Sociodemographic drivers of multiple sexual partnerships among women in three rural districts of Tanzania
Identifieur interne : 003040 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 003039; suivant : 003041Sociodemographic drivers of multiple sexual partnerships among women in three rural districts of Tanzania
Auteurs : Amon Exavery [Tanzanie] ; Almamy Malick Kanté [Tanzanie, États-Unis, Suisse] ; Kassimu Tani [Tanzanie] ; Ahmed Hingora [Tanzanie] ; James F. Phillips [États-Unis]Source :
- HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) [ 1179-1373 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
This study examines prevalence and correlates of multiple sexual partnerships (MSP) among women aged 15+ years in Rufiji, Kilombero, and Ulanga districts of Tanzania.
Data were collected in a cross-sectional household survey in Rufiji, Kilombero, and Ulanga districts in Tanzania in 2011. From the survey, a total of 2,643 sexually active women ages 15+ years were selected for this analysis. While the chi-square test was used for testing association between MSP and each of the independent variables, logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis.
Number of sexual partners reported ranged from 1 to 7, with 7.8% of the women reporting multiple sexual partners (2+) in the past year. MSP was more likely among both ever married women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =3.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40–10.49) and single women (AOR =6.13, 95% CI 2.45–15.34) than currently married women. There was an interaction between marital status and education, whereby MSP was 85% less likely among single women with secondary or higher education compared to married women with no education (AOR =0.15, 95% CI 0.03–0.61). Furthermore, women aged 40+ years were 56% less likely compared to the youngest women (<20 years) to report MSP (AOR =0.44, 95% CI 0.24–0.80). The odds of MSP among Muslim women was 1.56 times as high as that for Christians women (AOR =1.56, 95% CI 1.11–2.21). Ndengereko women were 67% less likely to report MSP compared to Pogoro women (AOR =0.33, 95% CI 0.18–0.59).
Eight percent of the women aged 15+ in Rufiji, Kilombero, and Ulanga districts of Tanzania are engaged in MSP. Encouraging achievement of formal education, especially at secondary level or beyond, may be a viable strategy toward partner reduction among unmarried women. Age, religion, and ethnicity are also important dimensions for partner reduction efforts.
Url:
DOI: 10.2147/HIV.S76694
PubMed: 25914557
PubMed Central: 4399694
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>This study examines prevalence and correlates of multiple sexual partnerships (MSP) among women aged 15+ years in Rufiji, Kilombero, and Ulanga districts of Tanzania.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Materials and methods</title>
<p>Data were collected in a cross-sectional household survey in Rufiji, Kilombero, and Ulanga districts in Tanzania in 2011. From the survey, a total of 2,643 sexually active women ages 15+ years were selected for this analysis. While the chi-square test was used for testing association between MSP and each of the independent variables, logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>Number of sexual partners reported ranged from 1 to 7, with 7.8% of the women reporting multiple sexual partners (2+) in the past year. MSP was more likely among both ever married women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =3.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40–10.49) and single women (AOR =6.13, 95% CI 2.45–15.34) than currently married women. There was an interaction between marital status and education, whereby MSP was 85% less likely among single women with secondary or higher education compared to married women with no education (AOR =0.15, 95% CI 0.03–0.61). Furthermore, women aged 40+ years were 56% less likely compared to the youngest women (<20 years) to report MSP (AOR =0.44, 95% CI 0.24–0.80). The odds of MSP among Muslim women was 1.56 times as high as that for Christians women (AOR =1.56, 95% CI 1.11–2.21). Ndengereko women were 67% less likely to report MSP compared to Pogoro women (AOR =0.33, 95% CI 0.18–0.59).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Eight percent of the women aged 15+ in Rufiji, Kilombero, and Ulanga districts of Tanzania are engaged in MSP. Encouraging achievement of formal education, especially at secondary level or beyond, may be a viable strategy toward partner reduction among unmarried women. Age, religion, and ethnicity are also important dimensions for partner reduction efforts.</p>
</sec>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">HIV AIDS (Auckl)</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">HIV AIDS (Auckl)</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">HIV/AIDS – Research and Palliative Care</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)</journal-title>
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<issn pub-type="epub">1179-1373</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name>
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<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25914557</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4399694</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/HIV.S76694</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">hiv-7-105</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Sociodemographic drivers of multiple sexual partnerships among women in three rural districts of Tanzania</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Exavery</surname>
<given-names>Amon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-7-105">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-hiv-7-105"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kanté</surname>
<given-names>Almamy Malick</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-7-105">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-hiv-7-105">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-hiv-7-105">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tani</surname>
<given-names>Kassimu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-7-105">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hingora</surname>
<given-names>Ahmed</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-7-105">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname>
<given-names>James F</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-hiv-7-105">2</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-hiv-7-105"><label>1</label>
Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</aff>
<aff id="af2-hiv-7-105"><label>2</label>
Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, new York, NY, USA</aff>
<aff id="af3-hiv-7-105"><label>3</label>
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1-hiv-7-105">Correspondence: Amon Exavery, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Tel +255 222 771 714, Fax +255 222 771 714, Email <email>aexavery@ihi.or.tz</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<fpage>105</fpage>
<lpage>113</lpage>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 Exavery et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0)License</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
<license><license-p>The full terms of the License are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>
. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>This study examines prevalence and correlates of multiple sexual partnerships (MSP) among women aged 15+ years in Rufiji, Kilombero, and Ulanga districts of Tanzania.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Materials and methods</title>
<p>Data were collected in a cross-sectional household survey in Rufiji, Kilombero, and Ulanga districts in Tanzania in 2011. From the survey, a total of 2,643 sexually active women ages 15+ years were selected for this analysis. While the chi-square test was used for testing association between MSP and each of the independent variables, logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>Number of sexual partners reported ranged from 1 to 7, with 7.8% of the women reporting multiple sexual partners (2+) in the past year. MSP was more likely among both ever married women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =3.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40–10.49) and single women (AOR =6.13, 95% CI 2.45–15.34) than currently married women. There was an interaction between marital status and education, whereby MSP was 85% less likely among single women with secondary or higher education compared to married women with no education (AOR =0.15, 95% CI 0.03–0.61). Furthermore, women aged 40+ years were 56% less likely compared to the youngest women (<20 years) to report MSP (AOR =0.44, 95% CI 0.24–0.80). The odds of MSP among Muslim women was 1.56 times as high as that for Christians women (AOR =1.56, 95% CI 1.11–2.21). Ndengereko women were 67% less likely to report MSP compared to Pogoro women (AOR =0.33, 95% CI 0.18–0.59).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Eight percent of the women aged 15+ in Rufiji, Kilombero, and Ulanga districts of Tanzania are engaged in MSP. Encouraging achievement of formal education, especially at secondary level or beyond, may be a viable strategy toward partner reduction among unmarried women. Age, religion, and ethnicity are also important dimensions for partner reduction efforts.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>HIV/AIDS</kwd>
<kwd>transmission</kwd>
<kwd>Rufiji</kwd>
<kwd>Kilombero</kwd>
