Current Status of Soil-Transmitted Helminths among School Children in Kakamega County, Western Kenya
Identifieur interne : 003949 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 003948; suivant : 003950Current Status of Soil-Transmitted Helminths among School Children in Kakamega County, Western Kenya
Auteurs : Teresia Ngonjo [Kenya] ; Collins Okoyo [Kenya] ; Julius Andove [Kenya] ; Elses Simiyu [Kenya] ; Agola Eric Lelo [Kenya] ; Ephantus Kabiru [Kenya] ; Jimmy Kihara [Kenya] ; Charles Mwandawiro [Kenya]Source :
- Journal of Parasitology Research [ 2090-0023 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2016/7680124
PubMed: 27525108
PubMed Central: 4971323
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PMC:4971323Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Simiyu, Elses" sort="Simiyu, Elses" uniqKey="Simiyu E" first="Elses" last="Simiyu">Elses Simiyu</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Lelo, Agola Eric" sort="Lelo, Agola Eric" uniqKey="Lelo A" first="Agola Eric" last="Lelo">Agola Eric Lelo</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Technical University of Kenya (TUK), P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Kabiru, Ephantus" sort="Kabiru, Ephantus" uniqKey="Kabiru E" first="Ephantus" last="Kabiru">Ephantus Kabiru</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Kihara, Jimmy" sort="Kihara, Jimmy" uniqKey="Kihara J" first="Jimmy" last="Kihara">Jimmy Kihara</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 20750-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 20750-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Mwandawiro, Charles" sort="Mwandawiro, Charles" uniqKey="Mwandawiro C" first="Charles" last="Mwandawiro">Charles Mwandawiro</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Current Status of Soil-Transmitted Helminths among School Children in Kakamega County, Western Kenya</title>
<author><name sortKey="Ngonjo, Teresia" sort="Ngonjo, Teresia" uniqKey="Ngonjo T" first="Teresia" last="Ngonjo">Teresia Ngonjo</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Karatina University, P.O. Box 1957-10101, Karatina</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Karatina</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Okoyo, Collins" sort="Okoyo, Collins" uniqKey="Okoyo C" first="Collins" last="Okoyo">Collins Okoyo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Andove, Julius" sort="Andove, Julius" uniqKey="Andove J" first="Julius" last="Andove">Julius Andove</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Simiyu, Elses" sort="Simiyu, Elses" uniqKey="Simiyu E" first="Elses" last="Simiyu">Elses Simiyu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Lelo, Agola Eric" sort="Lelo, Agola Eric" uniqKey="Lelo A" first="Agola Eric" last="Lelo">Agola Eric Lelo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Technical University of Kenya (TUK), P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Technical University of Kenya (TUK), P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kabiru, Ephantus" sort="Kabiru, Ephantus" uniqKey="Kabiru E" first="Ephantus" last="Kabiru">Ephantus Kabiru</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kihara, Jimmy" sort="Kihara, Jimmy" uniqKey="Kihara J" first="Jimmy" last="Kihara">Jimmy Kihara</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 20750-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 20750-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mwandawiro, Charles" sort="Mwandawiro, Charles" uniqKey="Mwandawiro C" first="Charles" last="Mwandawiro">Charles Mwandawiro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
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</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of Parasitology Research</title>
<idno type="ISSN">2090-0023</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">2090-0031</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background.</italic>
School age children are at high risk of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) worldwide. In Kenya, STH infections in children remain high despite the periodic administration of anthelmintic drugs. Our study assessed the prevalence and intensity of STH in primary school-aged children in Kakamega County, western Kenya.<italic> Methodology.</italic>
We carried out a cross-sectional study on a population of 731 children attending 7 primary schools in March 2014. Children aged 4–16 years were examined for STH by the quantitative Kato-Katz technique. Infection intensities were expressed as eggs per gram (epg) of faeces.<italic> Findings.</italic>
Among 731 school children examined for STH, 44.05% were infected. Highest prevalence of STH was in Shitaho primary school where 107 participants were examined and 62.6% were infected with mean intensity of 11667 epg. Iyenga had the least prevalence where 101 participants were examined and 26.7% were infected with mean intensity of 11772 epg.<italic> A. lumbricoides</italic>
was the most prevalent STH species with 43.5% infected, while hookworm infections were low with 1.8% infected.<italic> Conclusion.</italic>
Prevalence of STHs infections in Kakamega County remains high. We recommend guidelines and other control strategies to be scaled up to break transmission cycles.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Parasitol Res</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Parasitol Res</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JPR</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Parasitology Research</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2090-0023</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2090-0031</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27525108</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4971323</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/7680124</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Current Status of Soil-Transmitted Helminths among School Children in Kakamega County, Western Kenya</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6282-8207</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ngonjo</surname>
<given-names>Teresia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Okoyo</surname>
<given-names>Collins</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andove</surname>
<given-names>Julius</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Simiyu</surname>
<given-names>Elses</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lelo</surname>
<given-names>Agola Eric</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kabiru</surname>
<given-names>Ephantus</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kihara</surname>
<given-names>Jimmy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mwandawiro</surname>
<given-names>Charles</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>
Karatina University, P.O. Box 1957-10101, Karatina, Kenya</aff>
<aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya</aff>
<aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>
Technical University of Kenya (TUK), P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya</aff>
<aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>
Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</aff>
<aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 20750-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Teresia Ngonjo: <email>ngonjo_teresia@yahoo.com</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Emmanuel Serrano Ferron</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2016</volume>
<elocation-id>7680124</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>20</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Teresia Ngonjo et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p><italic>Background.</italic>
School age children are at high risk of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) worldwide. In Kenya, STH infections in children remain high despite the periodic administration of anthelmintic drugs. Our study assessed the prevalence and intensity of STH in primary school-aged children in Kakamega County, western Kenya.<italic> Methodology.</italic>
We carried out a cross-sectional study on a population of 731 children attending 7 primary schools in March 2014. Children aged 4–16 years were examined for STH by the quantitative Kato-Katz technique. Infection intensities were expressed as eggs per gram (epg) of faeces.<italic> Findings.</italic>
Among 731 school children examined for STH, 44.05% were infected. Highest prevalence of STH was in Shitaho primary school where 107 participants were examined and 62.6% were infected with mean intensity of 11667 epg. Iyenga had the least prevalence where 101 participants were examined and 26.7% were infected with mean intensity of 11772 epg.<italic> A. lumbricoides</italic>
was the most prevalent STH species with 43.5% infected, while hookworm infections were low with 1.8% infected.<italic> Conclusion.</italic>
Prevalence of STHs infections in Kakamega County remains high. We recommend guidelines and other control strategies to be scaled up to break transmission cycles.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>The age distribution of the children sampled for the study.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="JPR2016-7680124.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Prevalence (%) of various STHs species by age category.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="JPR2016-7680124.002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>Mean intensity (epg) of various STHs species by age category.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="JPR2016-7680124.003"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Overall prevalence and mean intensity of STH infections.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infection</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prevalence (%)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STHs combined</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.05</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(35.80–54.20)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hookworm</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.06–1.09)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. lumbricoides</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(35.21–53.74)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>T. trichiura</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.38–1.78)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infection</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean intensity (epg)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STHs combined</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3674</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2560–5274)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hookworm</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.05–2.29)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. lumbricoides</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3673</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2559–5274)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>T. trichiura</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.16–4.38)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Prevalence and mean intensity of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) per school.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1"> </th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">STHs combined</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Hookworm</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1"><italic>A. lumbricoides</italic>
</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1"><italic>T. trichiura</italic>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr% (95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avg intensity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr% (95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avg intensity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr% (95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avg intensity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr% (95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avg intensity</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>School</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Bukhulanya</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.5 (26.7–44.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6538 (4115–10387)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8 (0.5–7.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 (41–355)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.7 (25.0–42.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6893 (4364–10888)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8 (0.5–7.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (18–32)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Bukusi</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.6 (46.6–66.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7368 (4827–11246)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.5 (45.6–65.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7504 (4927–11427)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.1–7.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Iyenga</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.7 (19.4–36.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11772 (6889–20115)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.7 (19.4–36.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11772 (6889–20115)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Matende</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.3 (32.9–52.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9367 (6002–14621)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.3 (32.9–52.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9355 (5937–14740)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 (0.5–7.