Plasma vitamin A and zinc levels in HIV-infected adults in Cape Town, South Africa
Identifieur interne : 002569 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 002568; suivant : 002570Plasma vitamin A and zinc levels in HIV-infected adults in Cape Town, South Africa
Auteurs : M. E. Visser ; G. Maartens ; G. Kossew ; G. D. HusseySource :
- British Journal of Nutrition [ 0007-1145 ] ; 2003-04.
Abstract
A cross-sectional study of 132 adults attending an HIV clinic in Cape Town, South Africa, was conducted to determine predictors of low plasma vitamin A and Zn levels. No patients were on antiretroviral therapy. The possible confounding effect of the acute-phase response was controlled by including C-reactive protein levels in multivariate analysis and by excluding active opportunistic infections. Retinol levels were low (<1·05 μmol/l) in 39 % of patients with early disease (WHO clinical stages I and II) compared with 48 and 79 % of patients with WHO stage III and IV respectively (P<0·01). Plasma Zn levels were low (<10·7 μmol/l) in 20 % of patients with early disease v. 36 and 45 % with stage III and IV disease respectively (P<0·05). C-reactive protein levels were normal in 63 % of subjects. Weak, positive associations were found between CD4+ lymphocyte count and plasma levels of retinol (r 0·27; 95 % CI 0·1, 0·43) and Zn (r 0·31; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·46). Multivariate analysis showed the following independent predictors of low retinol levels: WHO stage IV (odds ratio 3·4; 95 % CI 2·1, 5·7) and body weight (odds ratio per 5 kg decrease 1·15; 95 % CI, 1·08, 1·25), while only body weight was significantly associated with low Zn levels (OR per 5 kg decrease 1·19; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·30). CD4+ lymphocyte count <200/μl was not significantly associated with either low retinol or Zn levels. In resource-poor settings, simple clinical features (advanced disease and/or weight loss) are associated with lowered blood concentrations of vitamin A and/or Zn. The clinical significance of low plasma retinol and/or Zn levels is unclear and more research is required to establish the role of multiple micronutrient intervention strategies in HIV disease.
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DOI: 10.1079/BJN2002806
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Plasma vitamin A and zinc levels in HIV-infected adults in Cape Town, South Africa</title><author><name sortKey="Visser, M E" sort="Visser, M E" uniqKey="Visser M" first="M. E." last="Visser">M. E. Visser</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: mvisser@uctgsh1.uct.ac.za</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maartens, G" sort="Maartens, G" uniqKey="Maartens G" first="G." last="Maartens">G. Maartens</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kossew, G" sort="Kossew, G" uniqKey="Kossew G" first="G." last="Kossew">G. Kossew</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Child Health Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hussey, G D" sort="Hussey, G D" uniqKey="Hussey G" first="G. D." last="Hussey">G. D. Hussey</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Child Health Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:73CF08F6C42A466F0E7CBC761CF1643ECD70F6DE</idno><date when="2003" year="2003">2003</date><idno type="doi">10.1079/BJN2002806</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/73CF08F6C42A466F0E7CBC761CF1643ECD70F6DE/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">002569</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">002569</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Plasma vitamin A and zinc levels in HIV-infected adults in Cape Town, South Africa</title><author><name sortKey="Visser, M E" sort="Visser, M E" uniqKey="Visser M" first="M. E." last="Visser">M. E. Visser</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: mvisser@uctgsh1.uct.ac.za</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maartens, G" sort="Maartens, G" uniqKey="Maartens G" first="G." last="Maartens">G. Maartens</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kossew, G" sort="Kossew, G" uniqKey="Kossew G" first="G." last="Kossew">G. Kossew</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Child Health Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hussey, G D" sort="Hussey, G D" uniqKey="Hussey G" first="G. D." last="Hussey">G. D. Hussey</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Child Health Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">British Journal of Nutrition</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Br J Nutr</title><idno type="ISSN">0007-1145</idno><idno type="eISSN">1475-2662</idno><imprint><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2003-04">2003-04</date><biblScope unit="volume">89</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="475">475</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="482">482</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0007-1145</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0007-1145</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A cross-sectional study of 132 adults attending an HIV clinic in Cape Town, South Africa, was conducted to determine predictors of low plasma vitamin A and Zn levels. No patients were on antiretroviral therapy. The possible confounding effect of the acute-phase response was controlled by including C-reactive protein levels in multivariate analysis and by excluding active opportunistic infections. Retinol levels were low (<1·05 μmol/l) in 39 % of patients with early disease (WHO clinical stages I and II) compared with 48 and 79 % of patients with WHO stage III and IV respectively (P<0·01). Plasma Zn levels were low (<10·7 μmol/l) in 20 % of patients with early disease v. 36 and 45 % with stage III and IV disease respectively (P<0·05). C-reactive protein levels were normal in 63 % of subjects. Weak, positive associations were found between CD4+ lymphocyte count and plasma levels of retinol (r 0·27; 95 % CI 0·1, 0·43) and Zn (r 0·31; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·46). Multivariate analysis showed the following independent predictors of low retinol levels: WHO stage IV (odds ratio 3·4; 95 % CI 2·1, 5·7) and body weight (odds ratio per 5 kg decrease 1·15; 95 % CI, 1·08, 1·25), while only body weight was significantly associated with low Zn levels (OR per 5 kg decrease 1·19; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·30). CD4+ lymphocyte count <200/μl was not significantly associated with either low retinol or Zn levels. In resource-poor settings, simple clinical features (advanced disease and/or weight loss) are associated with lowered blood concentrations of vitamin A and/or Zn. The clinical significance of low plasma retinol and/or Zn levels is unclear and more research is required to establish the role of multiple micronutrient intervention strategies in HIV disease.