Effectiveness of the First Dose of BCG against Tuberculosis among HIV-Infected, Predominantly Immunodeficient Children
Identifieur interne : 003215 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 003214; suivant : 003216Effectiveness of the First Dose of BCG against Tuberculosis among HIV-Infected, Predominantly Immunodeficient Children
Auteurs : Joaquim C. V. D. Van-Dunem [Angola] ; Laura C. Rodrigues [Royaume-Uni] ; Luiz Claudio Arraes Alencar [Brésil] ; Maria De Fátima Pessoa Militão-Albuquerque [Brésil] ; Ricardo Arraes De Alencar Ximenes [Brésil]Source :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the protective effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis among (predominantly immunodeficient) HIV-infected children in Angola. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted with 230 cases, children coinfected with tuberculosis, and 672 controls, HIV-infected children from the same hospital, aged 18 months to 13 years. The presence of a vaccination scar was taken as a proxy marker for BCG vaccination. The crude effectiveness was 8% (95% CI: −26 to 32) and the adjusted effectiveness was 30% (95% CI: −75 to 72). The present study suggests that BCG does not have a protective effect against tuberculosis among immunodeficient HIV-infected children. Since BCG is no longer given to HIV-infected children, the study may not be replicated. Accepting that these findings should be considered with caution, they are nonetheless likely to be the last estimate of BCG efficacy in a sufficiently powered study.
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2015/275029
PubMed: 26221585
PubMed Central: 4499653
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The objective of this study was to estimate the protective effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis among (predominantly immunodeficient) HIV-infected children in Angola. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted with 230 cases, children coinfected with tuberculosis, and 672 controls, HIV-infected children from the same hospital, aged 18 months to 13 years. The presence of a vaccination scar was taken as a proxy marker for BCG vaccination. The crude effectiveness was 8% (95% CI: −26 to 32) and the adjusted effectiveness was 30% (95% CI: −75 to 72). The present study suggests that BCG does not have a protective effect against tuberculosis among immunodeficient HIV-infected children. Since BCG is no longer given to HIV-infected children, the study may not be replicated. Accepting that these findings should be considered with caution, they are nonetheless likely to be the last estimate of BCG efficacy in a sufficiently powered study.</p>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26221585</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4499653</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/275029</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Study</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Effectiveness of the First Dose of BCG against Tuberculosis among HIV-Infected, Predominantly Immunodeficient Children</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van-Dunem</surname>
<given-names>Joaquim C. V. D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rodrigues</surname>
<given-names>Laura C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alencar</surname>
<given-names>Luiz Claudio Arraes</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Militão-Albuquerque</surname>
<given-names>Maria de Fátima Pessoa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ximenes</surname>
<given-names>Ricardo Arraes de Alencar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I6"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>
Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Avenida Amilcar Cabral, s/n, Maianga, Luanda, Angola</aff>
<aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK</aff>
<aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>
Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, Bloco A do Hospital das Clínicas, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil</aff>
<aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>
Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, Bloco A do Hospital das Clínicas, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil</aff>
<aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>
Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, CPqAM, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil</aff>
<aff id="I6"><sup>6</sup>
Programa de Mestrado e Doutorado em Ciências da Saúde, UPE, Rua Arnóbio Marques, No. 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Ricardo Arraes de Alencar Ximenes: <email>raaximenes@uol.com.br</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Pere Domingo</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2015</volume>
<elocation-id>275029</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Joaquim C. V. D. Van-Dunem et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>The objective of this study was to estimate the protective effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis among (predominantly immunodeficient) HIV-infected children in Angola. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted with 230 cases, children coinfected with tuberculosis, and 672 controls, HIV-infected children from the same hospital, aged 18 months to 13 years. The presence of a vaccination scar was taken as a proxy marker for BCG vaccination. The crude effectiveness was 8% (95% CI: −26 to 32) and the adjusted effectiveness was 30% (95% CI: −75 to 72). The present study suggests that BCG does not have a protective effect against tuberculosis among immunodeficient HIV-infected children. Since BCG is no longer given to HIV-infected children, the study may not be replicated. Accepting that these findings should be considered with caution, they are nonetheless likely to be the last estimate of BCG efficacy in a sufficiently powered study.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Selection of the study population. <sup><italic>∗</italic>
</sup>
Staff responsible for the X-ray reading discovered the diagnostic hypothesis before delivering the report.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2015-275029.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Comparison of the main characteristics of cases (TB/HIV-infected children) and controls (HIV-infected children). Hospital Pediátrico David Bernardino (HPDB, Angola): January 2005–December 2006. </p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cases<break></break>
<italic>n</italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls<break></break>
