Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Risk Factors among 34,111 HAART Naïve HIV-Infected Adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Identifieur interne : 000536 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000535; suivant : 000537Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Risk Factors among 34,111 HAART Naïve HIV-Infected Adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Auteurs : Marina Njelekela [Tanzanie] ; Alfa Muhihi [Tanzanie] ; Akum Aveika [Tanzanie] ; Donna Spiegelman [États-Unis] ; Claudia Hawkins [États-Unis] ; Catharina Armstrong [États-Unis] ; Enju Liu [États-Unis] ; James Okuma [États-Unis] ; Guerino Chalamila [Tanzanie] ; Sylvia Kaaya [Tanzanie] ; Ferdinand Mugusi [Tanzanie] ; Wafaie Fawzi [États-Unis]Source :
- International Journal of Hypertension [ 2090-0384 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2016/5958382
PubMed: 27872756
PubMed Central: 5107235
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Risk Factors among 34,111 HAART Naïve HIV-Infected Adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</title><author><name sortKey="Njelekela, Marina" sort="Njelekela, Marina" uniqKey="Njelekela M" first="Marina" last="Njelekela">Marina Njelekela</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Physiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muhihi, Alfa" sort="Muhihi, Alfa" uniqKey="Muhihi A" first="Alfa" last="Muhihi">Alfa Muhihi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Africa Academy for Public Health, P.O. Box 79810, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Africa Academy for Public Health, P.O. 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type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, Catharina" sort="Armstrong, Catharina" uniqKey="Armstrong C" first="Catharina" last="Armstrong">Catharina Armstrong</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I7">Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Enju" sort="Liu, Enju" uniqKey="Liu E" first="Enju" last="Liu">Enju Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I8">Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I9">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okuma, James" sort="Okuma, James" uniqKey="Okuma J" first="James" last="Okuma">James Okuma</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I8">Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chalamila, Guerino" sort="Chalamila, Guerino" uniqKey="Chalamila G" first="Guerino" last="Chalamila">Guerino Chalamila</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaaya, Sylvia" sort="Kaaya, Sylvia" uniqKey="Kaaya S" first="Sylvia" last="Kaaya">Sylvia Kaaya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I10">Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mugusi, Ferdinand" sort="Mugusi, Ferdinand" uniqKey="Mugusi F" first="Ferdinand" last="Mugusi">Ferdinand Mugusi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I11">Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fawzi, Wafaie" sort="Fawzi, Wafaie" uniqKey="Fawzi W" first="Wafaie" last="Fawzi">Wafaie Fawzi</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I8">Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I9">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno 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uniqKey="Njelekela M" first="Marina" last="Njelekela">Marina Njelekela</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Physiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muhihi, Alfa" sort="Muhihi, Alfa" uniqKey="Muhihi A" first="Alfa" last="Muhihi">Alfa Muhihi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Africa Academy for Public Health, P.O. Box 79810, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Africa Academy for Public Health, P.O. Box 79810, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aveika, Akum" sort="Aveika, Akum" uniqKey="Aveika A" first="Akum" last="Aveika">Akum Aveika</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spiegelman, Donna" sort="Spiegelman, Donna" uniqKey="Spiegelman D" first="Donna" last="Spiegelman">Donna Spiegelman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkins, Claudia" sort="Hawkins, Claudia" uniqKey="Hawkins C" first="Claudia" last="Hawkins">Claudia Hawkins</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I6">Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, Catharina" sort="Armstrong, Catharina" uniqKey="Armstrong C" first="Catharina" last="Armstrong">Catharina Armstrong</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I7">Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Enju" sort="Liu, Enju" uniqKey="Liu E" first="Enju" last="Liu">Enju Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I8">Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I9">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okuma, James" sort="Okuma, James" uniqKey="Okuma J" first="James" last="Okuma">James Okuma</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I8">Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chalamila, Guerino" sort="Chalamila, Guerino" uniqKey="Chalamila G" first="Guerino" last="Chalamila">Guerino Chalamila</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaaya, Sylvia" sort="Kaaya, Sylvia" uniqKey="Kaaya S" first="Sylvia" last="Kaaya">Sylvia Kaaya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I10">Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mugusi, Ferdinand" sort="Mugusi, Ferdinand" uniqKey="Mugusi F" first="Ferdinand" last="Mugusi">Ferdinand Mugusi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I11">Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fawzi, Wafaie" sort="Fawzi, Wafaie" uniqKey="Fawzi W" first="Wafaie" last="Fawzi">Wafaie Fawzi</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I8">Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I9">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Hypertension</title><idno type="ISSN">2090-0384</idno><idno type="eISSN">2090-0392</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background</italic>. Elevated blood pressure has been reported among treatment naïve HIV-infected patients. We investigated prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in a HAART naïve HIV-infected population in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.<italic> Methods</italic>. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among HAART naïve HIV-infected patients. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg. Overweight and obesity were defined as body mass index (BMI) between 25.0–29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and ≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. We used relative risks to examine factors associated with hypertension.<italic> Results</italic>. Prevalence of hypertension was found to be 12.5%. After adjusting for possible confounders, risk of hypertension was 10% more in male than female patients. Patients aged ≥50 years had more than 2-fold increased risk for hypertension compared to 30–39-years-old patients. Overweight and obesity were associated with 51% and 94% increased risk for hypertension compared to normal weight patients. Low CD4+ T-cell count, advanced WHO clinical disease stage, and history of TB were associated with 10%, 42%, and 14% decreased risk for hypertension.<italic> Conclusions</italic>. Older age, male gender, and overweight/obesity were associated with hypertension. Immune suppression and history of TB were associated with lower risk for hypertension. HIV treatment programs should screen and manage hypertension even in HAART naïve individuals. </p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oguntibeju, O O" uniqKey="Oguntibeju O">O. O. Oguntibeju</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beard, J" uniqKey="Beard J">J. Beard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feeley, F" uniqKey="Feeley F">F. Feeley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosen, S" uniqKey="Rosen S">S. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Hypertens</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Hypertens</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJHY</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Hypertension</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2090-0384</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2090-0392</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27872756</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5107235</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/5958382</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Risk Factors among 34,111 HAART Naïve HIV-Infected Adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1536-2878</contrib-id><name><surname>Njelekela</surname><given-names>Marina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4477-7300</contrib-id><name><surname>Muhihi</surname><given-names>Alfa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aveika</surname><given-names>Akum</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Spiegelman</surname><given-names>Donna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hawkins</surname><given-names>Claudia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Armstrong</surname><given-names>Catharina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Enju</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I8"><sup>8</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I9"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Okuma</surname><given-names>James</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chalamila</surname><given-names>Guerino</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kaaya</surname><given-names>Sylvia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I10"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mugusi</surname><given-names>Ferdinand</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I11"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fawzi</surname><given-names>Wafaie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I8"><sup>8</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I9"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Physiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Africa Academy for Public Health, P.O. Box 79810, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</aff><aff id="I6"><sup>6</sup>Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA</aff><aff id="I7"><sup>7</sup>Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA</aff><aff id="I8"><sup>8</sup>Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</aff><aff id="I9"><sup>9</sup>Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA</aff><aff id="I10"><sup>10</sup>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</aff><aff id="I11"><sup>11</sup>Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Marina Njelekela: <email>madaula@yahoo.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Tomohiro Katsuya</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>2016</volume><elocation-id>5958382</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day><month>9</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Marina Njelekela et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Background</italic>. Elevated blood pressure has been reported among treatment naïve HIV-infected patients. We investigated prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in a HAART naïve HIV-infected population in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.<italic> Methods</italic>. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among HAART naïve HIV-infected patients. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg. Overweight and obesity were defined as body mass index (BMI) between 25.0–29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and ≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. We used relative risks to examine factors associated with hypertension.<italic> Results</italic>. Prevalence of hypertension was found to be 12.5%. After adjusting for possible confounders, risk of hypertension was 10% more in male than female patients. Patients aged ≥50 years had more than 2-fold increased risk for hypertension compared to 30–39-years-old patients. Overweight and obesity were associated with 51% and 94% increased risk for hypertension compared to normal weight patients. Low CD4+ T-cell count, advanced WHO clinical disease stage, and history of TB were associated with 10%, 42%, and 14% decreased risk for hypertension.<italic> Conclusions</italic>. Older age, male gender, and overweight/obesity were associated with hypertension. Immune suppression and history of TB were associated with lower risk for hypertension. HIV treatment programs should screen and manage hypertension even in HAART naïve individuals. </p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>National HIV Care and Treatment in Dar es Salaam</funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the participants.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristic</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD or <italic>N</italic> (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Age (years)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.6 ± 9.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Age categories</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7760 (22.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30–39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14877 (43.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 40–49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7964 (23.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3317 (9.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gender</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11199 (32.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22912 (67.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>BMI (kg/m</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.4 ± 4.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>BMI-defined categories</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9235 (27.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Normal (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18160 (54.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4322 (12.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1693 (5.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>CD4+ cell count (cells/µL)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <350</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23050 (75.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 350–<500 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3748 (12.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3720 (12.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>WHO clinical disease stage</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage I</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4910 (14.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage II</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6228 (18.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage III</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15128 (45.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage IV</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6686 (20.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>History of TB infection</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7739 (23.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25539 (76.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Current TB/HIV coinfection</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3245 (9.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30246 (90.3)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; CD4+: cluster of differentiation 4; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; TB: tuberculosis; WHO: World Health Organization.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures and prevalence of hypertension.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD or <italic>N</italic> (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Systolic blood pressure, SBP (mmHg)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114.1 ± 18.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diastolic blood pressure, DBP (mmHg)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.1 ± 12.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Blood pressure categories</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Normal BP</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19859 (58.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Prehypertension</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9967 (29.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage 1 hypertension</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2668 (7.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage 2 hypertension</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1617 (4.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypertension</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4285 (12.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29826 (87.4)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>BP: blood pressure; SD: standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with hypertension.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parameter</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All <break></break><italic>N</italic> = 34,111</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normotensive <break></break><italic>N</italic> (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hypertensive <break></break><italic>N</italic> (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Age (years)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7760</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7131 (91.9%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">629 (8.1%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30–39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14877</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3289 (89.3%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1588 (10.7%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 40–49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7964</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6756 (84.8%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1208 (15.2%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3317</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2505 (75.5%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">813 (24.5%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gender</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11199</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8423 (75.2%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2776 (24.8%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22912</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21409 (93.4%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1503 (6.6%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>BMI-defined obesity</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9235</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8643 (93.6%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">592 (6.4%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Normal (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18160</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15884 (87.5%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2276 (12.5%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4322</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3440 (79.6%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">882 (20.4%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1693</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1228 (72.5%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">465 (27.5%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>CD4+ cell count (cells/µL)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <350 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23050</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20414 (88.6%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2636 (11.4%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 350–<500 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3748</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3177 (84.8%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">571 (15.2%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥500 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3720</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3120 (83.9%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">600 (16.1%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>WHO clinical disease stage</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage I</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4910</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3982 (81.1%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">928 (18.9%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage II</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6228</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5234 (84.0%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">994 (16.0%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage III</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15128</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13392 (88.5%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1736 (11.5%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage IV</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6686</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6139 (91.8%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">547 (8.2%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>History of TB</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7739</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6993 (90.4%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">746 (9.6%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25539</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22097 (86.5%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3442 (13.5%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Current TB/HIV coinfection</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3245</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2940 (90.6%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">305 (9.4%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30246</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26345 (87.1%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3901 (12.9%)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>BMI: body mass index; CD4+: cluster of differentiation 4; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; TB: tuberculosis; WHO: World Health Organization.