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>cambridge</corpusName><author><json:item><name>M. E. Visser</name><affiliations><json:string>Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa</json:string><json:string>E-mail: mvisser@uctgsh1.uct.ac.za</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>G. Maartens</name><affiliations><json:string>Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>G. Kossew</name><affiliations><json:string>Child Health Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>G. D. Hussey</name><affiliations><json:string>Child Health Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>HIV infection</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Vitamin A</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Zinc</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>C-Reactive Protein</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Africa</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>00056</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/6GQ-5X5GB10H-4</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>research-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>A cross-sectional study of 132 adults attending an HIV clinic in Cape Town, South Africa, was conducted to determine predictors of low plasma vitamin A and Zn levels. No patients were on antiretroviral therapy. The possible confounding effect of the acute-phase response was controlled by including C-reactive protein levels in multivariate analysis and by excluding active opportunistic infections. Retinol levels were low (>1·05 μmol/l) in 39 % of patients with early disease (WHO clinical stages I and II) compared with 48 and 79 % of patients with WHO stage III and IV respectively (P>0·01). Plasma Zn levels were low (>10·7 μmol/l) in 20 % of patients with early disease v. 36 and 45 % with stage III and IV disease respectively (P>0·05). C-reactive protein levels were normal in 63 % of subjects. Weak, positive associations were found between CD4+ lymphocyte count and plasma levels of retinol (r 0·27; 95 % CI 0·1, 0·43) and Zn (r 0·31; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·46). Multivariate analysis showed the following independent predictors of low retinol levels: WHO stage IV (odds ratio 3·4; 95 % CI 2·1, 5·7) and body weight (odds ratio per 5 kg decrease 1·15; 95 % CI, 1·08, 1·25), while only body weight was significantly associated with low Zn levels (OR per 5 kg decrease 1·19; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·30). CD4+ lymphocyte count >200/μl was not significantly associated with either low retinol or Zn levels. In resource-poor settings, simple clinical features (advanced disease and/or weight loss) are associated with lowered blood concentrations of vitamin A and/or Zn. The clinical significance of low plasma retinol and/or Zn levels is unclear and more research is required to establish the role of multiple micronutrient intervention strategies in HIV disease.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>10</score><pdfWordCount>5572</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>34423</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>8</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>595 x 842 pts (A4)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>287</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1754</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>5</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Plasma vitamin A and zinc levels in HIV-infected adults in Cape Town, South Africa</title><pii><json:string>S0007114503000564</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><title>British Journal of Nutrition</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><issn><json:string>0007-1145</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1475-2662</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>BJN</json:string></publisherId><volume>89</volume><issue>4</issue><pages><first>475</first><last>482</last><total>8</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre></host><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/6GQ-5X5GB10H-4</json:string></ark><publicationDate>2003</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2003</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1079/BJN2002806</json:string></doi><id>73CF08F6C42A466F0E7CBC761CF1643ECD70F6DE</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/73CF08F6C42A466F0E7CBC761CF1643ECD70F6DE/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/73CF08F6C42A466F0E7CBC761CF1643ECD70F6DE/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/73CF08F6C42A466F0E7CBC761CF1643ECD70F6DE/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/73CF08F6C42A466F0E7CBC761CF1643ECD70F6DE/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Plasma vitamin A and zinc levels in HIV-infected adults in Cape Town, South Africa</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher scheme="https://publisher-list.data.istex.fr">Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><availability><licence><p>Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2003</p></licence><p scheme="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-G3RCRD03-V">cambridge</p></availability><date>2003</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="research-article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</note><note type="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Plasma vitamin A and zinc levels in HIV-infected adults in Cape Town, South Africa</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">M. E.</forename><surname>Visser</surname></persName><email>mvisser@uctgsh1.uct.ac.za</email><affiliation>Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">G.</forename><surname>Maartens</surname></persName><affiliation>Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">G.</forename><surname>Kossew</surname></persName><affiliation>Child Health Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">G. D.