<kwd>Ulanga</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><table-wrap id="t1-hiv-7-105" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Sample characteristics (n=2,643)</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absolute number of respondents (n)</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percent (%)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,643</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of sexual partners in the past 12 months</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> One</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,437</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Multiple (2+)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">206</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Min =1, Max =7</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (years)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <20</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">380</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20–29</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">881</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30–39</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">855</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 40+</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">527</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean =30.5, SD =9.3, Min =15, Max =63</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marital status<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-hiv-7-105">m</xref>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,964</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ever married</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">181</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">495</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethnicity<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-hiv-7-105">m</xref>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pogoro</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">445</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ndengereko</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">374</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ngindo</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">352</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ndamba</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">238</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sukuma</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">207</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ngoni</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">205</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hehe</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">177</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Bena</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">134</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">507</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Place of residence<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-hiv-7-105">m</xref>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Urban</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">503</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rural</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,130</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No formal education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">541</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,832</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary/higher</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Religion<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-hiv-7-105">m</xref>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Christian</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,215</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Muslim</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,338</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Traditional/other</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Socioeconomic status<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-hiv-7-105">m</xref>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">861</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Middle</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">827</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rich</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">794</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">District of residence</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Kilombero</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,663</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rufiji</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">567</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ulanga</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">413</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Note:</bold>
</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn1-hiv-7-105"><label>m</label>
<p>Some missing data (n<2,643).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn2-hiv-7-105"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold>
Max, maximum; Min, minimum; SD, standard deviation.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t2-hiv-7-105" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Percent distribution of MSP among women by background characteristics (n=2,643)</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absolute number of women</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% women with MSP in the past 12 months</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% confidence interval</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>
-value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,643</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.8</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.1–11.4</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-hiv-7-105">*</xref>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <20</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">380</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4–13.6</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20–29</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">881</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.7</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.7–11.6</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30–39</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">855</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.9</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.2–8.6</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 40+</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">527</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5–5.9</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marital status<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-hiv-7-105">m</xref>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,964</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.8</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.7–6.8</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ever married</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">181</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.4</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.3–19.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">495</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5–16.6</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethnicity<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-hiv-7-105">m</xref>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pogoro</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">445</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.7–13.4</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.269</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ndengereko</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">374</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.6</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3–7.9</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ngindo</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">352</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.6–11.4</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ndamba</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">238</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5–11.4</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sukuma</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">207</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.8</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6–9.0</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ngoni</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">205</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0–9.7</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hehe</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">177</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.2</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7–9.8</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Bena</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">134</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.2</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6–12.9</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">507</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.9</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5–10.2</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Place of residence<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-hiv-7-105">m</xref>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Urban (ref)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">503</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0–12.1</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.110</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rural</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,130</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3–8.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No formal education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">541</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.7</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3–11.1</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.485</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,832</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.8</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5–9.0</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary/higher</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4–9.2</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Religion<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-hiv-7-105">m</xref>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Christian</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,215</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.6–8.4</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.032</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Muslim</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,338</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.8</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3–10.3</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Traditional/other</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8–5.3</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Socioeconomic status<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-hiv-7-105">m</xref>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">861</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.1</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.4–8.8</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.753</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Middle</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">827</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7–9.3</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rich</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">794</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.1</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.2–10.0</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">District of residence</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Kilombero</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,663</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.2</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.9–9.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.526</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rufiji</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">567</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6–8.8</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ulanga</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">413</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.8</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.2–10.3</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Note:</bold>