<italic>N</italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Odds ratio</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age group (months)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≤36</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">248</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 37–60</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">272</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.48 </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.62–3.78</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥61</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.66</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.02–7.20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">230</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">672</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">353</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">319</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.22</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90–1.67</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.18</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">230</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">672</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orphaned</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">133</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">543</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 92</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.42</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.44–4.78</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">653</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sibling died of AIDS</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">163</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">409</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 16</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.18</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.79–9.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">178</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">418</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Admission point</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Outpatient clinic</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 74</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">450</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hospital</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">156</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.27 </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.07–5.96</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">230</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">672</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antiretroviral treatment</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 54</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28 </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83–1.97</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.27</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">162</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">195</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mode of HIV transmission</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Vertical</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">619</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Others</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 37</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78 </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38–1.59</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.49</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">656</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immunodeficiency</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Absent</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">392</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Present</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">277</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.88</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.73–20.82</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">229</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">669</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical category of HIV (CDC)<sup><italic>∗</italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Categories N and A</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 55</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">457</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Categories B and C</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">214</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.76</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.79–9.53</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">229</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">671</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup><italic>∗</italic>
</sup>
Reference [<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
].</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Odds ratios and effectiveness of the association between BCG vaccination and TB according to different diagnostic categories. Hospital Pediátrico David Bernardino (HPDB, Angola): January 2005–December 2006.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Variable</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Tuberculosis<break></break>
(all diagnostic categories)</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Control</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">OR<break></break>
(95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
value</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">(1-OR) (%)<break></break>
(95% CI)</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BCG vaccination</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">239</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">144</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">433</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92<break></break>
(0.68–1.26)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8<break></break>
(−26–32)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">230</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">672</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Variable</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Tuberculosis<break></break>
(confirmed diagnosis)</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Control</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">OR<break></break>
(95% CI)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
value</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">(1-OR) (%)<break></break>
(95% CI)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BCG vaccination</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">239</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">433</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99<break></break>
(0.54–1.82)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1<break></break>
(−82%–46%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">672</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Variable</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Tuberculosis<break></break>
(probable diagnosis)</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Control</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">OR<break></break>
(95% CI)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
value</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">(1-OR) (%)<break></break>
(95% CI)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BCG vaccination</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">239</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">433</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90<break></break>
(0.63–1.29)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<break></break>
(−29–37)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">672</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>BCG: Bacille Calmette-Guérin; TB: tuberculosis; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; (1-OR) (%): BCG effectiveness. </p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Odds ratios of the association between BCG vaccination and TB adjusted for biological, family structure, healthcare, and socioeconomic variables and clinical conditions. Hospital Pediátrico David Bernardino (HPDB, Angola): January 2005–December 2006.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variables</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR<sub>adjusted</sub>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BCG (adjusted for biological variables)<sup><italic>∗</italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64 to 1.21</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BCG (adjusted for family structure variables)<sup><italic>∗∗</italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.85</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57 to 1.26</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BCG (adjusted for healthcare variables)<sup><italic>∗∗∗</italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40 to 1.56</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BCG (adjusted for socioeconomic variables)<sup><italic>∗∗∗∗</italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66 to 1.27</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BCG (adjusted for clinical condition variables)<sup><italic>∗∗∗∗∗</italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78 to 1.65</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>BCG: Bacille Calmette-Guérin; TB: tuberculosis; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; <sup><italic>∗</italic>
</sup>
age; <sup><italic>∗∗</italic>
</sup>
age, orphaned, and sibling died of AIDS; <sup><italic>∗∗∗</italic>
</sup>
age, admission point, adherence to antiretroviral treatment, distance to health center, and regularity of AIDS consultations; <sup><italic>∗∗∗∗</italic>
</sup>
age, employment status, number of people living in household, and housing conditions; <sup><italic>∗∗∗∗∗</italic>
</sup>
age, previous history of pneumonia, clinical category of HIV infection (CDC), and degree of immunodeficiency.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>Crude and adjusted effectiveness based on the presence of BCG scar for all children; crude effectiveness based on the vaccination card and BCG scar for those children with a vaccination card. Hospital Pediátrico David Bernardino (HPDB, Angola): January 2005–December 2006.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">OR<break></break>
(95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">(1-OR) (%)<break></break>
(95% CI) </th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crude</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjusted<sup><italic>∗</italic>
</sup>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crude</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjusted<sup><italic>∗</italic>
</sup>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All children based on BCG scar (<italic>n</italic>
= 902)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92<break></break>
(0.68–1.26)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70<break></break>
(0.28–1.75)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8<break></break>
(−26–32)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30<break></break>
(−75–72)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children with vaccination card (<italic>n</italic>
= 541)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Based on the vaccination card </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71<break></break>
(0.44–1.14)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29<break></break>
(−14–56)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Based on the BCG scar </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84<break></break>
(0.53–1.32)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16<break></break>
(−32–47)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup><italic>∗</italic>
</sup>
Adjusted for sibling died of AIDS, regularity of AIDS consultations, adherence to antiretroviral treatment, degree of immunodeficiency, and clinical category of HIV infection (CDC); variables that remained statistically significant in the intrablock multivariable analysis. </p>
</fn>
<fn><p>BCG: Bacille Calmette-Guérin; CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; (1-OR) (%): effectiveness.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label>
<caption><p>Odds ratios and effectiveness of the association between BCG vaccination and TB (pulmonary and extrapulmonary). Hospital Pediátrico David Bernardino (Angola): January 2005–December 2006.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Variable</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Pulmonary tuberculosis</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Control</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">OR<break></break>
(95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
value</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">(1-OR) (%)<break></break>
(95% CI) </th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BCG vaccine</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">433</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90<break></break>
(0.64–1.26)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<break></break>
(−26%–36%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">239</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">672</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Variable</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Extrapulmonary tuberculosis</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Control</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">OR<break></break>
(95% CI)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
value</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">(1-OR) (%)<break></break>
(95% CI)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BCG vaccination</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">433</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10<break></break>
(0.48–2.57)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−10<break></break>
(−157–52)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">239</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">672</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>BCG: Bacille Calmette-Guérin; TB: tuberculosis; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; (1-OR) (%): effectiveness.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Angola</li>
<li>Brésil</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
</country>
<region><li>Pernambuco</li>
</region>
</list>
<tree><country name="Angola"><noRegion><name sortKey="Van Dunem, Joaquim C V D" sort="Van Dunem, Joaquim C V D" uniqKey="Van Dunem J" first="Joaquim C. V. D." last="Van-Dunem">Joaquim C. V. D. Van-Dunem</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Rodrigues, Laura C" sort="Rodrigues, Laura C" uniqKey="Rodrigues L" first="Laura C." last="Rodrigues">Laura C. Rodrigues</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Brésil"><region name="Pernambuco"><name sortKey="Alencar, Luiz Claudio Arraes" sort="Alencar, Luiz Claudio Arraes" uniqKey="Alencar L" first="Luiz Claudio Arraes" last="Alencar">Luiz Claudio Arraes Alencar</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Militao Albuquerque, Maria De Fatima Pessoa" sort="Militao Albuquerque, Maria De Fatima Pessoa" uniqKey="Militao Albuquerque M" first="Maria De Fátima Pessoa" last="Militão-Albuquerque">Maria De Fátima Pessoa Militão-Albuquerque</name>
<name sortKey="Militao Albuquerque, Maria De Fatima Pessoa" sort="Militao Albuquerque, Maria De Fatima Pessoa" uniqKey="Militao Albuquerque M" first="Maria De Fátima Pessoa" last="Militão-Albuquerque">Maria De Fátima Pessoa Militão-Albuquerque</name>
<name sortKey="Ximenes, Ricardo Arraes De Alencar" sort="Ximenes, Ricardo Arraes De Alencar" uniqKey="Ximenes R" first="Ricardo Arraes De Alencar" last="Ximenes">Ricardo Arraes De Alencar Ximenes</name>
<name sortKey="Ximenes, Ricardo Arraes De Alencar" sort="Ximenes, Ricardo Arraes De Alencar" uniqKey="Ximenes R" first="Ricardo Arraes De Alencar" last="Ximenes">Ricardo Arraes De Alencar Ximenes</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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