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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Survey of knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding reproductive health among urban men in China: a descriptive study</title><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ling" sort="Zhang, Ling" uniqKey="Zhang L" first="Ling" last="Zhang">Ling Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, Rui Long" sort="Gong, Rui Long" uniqKey="Gong R" first="Rui-Long" last="Gong">Rui-Long Gong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Qing Rong" sort="Han, Qing Rong" uniqKey="Han Q" first="Qing-Rong" last="Han">Qing-Rong Han</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Yichang Yiling Hospital, Yichang, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Yu Qin" sort="Shi, Yu Qin" uniqKey="Shi Y" first="Yu-Qin" last="Shi">Yu-Qin Shi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jia, Quan An" sort="Jia, Quan An" uniqKey="Jia Q" first="Quan-An" last="Jia">Quan-An Jia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Yichang Yiling Hospital, Yichang, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Shan Dan" sort="Xu, Shan Dan" uniqKey="Xu S" first="Shan-Dan" last="Xu">Shan-Dan Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Le Qun" sort="Wang, Le Qun" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Le-Qun" last="Wang">Le-Qun Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Yichang Yiling Hospital, Yichang, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Chang Cai" sort="Zhu, Chang Cai" uniqKey="Zhu C" first="Chang-Cai" last="Zhu">Chang-Cai Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25532571</idno><idno type="pmc">4650475</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4650475</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4650475</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/1008-682X.142139</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000058</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000058</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Survey of knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding reproductive health among urban men in China: a descriptive study</title><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ling" sort="Zhang, Ling" uniqKey="Zhang L" first="Ling" last="Zhang">Ling Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, Rui Long" sort="Gong, Rui Long" uniqKey="Gong R" first="Rui-Long" last="Gong">Rui-Long Gong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Qing Rong" sort="Han, Qing Rong" uniqKey="Han Q" first="Qing-Rong" last="Han">Qing-Rong Han</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Yichang Yiling Hospital, Yichang, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Yu Qin" sort="Shi, Yu Qin" uniqKey="Shi Y" first="Yu-Qin" last="Shi">Yu-Qin Shi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jia, Quan An" sort="Jia, Quan An" uniqKey="Jia Q" first="Quan-An" last="Jia">Quan-An Jia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Yichang Yiling Hospital, Yichang, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Shan Dan" sort="Xu, Shan Dan" uniqKey="Xu S" first="Shan-Dan" last="Xu">Shan-Dan Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Le Qun" sort="Wang, Le Qun" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Le-Qun" last="Wang">Le-Qun Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Yichang Yiling Hospital, Yichang, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Chang Cai" sort="Zhu, Chang Cai" uniqKey="Zhu C" first="Chang-Cai" last="Zhu">Chang-Cai Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Asian Journal of Andrology</title><idno type="ISSN">1008-682X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1745-7262</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>There has been little focus on men's reproductive health (RH) in China. This descriptive study conducted in Yiling District, Yichang, China, surveyed male knowledge of sexual physiology and RH to assess levels of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) regarding prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A total of 3933 men, aged 18–59 years (mean, 40.3 years), were recruited by cluster random sampling. They completed a questionnaire in the presence of an interviewer, with items related to subject characteristics, RH knowledge, and subjective symptoms of the reproductive system. Physical examination and reproductive system disease diagnosis were performed. Participants’ occupations were predominantly skilled labor (80.5%). Nearly four-fifths (78.5%) respondents had at least one reproductive disease. Over half of respondents were aware of and declared a positive attitude about sexual physiology and safe sex, and 70% of them selected to visit a doctor when they had a reproductive disorder. However, only 41.9% believed human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome could be transmitted through breastfeeding, and 64.6% incorrectly thought they could avoid contracting STDs by cleaning their genitals after intercourse. In addition, 45% discriminated against and were unwilling to be friends with infected persons. Nearly 45% of those with a reproductive system disorder refused to discuss it with friends or family members. These results indicate that this cohort of Chinese men had a certain degree of KAP about RH, whereas some aspects require further public health education in the general population. It is necessary to disseminate accurate knowledge of STD risk in China based on sociodemographic characteristics.