</forename><surname>Hussey</surname></persName><affiliation>Child Health Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation></author><idno type="istex">73CF08F6C42A466F0E7CBC761CF1643ECD70F6DE</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/6GQ-5X5GB10H-4</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1079/BJN2002806</idno><idno type="PII">S0007114503000564</idno><idno type="article-id">00056</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">British Journal of Nutrition</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Br J Nutr</title><idno type="pISSN">0007-1145</idno><idno type="eISSN">1475-2662</idno><idno type="publisher-id">BJN</idno><imprint><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2003-04"></date><biblScope unit="volume">89</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="475">475</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="482">482</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2003</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en" style="normal"><p>A cross-sectional study of 132 adults attending an HIV clinic in Cape Town, South Africa, was conducted to determine predictors of low plasma vitamin A and Zn levels. No patients were on antiretroviral therapy. The possible confounding effect of the acute-phase response was controlled by including C-reactive protein levels in multivariate analysis and by excluding active opportunistic infections. Retinol levels were low (<1·05 μmol/l) in 39 % of patients with early disease (WHO clinical stages I and II) compared with 48 and 79 % of patients with WHO stage III and IV respectively (P<0·01). Plasma Zn levels were low (<10·7 μmol/l) in 20 % of patients with early disease v. 36 and 45 % with stage III and IV disease respectively (P<0·05). C-reactive protein levels were normal in 63 % of subjects. Weak, positive associations were found between CD4+ lymphocyte count and plasma levels of retinol (r 0·27; 95 % CI 0·1, 0·43) and Zn (r 0·31; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·46). Multivariate analysis showed the following independent predictors of low retinol levels: WHO stage IV (odds ratio 3·4; 95 % CI 2·1, 5·7) and body weight (odds ratio per 5 kg decrease 1·15; 95 % CI, 1·08, 1·25), while only body weight was significantly associated with low Zn levels (OR per 5 kg decrease 1·19; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·30). CD4+ lymphocyte count <200/μl was not significantly associated with either low retinol or Zn levels. In resource-poor settings, simple clinical features (advanced disease and/or weight loss) are associated with lowered blood concentrations of vitamin A and/or Zn. The clinical significance of low plasma retinol and/or Zn levels is unclear and more research is required to establish the role of multiple micronutrient intervention strategies in HIV disease.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head></head><item><term>HIV infection</term></item><item><term>Vitamin A</term></item><item><term>Zinc</term></item><item><term>C-Reactive Protein</term></item><item><term>Africa</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2003-04">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus cambridge not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.2 20060430//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.2" xml:lang="EN"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BJN</journal-id><journal-title>British Journal of Nutrition</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Br J Nutr</abbrev-journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0007-1145</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1475-2662</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Cambridge, UK</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1079/BJN2002806</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">S0007114503000564</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00056</article-id><title-group><article-title>Plasma vitamin A and zinc levels in HIV-infected adults in Cape Town, South Africa</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="left-running">M. E. Visser <italic>et al.</italic></alt-title><alt-title alt-title-type="right-running">Vitamin A and zinc levels in HIV infection</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib><name name-style="western"><surname>Visser</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib><name name-style="western"><surname>Maartens</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib><name name-style="western"><surname>Kossew</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib><name name-style="western"><surname>Hussey</surname><given-names>G. D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label><sup>1</sup></label><addr-line>Nutrition and Dietetics Unit</addr-line>, <institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, <country>South Africa</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label><sup>2</sup></label><addr-line>Infectious Disease Unit</addr-line>, <addr-line>Department of Medicine</addr-line>, <institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, <country>South Africa</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><label><sup>3</sup></label><addr-line>Child Health Unit</addr-line>, <addr-line>Department of Paediatrics and Child Health</addr-line>, <institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, <country>South Africa</country></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>*</bold><bold>Corresponding Author:</bold> Ms Marianne Visser, fax <fax>+27 21 4066534</fax>, email <email xlink:href="mvisser@uctgsh1.uct.ac.za">mvisser@uctgsh1.uct.ac.za</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>04</month><year>2003</year></pub-date><volume>89</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage seq="6">475</fpage><lpage>482</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>03</month><year>2002</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>18</day><month>09</month><year>2002</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2002</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2003</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2003</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Nutrition Society</copyright-holder></permissions><abstract abstract-type="normal"><p>A cross-sectional study of 132 adults attending an HIV clinic in Cape Town, South Africa, was conducted to determine predictors of low plasma vitamin A and Zn levels. No patients were on antiretroviral therapy. The possible confounding effect of the acute-phase response was controlled by including C-reactive protein levels in multivariate analysis and by excluding active opportunistic infections. Retinol levels were low (<1·05 μmol/l) in 39 % of patients with early disease (WHO clinical stages I and II) compared with 48 and 79 % of patients with WHO stage III and IV respectively (<italic>P</italic><0·01). Plasma Zn levels were low (<10·7 μmol/l) in 20 % of patients with early disease <italic>v.