled trial of text message reminders</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2011</year><volume>25</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>825</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834380c1</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21252632</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Mobile phone internet user penetration worldwide from 2012 to 2017. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.statista.com/statistics/284202/mobile-phone-internet-user-penetration-worldwide/">http://www.statista.com/statistics/284202/mobile-phone-internet-user-penetration-worldwide/</ext-link>. Last access date August 1/2015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR15"><label>15.</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>ITU</collab></person-group><source>Measuring the information society</source><year>2011</year><publisher-loc>Geneva, Switzerland</publisher-loc><publisher-name>ITU</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">GSMA, ANALYSIS: Scaling Mobile for Development, August 2013. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://gsmaintelligence.com/research/?file=130828-scaling-mobile.pdf&download">https://gsmaintelligence.com/research/?file=130828-scaling-mobile.pdf&download</ext-link>. Last access August 1/2015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR17"><label>17.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Andrzej</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Zieliński</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mobile telecommunication systems changed the electronic communications and ICT market</article-title><source>J Telecommunication Inf Technol</source><year>2013</year><volume>2013</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>5</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">The Mobile Economy Sub-Saharan Africa 2014. Available from <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.gsmamobileeconomyafrica.com/GSMA_ME_SubSaharanAfrica_Web_Singles.pdf">http://www.gsmamobileeconomyafrica.com/GSMA_ME_SubSaharanAfrica_Web_Singles.pdf</ext-link>. Last Accessed August 1/2015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR19"><label>19.</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tesfa</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>van der Weide</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Is mHealth viable to Ethiopia?—An empirical study</article-title><source>Mobile for development 2012: 28–29 February 2012; New Delhi, India</source><year>2012</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR20"><label>20.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tamaryn</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Corless</surname><given-names>IB</given-names></name><name><surname>Janet</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Patrice</surname><given-names>KN</given-names></name><name><surname>Quentin</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Lisa</surname><given-names>MB</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Exploring the patterns of use and the feasibility of using cellular phones for clinic appointment reminders and adherence messages in an antiretroviral treatment clinic, Durban, South Africa</article-title><source>AIDS Patient Care STDS</source><year>2010</year><volume>24</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>729</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/apc.2010.0146</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21039181</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR21"><label>21.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lester</surname><given-names>RT</given-names></name><name><surname>Gelmon</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Plummer</surname><given-names>FA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cell phones: tightening the communication gap in resource-limited antiretroviral programmes?</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2006</year><volume>20</volume><issue>17</issue><fpage>2242</fpage><lpage>4</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAD.0b013e3280108508</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17086071</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR22"><label>22.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Naing</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Winn</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Rusli</surname><given-names>BN</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies</article-title><source>Arch Orofacial Sci</source><year>2006</year><volume>1</volume><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>14</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR23"><label>23.</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tanbakuch</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><source>Introductory statistics lectures: estimating a population proportion confidence intervals for proportions</source><year>2009</year><publisher-loc>USA</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Department of Mathematics Pima Community College</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR24"><label>24.</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stephen</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Franz</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A conceptual framework for designing mHealth solutions for developing countries</article-title><source>UN Foundation - Vodafone Foundation Partnership</source><year>2009</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR25"><label>25.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Xiaoab</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Jic</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Tiana</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Lia</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Biaod</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Acceptability and factors associated with willingness to receive short messages for improving antiretroviral therapy adherence in China</article-title><source>AIDS Care</source><year>2013</year><volume>26</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>952</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24359520</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR26"><label>26.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Piette</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name><name><surname>Mendoza-Avelares</surname><given-names>MO</given-names></name><name><surname>Milton</surname><given-names>EC</given-names></name><name><surname>Lange</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Roosevelt</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Access to mobile communication technology and willingness to participate in automated telemedicine calls among chronically ill patients in Honduras</article-title><source>Telemed J E Health</source><year>2010</year><volume>16</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>1030</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/tmj.2010.0074</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21062234</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR27"><label>27.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Leite</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Buresh</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Rios</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Conley</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Flys</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Page</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cell phone utilization among foreign-born latinos: a promising tool for dissemination of health and HIV information</article-title><source>J Immigr Minor Health</source><year>2014</year><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>661</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10903-013-9792-x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23440452</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR28"><label>28.