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yao, W" uniqKey="Yao W">W Yao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shang, M" uniqKey="Shang M">M Shang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, Y" uniqKey="Cai Y">Y Cai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, R" uniqKey="Shi R">R Shi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Xd" uniqKey="Zhang X">XD Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Temmerman, M" uniqKey="Temmerman M">M Temmerman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Y" uniqKey="Li Y">Y Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luo, W" uniqKey="Luo W">W Luo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luchters, S" uniqKey="Luchters S">S 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Forti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tajar, A" uniqKey="Tajar A">A Tajar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Dm" uniqKey="Lee D">DM Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Asian J Androl</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Asian J. Androl</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AJA</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Asian Journal of Andrology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1008-682X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1745-7262</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25532571</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4650475</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AJA-17-309</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/1008-682X.142139</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Survey of knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding reproductive health among urban men in China: a descriptive study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Ling</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gong</surname><given-names>Rui-Long</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>Qing-Rong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shi</surname><given-names>Yu-Qin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jia</surname><given-names>Quan-An</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Shan-Dan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Le-Qun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>Chang-Cai</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Yichang Yiling Hospital, Yichang, China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Correspondence: Prof. CC Zhu (<email xlink:href="zcc621120@163.com">zcc621120@163.com</email>)
</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Mar-Apr</season><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>309</fpage><lpage>314</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>31</day><month>3</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>29</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>06</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Asian Journal of Andrology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>There has been little focus on men's reproductive health (RH) in China. This descriptive study conducted in Yiling District, Yichang, China, surveyed male knowledge of sexual physiology and RH to assess levels of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) regarding prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A total of 3933 men, aged 18–59 years (mean, 40.3 years), were recruited by cluster random sampling. They completed a questionnaire in the presence of an interviewer, with items related to subject characteristics, RH knowledge, and subjective symptoms of the reproductive system. Physical examination and reproductive system disease diagnosis were performed. Participants’ occupations were predominantly skilled labor (80.5%). Nearly four-fifths (78.5%) respondents had at least one reproductive disease. Over half of respondents were aware of and declared a positive attitude about sexual physiology and safe sex, and 70% of them selected to visit a doctor when they had a reproductive disorder. However, only 41.9% believed human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome could be transmitted through breastfeeding, and 64.6% incorrectly thought they could avoid contracting STDs by cleaning their genitals after intercourse. In addition, 45% discriminated against and were unwilling to be friends with infected persons. Nearly 45% of those with a reproductive system disorder refused to discuss it with friends or family members. These results indicate that this cohort of Chinese men had a certain degree of KAP about RH, whereas some aspects require further public health education in the general population. It is necessary to disseminate accurate knowledge of STD risk in China based on sociodemographic characteristics.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>knowledge</kwd><kwd>male sex</kwd><kwd>reproductive health</kwd><kwd>sexually transmitted disease</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo, first proposed that communication between men and women on issues of sexuality and reproductive health (RH) should be improved to encourage and enable men to take responsibility for their sexual and reproductive behavior. Therefore, special efforts should be made to promote the active involvement of men in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></p><p>Male RH is a relatively new concept in China. Traditionally, RH and family planning was included in maternal and child health services, which focused on females and young adolescents, and not on adult males. Thus, the availability of quality information on sexual and RH services for men was inadequate.<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> However, as men are active in sexual activities, they are the predominant population at risk of STDs, such as HIV infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in many countries. It was reported that 9% of Jamaican male adolescents and young adults had symptoms of STDs following high-risk sexual behavior.<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> In recent years, data showed higher morbidity rates of STDs among males (67.0–444.4 per 100,000 population) than that among females (50.0–425.3 per 100 000 population), and the mean ratio of men to women ranged from 1.59:1 to 2.64:1 in several cities in China.<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref><xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></p><p>The ICPD recommended that steps should be taken to bring men into a wide range of RH services in such a way they are supported as equal partners and responsible parents, as well as clients in their own right. As a result, better outcomes of RH indicators, such as contraception acceptance and continuation, safer sexual behaviors, use of RH services, and reduction in reproductive morbidity and mortality, could be expected.