</italic> 36 and 45 % with stage III and IV disease respectively (<italic>P</italic><0·05). C-reactive protein levels were normal in 63 % of subjects. Weak, positive associations were found between CD4+ lymphocyte count and plasma levels of retinol (<italic>r</italic> 0·27; 95 % CI 0·1, 0·43) and Zn (<italic>r</italic> 0·31; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·46). Multivariate analysis showed the following independent predictors of low retinol levels: WHO stage IV (odds ratio 3·4; 95 % CI 2·1, 5·7) and body weight (odds ratio per 5 kg decrease 1·15; 95 % CI, 1·08, 1·25), while only body weight was significantly associated with low Zn levels (OR per 5 kg decrease 1·19; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·30). CD4+ lymphocyte count <200/μl was not significantly associated with either low retinol or Zn levels. In resource-poor settings, simple clinical features (advanced disease and/or weight loss) are associated with lowered blood concentrations of vitamin A and/or Zn. The clinical significance of low plasma retinol and/or Zn levels is unclear and more research is required to establish the role of multiple micronutrient intervention strategies in HIV disease.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type=""><kwd>HIV infection</kwd><kwd>Vitamin A</kwd><kwd>Zinc</kwd><kwd>C-Reactive Protein</kwd><kwd>Africa</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="8"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta><meta-name>pdf</meta-name><meta-value>S0007114503000564a.pdf</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref><citation citation-type="journal" id="ref001"><name name-style="western"><surname>Baum</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Shor-Posner</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Lu</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>, <name 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E. Visser et al.</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Plasma vitamin A and zinc levels in HIV-infected adults in Cape Town, South Africa</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M. E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Visser</namePart><affiliation>Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: mvisser@uctgsh1.uct.ac.za</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Maartens</namePart><affiliation>Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kossew</namePart><affiliation>Child Health Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G. D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hussey</namePart><affiliation>Child Health Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Cambridge, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2003-04</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2003</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><abstract type="normal" lang="en">A cross-sectional study of 132 adults attending an HIV clinic in Cape Town, South Africa, was conducted to determine predictors of low plasma vitamin A and Zn levels. No patients were on antiretroviral therapy. The possible confounding effect of the acute-phase response was controlled by including C-reactive protein levels in multivariate analysis and by excluding active opportunistic infections. Retinol levels were low (<1·05 μmol/l) in 39 % of patients with early disease (WHO clinical stages I and II) compared with 48 and 79 % of patients with WHO stage III and IV respectively (P<0·01). Plasma Zn levels were low (<10·7 μmol/l) in 20 % of patients with early disease v. 36 and 45 % with stage III and IV disease respectively (P<0·05). C-reactive protein levels were normal in 63 % of subjects. Weak, positive associations were found between CD4+ lymphocyte count and plasma levels of retinol (r 0·27; 95 % CI 0·1, 0·43) and Zn (r 0·31; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·46). Multivariate analysis showed the following independent predictors of low retinol levels: WHO stage IV (odds ratio 3·4; 95 % CI 2·1, 5·7) and body weight (odds ratio per 5 kg decrease 1·15; 95 % CI, 1·08, 1·25), while only body weight was significantly associated with low Zn levels (OR per 5 kg decrease 1·19; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·30). CD4+ lymphocyte count <200/μl was not significantly associated with either low retinol or Zn levels. In resource-poor settings, simple clinical features (advanced disease and/or weight loss) are associated with lowered blood concentrations of vitamin A and/or Zn. The clinical significance of low plasma retinol and/or Zn levels is unclear and more research is required to establish the role of multiple micronutrient intervention strategies in HIV disease.</abstract><subject><genre></genre><topic>HIV infection</topic><topic>Vitamin A</topic><topic>Zinc</topic><topic>C-Reactive Protein</topic><topic>Africa</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>British Journal of Nutrition</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Br J Nutr</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0007-1145</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1475-2662</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">BJN</identifier><part><date>2003</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>89</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>475</start><end>482</end><total>8</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">73CF08F6C42A466F0E7CBC761CF1643ECD70F6DE</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/6GQ-5X5GB10H-4</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1079/BJN2002806</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0007114503000564</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">00056</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2003</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-G3RCRD03-V">cambridge</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2003</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/73CF08F6C42A466F0E7CBC761CF1643ECD70F6DE/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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