</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn3-hiv-7-105"><label>m</label>
<p>Some missing data (n<2,643);</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn4-hiv-7-105"><label>*</label>
<p>significant trend test of MSP across age group (z=−4.26, <italic>P</italic>
<0.001).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn5-hiv-7-105"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold>
MSP, multiple sexual partnerships; ref, reference category.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t3-hiv-7-105" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with multiple sexual partnerships among women in three rural districts of Tanzania, 2011</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Variable</th>
<th colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Univariate models
<hr></hr>
</th>
<th colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Multivariate model (n=2,625)
<hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crude odds ratio</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% confidence interval</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>
-value</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjusted odds ratio</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% confidence interval</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>
-value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (years)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <20</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20–29</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61–1.35</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.632</td>
<td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64–1.54</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.972</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30–39</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41–0.96</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.032</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44–1.20</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.210</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 40+</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22–0.63</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24–0.80</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marital status</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married (ref)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ever married</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.75</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.74–4.34</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.83</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.40–10.49</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.56</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.86–3.53</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.13</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.45–15.34</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No formal education (ref)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63–1.25</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.480</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46–1.14</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.167</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary/higher</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40–1.26</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.236</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25–1.82</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.433</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marital status and education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married and no formal education (ref)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ever married and primary education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22–2.16</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.521</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ever married and secondary/higher education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.76</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17–45.7</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.428</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single and primary education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15–1.13</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.086</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single and secondary/higher education</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03–0.61</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethnicity</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pogoro</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ndengereko</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30–0.86</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18–0.59</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ngindo</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49–1.28</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.334</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.39–1.10</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.113</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ndamba</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42–1.28</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.279</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49–1.57</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.655</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sukuma</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27–1.01</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.052</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46–2.01</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.919</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ngoni</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30–1.09</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.087</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29–1.08</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.083</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hehe</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28–1.11</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.096</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35–1.43</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.335</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Bena</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38–1.51</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.428</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47–1.92</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.882</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47–1.13</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.155</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49–1.23</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.286</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Place of residence</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Urban (ref)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rural</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54–1.07</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.111</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54–1.10</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.152</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Religion</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Christian (ref)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Muslim</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.29</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96–1.72</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.090</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.56</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11–2.21</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Traditional/other</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07–1.26</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.102</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06–1.29</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.101</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Socio-economic status</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor (ref)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Middle</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74–1.53</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.747</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rich</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80–1.66</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.453</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">District of residence</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Kilombero (ref)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rufiji</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56–1.17</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.259</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ulanga</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63–1.41</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.774</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Note:</bold>
</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn6-hiv-7-105"><p>Goodness-of-fit test <italic>P</italic>
=0.620.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn7-hiv-7-105"><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold>
ref, reference category.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Suisse</li>
<li>Tanzanie</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>État de New York</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>New York</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université Columbia</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="Tanzanie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Exavery, Amon" sort="Exavery, Amon" uniqKey="Exavery A" first="Amon" last="Exavery">Amon Exavery</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Hingora, Ahmed" sort="Hingora, Ahmed" uniqKey="Hingora A" first="Ahmed" last="Hingora">Ahmed Hingora</name>
<name sortKey="Kante, Almamy Malick" sort="Kante, Almamy Malick" uniqKey="Kante A" first="Almamy Malick" last="Kanté">Almamy Malick Kanté</name>
<name sortKey="Tani, Kassimu" sort="Tani, Kassimu" uniqKey="Tani K" first="Kassimu" last="Tani">Kassimu Tani</name>
</country>
<country name="États-Unis"><region name="État de New York"><name sortKey="Kante, Almamy Malick" sort="Kante, Almamy Malick" uniqKey="Kante A" first="Almamy Malick" last="Kanté">Almamy Malick Kanté</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Phillips, James F" sort="Phillips, James F" uniqKey="Phillips J" first="James F" last="Phillips">James F. Phillips</name>
</country>
<country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kante, Almamy Malick" sort="Kante, Almamy Malick" uniqKey="Kante A" first="Almamy Malick" last="Kanté">Almamy Malick Kanté</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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