<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> Male involvement is necessary for healthcare programs designed to improve their partners’ sexual and RH, and is likely to be more effective than a program that only targets women.<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> This study aimed to determine male knowledge of RH and their RH status to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) of RH of urban males in China.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods" id="sec1-2"><title>METHODS</title><sec id="sec2-1"><title></title><sec id="sec3-1"><title>Research setting</title><p>This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei Province, China, the area locates on the Northwest bank of Xiling Gorge in the Three Gorges Dam Region. This district of Yichang is mainly comprised of an immigrant population, and most of the residents are drivers or blue-collar workers. Yiling District consists of one administrative district, one economic development zone, eight towns, and three townships.</p></sec><sec id="sec3-2"><title>Subjects</title><p>The study recruited 4000 men aged 18–59 years by cluster random sampling. Briefly, we selected male residents in the first stage cluster sample living in the regions of Yiling District except for three townships. Then simple random sampling was used to select 400 subjects aged 18–59 years from each cluster.<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref><xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref><xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> These residents were invited by letter to attend for interview about RH, assessment of height, weight and RH physical and laboratory examination.</p></sec><sec id="sec3-3"><title>Ethical approval</title><p>The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Wuhan University of Science and Technology (WUST), and written informed consent was obtained from recruited subjects in the survey, who were assured of confidentiality by the use of anonymous questionnaires. Verbal consent was also sought from community leaders prior to the focus group discussions.</p></sec><sec id="sec3-4"><title>Data collection/questionnaire</title><p>Researchers from School of Public Health of WUST interviewed the participants one-to-one using a self-designed Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), which had been proved in a preliminary study to have suitable reliability and validity. The interviewers had professional backgrounds in medicine and teaching. To minimize interviewer bias, they received intensive training on how to conduct a survey, including a deep understanding of contents of the HAQ, standard survey procedures and techniques.</p><p>Each interviewee was given information on the background and aim of the survey, and it was emphasized that participation was voluntary and anonymous prior to participation. The questionnaire was distributed to the participants to fill out by themselves, during this period a researcher was present to explain the questionnaire and clarify any misunderstandings as necessary. The procedure lasted approximately 20 min in a private room, as described in a previous study.<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></p><p>The HAQ included items on sociodemographic characteristics, such as age, education, current address, occupation, and symptoms or signs of reproductive system disorders. In addition, the core contents of the HAQ consisted of RH-related KAP, with ten questions on knowledge, six questions on attitude, and six questions on behavior related to RH.</p><p><bold><italic><underline>Reproductive health-related knowledge</underline></italic></bold></p><p>Ten RH-related questions, K1 to K10, consisted of five items with “yes” or “no” answers and five items with multi-optional answers to assess knowledge about RH and STD/AIDS. Six questions from K1 to K6 were used to assess participant knowledge on sexual physiology and safe sex. One question (i.e. “Which statement is not a clinical characteristic of prostatitis?”) was used to assess knowledge of general reproductive diseases. Three questions from K8 to K10 assessed STD/AIDS knowledge.</p><p><bold><italic><underline>Reproductive health-related attitude</underline></italic></bold></p><p>Six questions, A1 to A6, examined RH-related attitude. Three items, A1, A3, and A6, were used to assess attitude to RH and safe sex. Items A2 and A5 measured use of safe sex practices. A4 determined the attitude to multiple sexual partners.</p><p><bold><italic><underline>Reproductive health-related behavior</underline></italic></bold></p><p>Reproductive health-related behaviors were assessed by eight questions, P1 to P8.</p></sec><sec id="sec3-5"><title>Physical and laboratory examination</title><p>A standard physical examination was carried out by a urologist in Yiling Hospital. Prostatic fluid samples were taken at baseline, and a prostate ultrasound was performed. Reproductive diseases were diagnosed with reference to a published book “Surgery.”<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> The prevalence of diseases was investigated in different age groups, with participants stratified into five subgroups as follows: 18–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, and 50–59 years.</p></sec><sec id="sec3-6"><title>Data analysis</title><p>Personal and health status information from individual interviews were collated manually using the Epi database and checked for errors. Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, frequencies, and percentages are used to describe the characteristics of participants. The Statistical Package for Sciences (SPSS) software version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>RESULTS</title><sec id="sec2-2"><title></title><sec id="sec3-7"><title>Characteristic of participants</title><p>Four thousand residents were recruited to participate in this survey, 3959 respondents completed the questionnaire in which some people were unable to attend an interview, leaving 3933 subjects with valid information, which resulted in a 99.3% response rate. The age of the respondents ranged from 18 to 59 years; 67.7% were between 30 and 49 years old; 3437 (87.4%) were married and 119 (3.0%) were divorced or widowed; 80.5% of respondents were employed as skilled laborers. Nearly, 97% of respondents received at least junior high school education (<bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref></bold>).</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents (<italic>n</italic>=3933) at baseline</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AJA-17-309-g001"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec id="sec3-8"><title>Symptoms of diseases of the reproductive system</title><p><bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref></bold> presented the clinical signs and symptoms of the reproductive system of the participants. Nearly, one-third of the respondents manifested at least one related symptom (1275/3933, 32.4%) within the previous year.</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Symptoms and signs of the reproductive system (<italic>n</italic>=3933) during the previous year</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AJA-17-309-g002"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec id="sec3-9"><title>Categorization of diseases of the reproductive system</title><p>At least one reproductive system disease was diagnosed in 3088 respondents, with a prevalence of 78.5%. Phimosis (36.0%) was the major disease (<bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref></bold>). When we stratified the participants into five age groups, the majority of respondents with phimosis were 20–49 years old. Furthermore, all other diseases predominantly occurred at 40–49 years of age.</p><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Diagnosis of diseases of the reproductive system according to age (<italic>n</italic>=3933)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AJA-17-309-g003"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec id="sec3-10"><title>Knowledge, attitudes and practice information analysis</title><p><bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">Table 4</xref></bold> presented data on the awareness of sexual physiology and safe sex (K1, K3, K4 and K6). More than 65% had knowledge about unintended pregnancies, emergency contraception, consequences of abortion (<bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">Table 4a</xref></bold>), and adverse effects of consanguineous marriage. However, only 54.8% were aware of the concept and details of erectile dysfunction. Over 83% of respondents believed that HIV/AIDS could be transmitted by unprotected sexual intercourse and sharing sharp objects. However, <50% respondents believed that HIV/AIDS could be transmitted through breastfeeding a child (<bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Table 4b</xref></bold>). About 1533 (39.0%) and 866 (22.0%) respondents had the impression that HIV could be transmitted through mosquito bites and kissing, respectively. In addition, about 66.4% and 90.4% of respondents thought that fewer sex partners and using condoms, respectively, were effective methods to prevent STDs, whereas 43.9% incorrectly believed that cleaning the genitals could prevent STDs (K10), which was backed up by responses to K5, in which 2542 (64.63%) respondents misunderstood that cleaning the vagina/penis after sexual intercourse was effective in avoiding the risk of STDs. Regarding the types of STD, although more than 70% of respondents knew that STDs included gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV/AIDS, nearly half of respondents were of the opinion that genital warts were not included.</p><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4a</label><caption><p>Five dichotomous items to assess knowledge of respondents (<italic>n</italic>=3933) about reproductive system health</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AJA-17-309-g004"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T5" position="float"><label>Table 4b</label><caption><p>Five items with multi-optional answers to assess knowledge of respondents (<italic>n</italic>=3933) about reproductive system health</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AJA-17-309-g005"></graphic></table-wrap><p>The majority of respondents showed a positive attitude to a steady sexual partner, readily obtainable condoms for unmarried youth and a physical examination before marriage. On the other hand, only about 45% of respondents were likely to make friends with those who had STDs (<bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T6">Table 5a</xref></bold>), even if they had good knowledge of the transmission routes of STDs. In addition, 63.4% showed a tolerant attitude to masturbation behavior (<bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T7">Table 5b</xref></bold>). Nearly 45% were unwilling to discuss sex and RH with friends or family because of psychological taboos (<bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T6">Table 5a</xref></bold>).</p><table-wrap id="T6" position="float"><label>Table 5a</label><caption><p>Three dichotomous items to assess attitude of respondents (<italic>n</italic>=3933) about reproductive system health</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AJA-17-309-g006"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T7" position="float"><label>Table 5b</label><caption><p>Three items with multi-optional answers to assess knowledge of respondents (<italic>n</italic>=3933) about reproductive system health</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AJA-17-309-g007"></graphic></table-wrap><p>About RH practices (<bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T8">Table 6</xref></bold>), approximately 90% answered that they cleaned their penis once a day, and insisted on using condoms every time when they had sexual intercourse with a stranger. If respondents had a sexual problem or symptoms of STD, the majority would select to visit a doctor for professional treatment instead of talking with family members. Usually, when they had sexual impulses, half of respondents selected to divert attention by working, listening to music, or taking part in other activities. <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T8">Table 6</xref></bold> also showed that respondents could get information about sexual and RH from multiple channels, including radio and television, newspapers and magazines, the web, and medical staff. At the same time, they would like to obtain more specialist knowledge about human reproductive anatomy and physiology, prevention and treatment of STDs, and characteristics of fertility.</p><table-wrap id="T8" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>RH behavior of respondents (<italic>n</italic>=3933)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AJA-17-309-g008"></graphic></table-wrap></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Previous studies postulated a positive relationship between KAP levels and family planning, or HIV/AIDS prevention.<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref><xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> However, there is little evidence about KAP information on RH among general urban male residents. This study presents the outcomes of a survey on reproductive system knowledge, attitude, and behavior, and the RH status of urban men in China.</p><p>Almost one-third of respondents reported that they had reproductive system symptoms in the previous year, but according professional diagnosis from urologists, the proportion with at least one reproductive system disease (78.5%) was slightly higher than in a survey run in 2003,<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> in which 64.2% of respondents were diagnosed with diseases of the reproductive system in a medical examination. These data from both surveys called our attention to public health on male reproductive health. In this study, the prevalence rates of phimosis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostatitis were 36.0%, 18.3%, 14.6%, respectively, which were markedly higher than that in another report,<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> in which the rate of prepuce and phimosis was only 16.0%, whereas the rates of prostatitis and varicocele were similar to our study (14.5% <italic>vs</italic> 14.6%, 9.9% <italic>vs</italic> 9.6%, respectively). The difference between the two studies may relate to different subject characteristics in that there were more unmarried people and much younger cases in the previous study.</p><p>We found that 43.0% of reproductive system diseases occurred among middle-aged (40–49 years) participants. A similar relationship between age and lower urinary tract symptoms was also reported in Japanese subjects.<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> In China, husbands, usually, play the leading role in a family, and at middle stage of life they have multiple pressures from work and life, which lead them to ignore concerns about their own RH. Therefore, it is important that men are included and supported in interventions to improve sexual and RH for themselves and their wives.<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref><xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> Consequently, we suggest that middle-aged men ought to be a focus for improving RH awareness and intervention.</p><p>This study suggested that males were aware of the benefits of condom use during sexual intercourse, and therefore, did behaviour in accordance with this knowledge. Thus, 87.7% of respondents believed it was correct to use condom during sexual relationships with unfamiliar partners, which was markedly higher than that of previous studies in Jamaica and New Guinea,<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref><xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> possibly because the respondents in this study were living in urban areas, where they were more likely to receive correct information about STDs, and to have access to condoms from multiple sources. Generally, when respondents in this study had a certain knowledge about RH, their attitude and behavior towards promoting RH was favorable. In particular, the knowledge about the prevention of HIV/AIDS infection by use of condoms was relatively widespread among the majority of respondents in this study, which was in agreement with previous research.<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></p><p>Some other aspects of STD/AIDS knowledge levels were low in this study, with only 41.9% believing that breastfeeding could transmit HIV/AIDS, only 50.3% being aware that gential warts was one type of STDs, and a number of subjects thinking that mosquito bites and kissing could transmit HIV/AIDS. Thus, it is important and necessary to disseminate accurate and detailed information among this population. In contrast, 85.2% knew that sharing sharp objects was a risk factor for HIV/AIDS transmission, which was much higher than in a previous study in one community in Beijing (14.1%) but similar to that in another report (95%).<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref><xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> This outcome can be attributed to the Chinese government's dissemination of information to the public on how to prevent HIV/AIDS, with a particular focus on modes of transmission recent years.</p><p>The study also showed that a significant proportion of respondents (55.4%) considered that they were reluctant to make friends with those who had STDs. This kind of discrimination was in line with some surveys in China, in which nearly half of the respondents had negative opinions of STD patients.<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref><xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> Hence, health education and awareness campaigns for the population are necessary to clarify misconceptions. In addition, Jin <italic>et al</italic>.