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Balogun</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Sekoni</surname><given-names>AO</given-names></name><name><surname>Okafor</surname><given-names>IP</given-names></name><name><surname>Odukoya</surname><given-names>OO</given-names></name><name><surname>Ezeiru</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name><name><surname>Ogunnowo</surname><given-names>BE</given-names></name><name><surname>Campbell</surname><given-names>PC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Access to information technology and willingness to receive text message reminders for childhood immunisation among mothers attending a tertiary facility in Lagos, Nigeria</article-title><source>South Afr J Child Health</source><year>2012</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>3</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Lindsay S. Youth’s acceptance of mobile phone text Messaging for STI health promotion. Edited by Columbia Tuob. Vancouver: The University of British Columbia; 2013. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/44181/ubc_2013_spring_symonds_lindsay.pdf?sequence=1">https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/44181/ubc_2013_spring_symonds_lindsay.pdf?sequence=1</ext-link>. Last Accessed July 31/2015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR30"><label>30.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bach</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Houston</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mobile phone-based antiretroviral adherence support in Vietnam: feasibility, patient’s preference, and willingness-to-pay</article-title><source>AIDS Behav</source><year>2012</year><volume>16</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>1988</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10461-012-0271-5</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22814571</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR31"><label>31.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kunutsor</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Walley</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Katabira</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Muchuro</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Balidawa</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Namagala</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Ikoona</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Using mobile phones to improve clinic attendance amongst an antiretroviral treatment cohort in Rural Uganda: a cross-sectional and prospective study</article-title><source>AIDS Behav</source><year>2010</year><volume>14</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1347</fpage><lpage>52</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10461-010-9780-2</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20700644</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR32"><label>32.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Walter</surname><given-names>HC</given-names></name><name><surname>Kurth</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Access, use and perceptions regarding internet, cell phones and PDAs as a means for health promotion for people living with HIV in Peru</article-title><source>BMC Med Inform Decis Mak</source><year>2007</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>24</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1472-6947-7-24</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17850656</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR33"><label>33.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Anna</surname><given-names>KP</given-names></name><name><surname>Blain</surname><given-names>MLM</given-names></name><name><surname>Helen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Petra</surname><given-names>WR</given-names></name><name><surname>Jason</surname><given-names>ES</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Text messaging for enhancement of testing and treatment for tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, and syphilis: a survey of attitudes toward cellular phones and healthcare</article-title><source>Telemed J E Health</source><year>2011</year><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>189</fpage><lpage>95</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/tmj.2010.0164</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21457085</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR34"><label>34.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baranoskiab</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name><name><surname>Meuserb</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Hardyab</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Clossonc</surname><given-names>EF</given-names></name><name><surname>Mimiagacde</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Safrende</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Virkf</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Lukf</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Skolnikab</surname><given-names>PR</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuma</surname><given-names>VS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Patient and provider perspectives on cellular phone-based technology to improve HIV treatment adherence</article-title><source>AIDS Care</source><year>2014</year><volume>26</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09540121.2013.802282</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23742640</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR35"><label>35.</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Curioso</surname><given-names>WH</given-names></name><name><surname>Quistberg</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Cabello</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Gozzer</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Garcia</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Holmes</surname><given-names>KK</given-names></name><name><surname>Kurth</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>“It’s time for your life”: How should we remind patients to take medicines using short text messages?</article-title><source>AMIA 2009 symposium: 2009; USA</source><year>2009</year><fpage>129</fpage><lpage>33</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR36"><label>36.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mitchell</surname><given-names>KJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bull</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kiwanuka</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Ybarra</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cell phone usage among adolescents in Uganda: acceptability for relaying health information</article-title><source>Health Educ Res</source><year>2011</year><volume>26</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>770</fpage><lpage>81</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/her/cyr022</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21536715</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/SidaSubSaharaV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 0006421 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 0006421 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= SidaSubSaharaV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |