Attitudes, Beliefs and Predictors of Male Circumcision Promotion among Medical University Students in a Traditionally Non-Circumcising Region
Identifieur interne : 004680 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 004679; suivant : 004681Attitudes, Beliefs and Predictors of Male Circumcision Promotion among Medical University Students in a Traditionally Non-Circumcising Region
Auteurs : Maria Ganczak [Pologne] ; Marcin Korze ; Maciej OlszewskiSource :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101097
PubMed: 28934174
PubMed Central: 5664598
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Attitudes, Beliefs and Predictors of Male Circumcision Promotion among Medical University Students in a Traditionally Non-Circumcising Region</title><author><name sortKey="Ganczak, Maria" sort="Ganczak, Maria" uniqKey="Ganczak M" first="Maria" last="Ganczak">Maria Ganczak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-14-01097">Department of Epidemiology and Management, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Management, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>71-210 Szczecin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Korze, Marcin" sort="Korze, Marcin" uniqKey="Korze M" first="Marcin" last="Korze">Marcin Korze</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-14-01097">Department of Methods of Artificial Intelligence and Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;<email>mkorzen@wi.zut.edu.pl</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olszewski, Maciej" sort="Olszewski, Maciej" uniqKey="Olszewski M" first="Maciej" last="Olszewski">Maciej Olszewski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-14-01097">Students’ Scientific Association, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;<email>olschevski@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28934174</idno><idno type="pmc">5664598</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664598</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5664598</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijerph14101097</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002538</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002538</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002537</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002537</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000313</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000313</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">004680</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Attitudes, Beliefs and Predictors of Male Circumcision Promotion among Medical University Students in a Traditionally Non-Circumcising Region</title><author><name sortKey="Ganczak, Maria" sort="Ganczak, Maria" uniqKey="Ganczak M" first="Maria" last="Ganczak">Maria Ganczak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-14-01097">Department of Epidemiology and Management, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Management, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>71-210 Szczecin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Korze, Marcin" sort="Korze, Marcin" uniqKey="Korze M" first="Marcin" last="Korze">Marcin Korze</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-14-01097">Department of Methods of Artificial Intelligence and Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;<email>mkorzen@wi.zut.edu.pl</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olszewski, Maciej" sort="Olszewski, Maciej" uniqKey="Olszewski M" first="Maciej" last="Olszewski">Maciej Olszewski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-14-01097">Students’ Scientific Association, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;<email>olschevski@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno><idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Objective</italic>: To evaluate the beliefs of medical university students regarding male circumcision (MC), as well as attitudes and the predictors of its promotion in the case of adults at risk of HIV. <italic>Methods</italic>: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between 2013–2016 at the Medical University in Szczecin, Poland, among final year Polish/foreign students from Northern Europe, using a standardized questionnaire. <italic>Results</italic>: There were 539 participants, median age 25 years, 40.8% males, and 66.8% were Polish nationals. The MC rate was 16.7%. Regarding HIV/AIDS knowledge, 66.6% of the students scored more than 75%; and, 34.2% knew that MC reduces the risk of HIV infection. One in eleven respondents (9.1%) believed that circumcised men felt more intense sexual pleasure. More than half of the respondents (54.8%) declared that they would recommend MC to adult patients at risk for HIV. The belief that circumcised men felt more intense sexual pleasure, and knowledge on MC regarding HIV risk reduction was associated with greater odds of recommending adult MC (OR = 3.35 and OR = 2.13, respectively). <italic>Conclusions</italic>: Poor knowledge of its benefits and a low willingness to promote the procedure—strongly dependent on personal beliefs—suggest that medical students may need additional training to help them to discuss MC more openly with adult men at risk for HIV infection. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28934174</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5664598</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph14101097</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-14-01097</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Attitudes, Beliefs and Predictors of Male Circumcision Promotion among Medical University Students in a Traditionally Non-Circumcising Region</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ganczak</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-14-01097">1</xref><xref rid="c1-ijerph-14-01097" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1306-7146</contrib-id><name><surname>Korzeń</surname><given-names>Marcin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-14-01097">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Olszewski</surname><given-names>Maciej</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijerph-14-01097">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijerph-14-01097"><label>1</label>Department of Epidemiology and Management, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland</aff><aff id="af2-ijerph-14-01097"><label>2</label>Department of Methods of Artificial Intelligence and Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;<email>mkorzen@wi.zut.edu.pl</email></aff><aff id="af3-ijerph-14-01097"><label>3</label>Students’ Scientific Association, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;<email>olschevski@gmail.com</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijerph-14-01097"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>mganczak@pum.edu.pl</email>; Tel.: +48-91-4800965</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>9</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>10</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>10</issue><elocation-id>1097</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>08</day><month>8</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>9</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Objective</italic>: To evaluate the beliefs of medical university students regarding male circumcision (MC), as well as attitudes and the predictors of its promotion in the case of adults at risk of HIV. <italic>Methods</italic>: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between 2013–2016 at the Medical University in Szczecin, Poland, among final year Polish/foreign students from Northern Europe, using a standardized questionnaire. <italic>Results</italic>: There were 539 participants, median age 25 years, 40.8% males, and 66.8% were Polish nationals. The MC rate was 16.7%. Regarding HIV/AIDS knowledge, 66.6% of the students scored more than 75%; and, 34.2% knew that MC reduces the risk of HIV infection. One in eleven respondents (9.1%) believed that circumcised men felt more intense sexual pleasure. More than half of the respondents (54.8%) declared that they would recommend MC to adult patients at risk for HIV. The belief that circumcised men felt more intense sexual pleasure, and knowledge on MC regarding HIV risk reduction was associated with greater odds of recommending adult MC (OR = 3.35 and OR = 2.13, respectively). <italic>Conclusions</italic>: Poor knowledge of its benefits and a low willingness to promote the procedure—strongly dependent on personal beliefs—suggest that medical students may need additional training to help them to discuss MC more openly with adult men at risk for HIV infection. Knowledge may be an effective tool when making decisions regarding MC promotion.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>male circumcision</kwd><kwd>attitudes</kwd><kwd>beliefs</kwd><kwd>determinants</kwd><kwd>promotion</kwd><kwd>medical students</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="ijerph-14-01097-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Willingness to recommend male circumcision (MC) to adults at high risk for HIV by nationality, belief that circumcised men experience more sexual pleasure, and knowledge about HIV/AIDS.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-14-01097-g001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="ijerph-14-01097-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-14-01097-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Demographic characteristics of the participants, Poland, 2013–2016; n = 539.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Variable</th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Total</th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Males</th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Females</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> *</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N
<break></break>539</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%
<break></break>100</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n
<break></break>220</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%
<break></break>40.8</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n
<break></break>319</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%
<break></break>59.2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (Me)<break></break>Range</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">25
<break></break>22–38</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">25
<break></break>22–35</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">25
<break></break>22–38</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">220</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female </td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">319</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nationality</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Polish</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">360</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">207</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">179</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Religion</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Roman Catholic</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">318</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other Christian</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Muslim</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atheist</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Circumcision **</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">192</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medical reasons</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Religious reasons</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><italic>p</italic> * males versus females; ** only 192/220 males answered this question.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-14-01097-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-14-01097-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Knowledge on HIV/AIDS; final year medical students, Poland, 2013–2016; n = 539.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Statement</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Correct Answer</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Answer</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV can be transmitted from a mother to a child</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes<break></break>No<break></break>Don’t know</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">518<break></break>8<break></break>13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.1<break></break>1.5<break></break>2.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaginal receptive intercourse is the most risky in terms of contracting HIV infection</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes<break></break>No<break></break>Don’t know</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126<break></break>313<break></break>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.4<break></break>58.0<break></break>18.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Most people with HIV show signs of being sick in the first week after infection </td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes<break></break>No<break></break>Don’t know</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51<break></break>471<break></break>17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.5<break></break>87.4<break></break>3.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">If someone is tested for HIV, a “positive blood test” means that the person is infected with HIV for life </td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes<break></break>No<break></break>Don’t know</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">385<break></break>140<break></break>14</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.4<break></break>26.0<break></break>2.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Have you heard about anti-retroviral therapy (ART)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes<break></break>No<break></break>Not sure</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">511<break></break>9<break></break>19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.8<break></break>1.7<break></break>3.