<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> reported the sources of knowledge of AIDS were video, TV, newspapers, and magazines, whereas data from another study showed that the top three sources were internet web (31.8%), freely obtained public science and video material (24.9%), and professional lectures (22.3%). This was well-displayed in this study where about 50% of the respondents reported that they obtained relevant information from radio and TV, newspapers, and magazines and the web. In addition, another important source of information was given by medical doctors, and almost three-quarters expected to obtain treatment from medical professionals after developing STDs, which was consistent with a study in Brazil.<xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref> However, our study also found that men sometimes deliberately avoided discussing reproductive system problems with their wives or friends. Discussion between partners was reported to contribute to improved education of RH, especially among young people.<xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> However, in this study, the mean age of respondents was 40.3 years, and sex is a highly private topic in the traditional culture of China, such that these adults are unlikely to discuss problems with others apart from medical doctors.</p><p>Numerous studies have shown that male migrant workers in China came from rural areas and were ignorant about reproductive tract infections. They had never obtained sexual and RH education or contraceptive consulting services in their transient living areas.<xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref><xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> This appeared to be related to inaccessibility to services for men as these were mainly available in women and children's health care services in China, and thus men did not know how and where to obtain RH services. In fact, the risk of contracting HIV/STDs among women in a nonhigh-risk group has been reported to be largely determined by their male partner's behavior,<xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> and in China, it was assumed that most transmission was from husbands to wives. A report confirmed that 48.5% of male HIV-positive participants’ spouses were HIV-positive,<xref rid="ref34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref><xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref> thus engaging men more extensively in HIV/STD prevention was likely to reduce women's risk of HIV infection.</p><p>However, our study also pointed out the lack of knowledge and misconception about several items, such as characteristics of STDs, the reason for banning consanguineous marriage, and the means of transmission of HIV/AIDS. Further research is also needed to explore other factors that could account for reproductive system diseases. For example, lifestyle factors such as nutrition, smoking habit, and lack of physical exercise may also contribute to reproductive disease occurrence, as reported in recent studies that a range of lifestyle factors were associated with male reproductive disorders and infertility.<xref rid="ref36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref><xref rid="ref37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref><xref rid="ref38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></p><p>Reproductive system diseases are a major health burden for men in China, yet few men had adequate KAP about RH. Therefore, we suggest that a male RH service should be a requisite in China's integrated health system. It is necessary not only to provide these services in communities, but also to ensure that available resources are effective, accessible, feasible, and acceptable to men, and it is equally crucial for the population to be mobilized and educated on reproductive system diseases.</p><p>Our study had several limitations. First, it used self-reported data from the participants, who might misreport their behaviors or attitudes because sex remains a sensitive topic in China, as discussed in previous research.<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref><xref rid="ref39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref> Another limitation was the questionnaire design. The questionnaire was designed with reference to the European Male Ageing Study Sexual Function Questionnaire,<xref rid="ref40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref><xref rid="ref41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref> and although the questionnaire had been verified and quality controlled in a presurvey, the results were based on cross-sectional data from questionnaires and physical examination provided by urologists. The diagnosis of reproductive system diseases was selected according to the published documents without the use of international scores for individual diseases. Therefore, a further comprehensive general assessment is required to seek the potential relationship between RH's KAP and benign prostatic hyperplasia.</p><p>To the best of our knowledge, only a few studies in the literature have evaluated the relationship between reproductive system diseases and the RH's KAP of men. On the basis of data from this general population, our study indicated that the KAP levels of RH among urban men in China need to be improved to protect men from contracting reproductive system diseases.</p></sec><sec id="sec1-5"><title>AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS</title><p>LZ, RLG, LQW and SDX designed the questionnaire, and performed the survey and data analysis. QRH and QAJ carried out the physical examinations. LZ, YQS and CCZ wrote the manuscript.</p></sec><sec id="sec1-6"><title>COMPETING INTERESTS</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title><p>The authors would like to thank the men who took part in this research and the surgeons from Yiling Hospital. We also thank Dr. Zhi-Bing Zhang and Jing Xiong for revising the grammar and English. This study was funded by a grant from the Undergraduates Innovation Fund of Hubei Province (201310488041).</p></ack><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><article-title>UNFPA. 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