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Univariate and multivariate adjusted demographic, body mass index, and clinical and immunological factors associated with prevalence of hypertension.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadjusted RR<break></break>(95% CI)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjusted RR<break></break> (95% CI)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Age group (years)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.002</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 15–29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76 (0.70–0.83) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74 (0.67–0.81)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30–39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 40–49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42 (1.32–1.52) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43 (1.33–1.53)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 50 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.30 (2.14–2.49) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.52 (1.92–3.30)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gender</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.002</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11 (1.05–1.18) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10 (1.04–1.17)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>BMI-defined obesity</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.003</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51 (0.47–0.56) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57 (0.52–0.62)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Normal (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63 (1.52–1.74) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.51 (1.40–1.62)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.19 (2.00–2.38) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.94 (1.78–2.12)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>CD4+ cell count (cells/μL) </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.003</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <350</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49 (0.44–0.54) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 350–<500 </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77 (0.72–0.82) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>WHO Clinical disease stage</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage I</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage II</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83 (0.77–0.90) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 (0.81–0.96) </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage III</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 (0.54–0.63) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72 (0.66–0.78) </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage IV</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42 (0.38–0.47) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 (0.52–0.64) </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>History of TB</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72 (0.66–0.77) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 (0.78–0.94) </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Current TB/HIV coinfection</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.410</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.420</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08 (0.89–1.18) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05 (0.92–1.20) </td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; HIV: human immune deficiency virus; RR: risk ratio; TB: tuberculosis; WHO: World Health Organization.</p></fn><fn><p>The final model for multivariate analyses included district (Ilala, Kinondoni, and Temeke), calendar year and season of enrolment, age (<30, 30–39, 40–49, and ≥50 years), gender (male/female), BMI (underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity), CD4+ cell count (<350, 350–<500, and ≥500), WHO clinical disease stage (I, II, III, and IV), history of TB, and current TB/HIV coinfected. The median score test was used to assess the significance of any trends observed and a Wald test was used for binary variables.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Tanzanie</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Illinois</li><li>Massachusetts</li></region></list><tree><country name="Tanzanie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Njelekela, Marina" sort="Njelekela, Marina" uniqKey="Njelekela M" first="Marina" last="Njelekela">Marina Njelekela</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Aveika, Akum" sort="Aveika, Akum" uniqKey="Aveika A" first="Akum" last="Aveika">Akum Aveika</name><name sortKey="Chalamila, Guerino" sort="Chalamila, Guerino" uniqKey="Chalamila G" first="Guerino" last="Chalamila">Guerino Chalamila</name><name sortKey="Kaaya, Sylvia" sort="Kaaya, Sylvia" uniqKey="Kaaya S" first="Sylvia" last="Kaaya">Sylvia Kaaya</name><name sortKey="Mugusi, Ferdinand" sort="Mugusi, Ferdinand" uniqKey="Mugusi F" first="Ferdinand" last="Mugusi">Ferdinand Mugusi</name><name sortKey="Muhihi, Alfa" sort="Muhihi, Alfa" uniqKey="Muhihi A" first="Alfa" last="Muhihi">Alfa Muhihi</name><name sortKey="Muhihi, Alfa" sort="Muhihi, Alfa" uniqKey="Muhihi A" first="Alfa" last="Muhihi">Alfa Muhihi</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Massachusetts"><name sortKey="Spiegelman, Donna" sort="Spiegelman, Donna" uniqKey="Spiegelman D" first="Donna" last="Spiegelman">Donna Spiegelman</name></region><name sortKey="Armstrong, Catharina" sort="Armstrong, Catharina" uniqKey="Armstrong C" first="Catharina" last="Armstrong">Catharina Armstrong</name><name sortKey="Fawzi, Wafaie" sort="Fawzi, Wafaie" uniqKey="Fawzi W" first="Wafaie" last="Fawzi">Wafaie Fawzi</name><name sortKey="Fawzi, Wafaie" sort="Fawzi, Wafaie" uniqKey="Fawzi W" first="Wafaie" last="Fawzi">Wafaie Fawzi</name><name sortKey="Fawzi, Wafaie" sort="Fawzi, Wafaie" uniqKey="Fawzi W" first="Wafaie" last="Fawzi">Wafaie Fawzi</name><name sortKey="Hawkins, Claudia" sort="Hawkins, Claudia" uniqKey="Hawkins C" first="Claudia" last="Hawkins">Claudia Hawkins</name><name sortKey="Liu, Enju" sort="Liu, Enju" uniqKey="Liu E" first="Enju" last="Liu">Enju Liu</name><name sortKey="Liu, Enju" sort="Liu, Enju" uniqKey="Liu E" first="Enju" last="Liu">Enju Liu</name><name sortKey="Okuma, James" sort="Okuma, James" uniqKey="Okuma J" first="James" last="Okuma">James Okuma</name><name sortKey="Spiegelman, Donna" sort="Spiegelman, Donna" uniqKey="Spiegelman D" first="Donna" last="Spiegelman">Donna Spiegelman</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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