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV/AIDS can be cured with ART</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes<break></break>No<break></break>Don’t know</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51<break></break>446<break></break>42</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.5<break></break>82.7<break></break>7.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taking ART on schedule can help someone with HIV to prolong his/her life</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes<break></break>No<break></break>Don’t know</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">482<break></break>47<break></break>10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.4<break></break>8.7<break></break>1.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a person starts ART, he/she should take ART every day for life</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes<break></break>No<break></break>Don’t know</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">384<break></break>97<break></break>58</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.2<break></break>18.0<break></break>10.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Missing doses of ART leads to worsening an infection</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes<break></break>No<break></break>Don’t know</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">467<break></break>24<break></break>48</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.6<break></break>4.5<break></break>8.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A mother who is infected with HIV can reduce the risk of giving the virus to her baby by taking certain medicines during pregnancy</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes<break></break>No<break></break>Don’t know</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">480<break></break>24<break></break>35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.1<break></break>4.5<break></break>6.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Globally ART is available to almost all people who need it</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes<break></break>No<break></break>Don’t know</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240<break></break>97<break></break>202</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.5<break></break>18.0<break></break>37.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">People can reduce their chances of getting HIV by using a condom every time they have sex</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes<break></break>No<break></break>Don’t know</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">513<break></break>17<break></break>9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.2<break></break>3.2<break></break>1.6</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-14-01097-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-14-01097-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Bivariate analyses of determinants of final year medical students’ willingness to recommend male circumcision (MC) to adults at high risk for HIV, Poland, 2013–2016; n = 539.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.0</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">213</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.0</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">0.06</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Religion</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Atheist</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.0</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">0.13</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">234</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nationality</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Polish</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">207</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.9</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Being circumcised</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.6</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">0.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knowing circumcised man</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.9</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">0.66</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> no</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">127</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">228</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MC is safe</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.9</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">1.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Circumcised Men experience more sexual pleasure</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.5</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No/Not sure</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">141</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MC increases the sensitivity of penis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No/Not sure</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">238</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV/AIDS knowledge level</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">127</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.2</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">0.16</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mediocre/Poor</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MC decreases the chance to acquire HIV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No/Not sure</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-14-01097-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-14-01097-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Logistic regression model: association of willingness to recommend male circumcision (MC) to adults at high risk for HIV with variables selected with the use of a stepwise approach (OR’s estimates, 95% CIs of OR estimates), Poland, 2013–2016; n = 539.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR *</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CI</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knowledge on MC ex re HIV risk reduction</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.22–3.77</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belief that circumcised men get more sexual pleasure than uncircumcised</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.44–8.77</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008 </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>* Odds ratio = ratio between the two categories tested in each variable, controlling for other variables.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Pologne</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Korze, Marcin" sort="Korze, Marcin" uniqKey="Korze M" first="Marcin" last="Korze">Marcin Korze</name><name sortKey="Olszewski, Maciej" sort="Olszewski, Maciej" uniqKey="Olszewski M" first="Maciej" last="Olszewski">Maciej Olszewski</name></noCountry><country name="Pologne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ganczak, Maria" sort="Ganczak, Maria" uniqKey="Ganczak M" first="Maria" last="Ganczak">Maria Ganczak</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/SidaSubSaharaV1/Data/Ncbi/Merge
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