A Systematic Review of Tobacco Smoking Prevalence and Description of Tobacco Control Strategies in Sub-Saharan African Countries; 2007 to 2014
Identifieur interne : 000F40 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000F39; suivant : 000F41A Systematic Review of Tobacco Smoking Prevalence and Description of Tobacco Control Strategies in Sub-Saharan African Countries; 2007 to 2014
Auteurs : Rachel Brathwaite [Royaume-Uni] ; Juliet Addo [Royaume-Uni] ; Liam Smeeth [Royaume-Uni] ; Karen Lock [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
To systematically review current smoking prevalence among adults in sub-Saharan Africa from 2007 to May 2014 and to describe the context of tobacco control strategies in these countries.
Five databases, Medline, Embase, Africa-wide Information, Cinahl Plus, and Global Health were searched using a systematic search strategy. There were no language restrictions.
26 included studies measured current smoking prevalence in nationally representative adult populations in sub-Saharan African countries.
Study details were independently extracted using a standard datasheet. Data on tobacco control policies, taxation and trends in prices were obtained from the Implementation Database of the WHO FCTC website.
Studies represented 13 countries. Current smoking prevalence varied widely ranging from 1.8% in Zambia to 25.8% in Sierra Leone. The prevalence of smoking was consistently lower in women compared to men with the widest gender difference observed in Malawi (men 25.9%, women 2.9%). Rwanda had the highest prevalence of women smokers (12.6%) and Ghana had the lowest (0.2%). Rural, urban patterns were inconsistent. Most countries have implemented demand-reduction measures including bans on advertising, and taxation rates but to different extents.
Smoking prevalence varied widely across sub-Saharan Africa, even between similar country regions, but was always higher in men. High smoking rates were observed among countries in the eastern and southern regions of Africa, mainly among men in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, and Zambia and women in Rwanda and rural Zambia. Effective action to reduce smoking across sub-Saharan Africa, particularly targeting population groups at increased risk remains a pressing public health priority.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132401
PubMed: 26162085
PubMed Central: 4498629
Affiliations:
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PMC:4498629Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Addo, Juliet" sort="Addo, Juliet" uniqKey="Addo J" first="Juliet" last="Addo">Juliet Addo</name>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Objective</title>
<p>To systematically review current smoking prevalence among adults in sub-Saharan Africa from 2007 to May 2014 and to describe the context of tobacco control strategies in these countries.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec002"><title>Data Sources</title>
<p>Five databases, Medline, Embase, Africa-wide Information, Cinahl Plus, and Global Health were searched using a systematic search strategy. There were no language restrictions.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec003"><title>Study Selection</title>
<p>26 included studies measured current smoking prevalence in nationally representative adult populations in sub-Saharan African countries.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec004"><title>Data Extraction</title>
<p>Study details were independently extracted using a standard datasheet. Data on tobacco control policies, taxation and trends in prices were obtained from the Implementation Database of the WHO FCTC website.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec005"><title>Results</title>
<p>Studies represented 13 countries. Current smoking prevalence varied widely ranging from 1.8% in Zambia to 25.8% in Sierra Leone. The prevalence of smoking was consistently lower in women compared to men with the widest gender difference observed in Malawi (men 25.9%, women 2.9%). Rwanda had the highest prevalence of women smokers (12.6%) and Ghana had the lowest (0.2%). Rural, urban patterns were inconsistent. Most countries have implemented demand-reduction measures including bans on advertising, and taxation rates but to different extents.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec006"><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Smoking prevalence varied widely across sub-Saharan Africa, even between similar country regions, but was always higher in men. High smoking rates were observed among countries in the eastern and southern regions of Africa, mainly among men in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, and Zambia and women in Rwanda and rural Zambia. Effective action to reduce smoking across sub-Saharan Africa, particularly targeting population groups at increased risk remains a pressing public health priority.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26162085</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4498629</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0132401</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-14-53831</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>A Systematic Review of Tobacco Smoking Prevalence and Description of Tobacco Control Strategies in Sub-Saharan African Countries; 2007 to 2014</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Systematic Review of Tobacco Smoking Prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Brathwaite</surname>
<given-names>Rachel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref rid="cor001" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Addo</surname>
<given-names>Juliet</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Smeeth</surname>
<given-names>Liam</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Lock</surname>
<given-names>Karen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff002"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Health Services Research and Policy, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Barengo</surname>
<given-names>Noel Christopher</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>University of Tolima, COLOMBIA</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The authors have declared that no competing interests exists.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: LS RB JA KL. Performed the experiments: RB. Analyzed the data: RB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LS RB JA KL. Wrote the paper: RB LS JA KL.</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>Rachel.Brathwaite@lshtm.ac.uk</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<elocation-id>e0132401</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>1</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">Creative Commons CC0</ext-link>
public domain dedication</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pone.0132401.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Objective</title>
<p>To systematically review current smoking prevalence among adults in sub-Saharan Africa from 2007 to May 2014 and to describe the context of tobacco control strategies in these countries.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec002"><title>Data Sources</title>
<p>Five databases, Medline, Embase, Africa-wide Information, Cinahl Plus, and Global Health were searched using a systematic search strategy. There were no language restrictions.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec003"><title>Study Selection</title>
<p>26 included studies measured current smoking prevalence in nationally representative adult populations in sub-Saharan African countries.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec004"><title>Data Extraction</title>
<p>Study details were independently extracted using a standard datasheet. Data on tobacco control policies, taxation and trends in prices were obtained from the Implementation Database of the WHO FCTC website.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec005"><title>Results</title>
<p>Studies represented 13 countries. Current smoking prevalence varied widely ranging from 1.8% in Zambia to 25.8% in Sierra Leone. The prevalence of smoking was consistently lower in women compared to men with the widest gender difference observed in Malawi (men 25.9%, women 2.9%). Rwanda had the highest prevalence of women smokers (12.6%) and Ghana had the lowest (0.2%). Rural, urban patterns were inconsistent. Most countries have implemented demand-reduction measures including bans on advertising, and taxation rates but to different extents.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec006"><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Smoking prevalence varied widely across sub-Saharan Africa, even between similar country regions, but was always higher in men. High smoking rates were observed among countries in the eastern and southern regions of Africa, mainly among men in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, and Zambia and women in Rwanda and rural Zambia. Effective action to reduce smoking across sub-Saharan Africa, particularly targeting population groups at increased risk remains a pressing public health priority.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<funding-group><funding-statement>RB is the recipient of a Post Graduate Scholarship from the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. This work is part of RB’s PhD thesis. JA is supported by a grant from the European Commission and LS is supported by a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship in Clinical Science grant number 098504/Z/12/Z. KL is supported by a grant from the National Institute for Health Research School for Public Health Research. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><fig-count count="3"></fig-count>
<table-count count="4"></table-count>
<page-count count="16"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes><title>Data Availability</title>
<p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Royaume-Uni</li>
</country>
<region><li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Grand Londres</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Londres</li>
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