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">264 (39–1804)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Shamusinjiri</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.3 (31.0–49.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5973 (3881–9194)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.3 (31.0–49.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5973 (3881–9194)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Shina</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.5 (39.8–59.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5584 (3820–8161)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.6 (38.8–58.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5697 (3929–8262)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.1–6.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Shitaho</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.6 (54.1–72.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11667 (8400–16205)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.6 (54.1–72.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11667 (8400–16205)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Prevalence and mean intensity of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) per sub-county.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Sub-county</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">STHs combined</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Hookworm</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1"><italic>A. lumbricoides</italic>
</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1"><italic>T. trichiura</italic>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr% (95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avg intensity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr% (95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avg intensity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr% (95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avg intensity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr% (95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avg intensity</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kakamega South</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.7 (28.4–70.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7029 (6285–7860)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.1–62)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 (41–355)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3 (26.6–70.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7259 (6707–7857)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.8–2.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (19–30)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kakamega East</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.3 (27.8–52.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7125 (4594–11050)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.9 (27.9–51.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7185 (4667–11064)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0–2.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kakamega Central</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.1 (34.9–77.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10768 (8822–13144)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.1 (35–77.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10763 (8808–13153)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.1–6.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">264 (39–1804)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>Prevalence and mean intensity of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) per gender.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Gender</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">STHs combined</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Hookworm</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1"><italic>A. lumbricoides</italic>
</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1"><italic>T. trichiura</italic>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr% (95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avg intensity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr% (95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avg intensity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr% (95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avg intensity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr% (95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avg intensity</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.1 (37.2–52.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7150 (5474–9339)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0–1.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.3 (36.4–51.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7281 (5647–9386)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.6–2.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118 (32–432)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.0 (32.6–59.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9549 (7250–12577)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0–2.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.7 (32.2–59.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9607 (7312–12624)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0–2.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Kenya</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><country name="Kenya"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ngonjo, Teresia" sort="Ngonjo, Teresia" uniqKey="Ngonjo T" first="Teresia" last="Ngonjo">Teresia Ngonjo</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Andove, Julius" sort="Andove, Julius" uniqKey="Andove J" first="Julius" last="Andove">Julius Andove</name>
<name sortKey="Kabiru, Ephantus" sort="Kabiru, Ephantus" uniqKey="Kabiru E" first="Ephantus" last="Kabiru">Ephantus Kabiru</name>
<name sortKey="Kihara, Jimmy" sort="Kihara, Jimmy" uniqKey="Kihara J" first="Jimmy" last="Kihara">Jimmy Kihara</name>
<name sortKey="Kihara, Jimmy" sort="Kihara, Jimmy" uniqKey="Kihara J" first="Jimmy" last="Kihara">Jimmy Kihara</name>
<name sortKey="Lelo, Agola Eric" sort="Lelo, Agola Eric" uniqKey="Lelo A" first="Agola Eric" last="Lelo">Agola Eric Lelo</name>
<name sortKey="Lelo, Agola Eric" sort="Lelo, Agola Eric" uniqKey="Lelo A" first="Agola Eric" last="Lelo">Agola Eric Lelo</name>
<name sortKey="Mwandawiro, Charles" sort="Mwandawiro, Charles" uniqKey="Mwandawiro C" first="Charles" last="Mwandawiro">Charles Mwandawiro</name>
<name sortKey="Okoyo, Collins" sort="Okoyo, Collins" uniqKey="Okoyo C" first="Collins" last="Okoyo">Collins Okoyo</name>
<name sortKey="Simiyu, Elses" sort="Simiyu, Elses" uniqKey="Simiyu E" first="Elses" last="Simiyu">Elses Simiyu</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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