The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India
Identifieur interne : 001B80 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001B79; suivant : 001B81The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India
Auteurs : V. Patel ; H A Weiss ; D. Mabey ; B. West ; S. D Ouza ; V. Patil ; P. Nevrekar ; S. Gupte ; B R KirkwoodSource :
- Sexually Transmitted Infections [ 1368-4973 ] ; 2006-06.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- BV, bacterial vaginosis, Bacterial vaginosis, CT, Chlamydia trachomatis, Candida, Catchment area, Cervical infections, Chlamydia trachomatis, Clinical gynaecological aspects, Cohort study, Community sample, Condom, Contraceptive, Control women, Diagnostic tests, Disadvantage, Disadvantaged women, Eligibility criteria, Eligible women, Endogenous, Endogenous infections, Extramarital, Extramarital relationships, Family support, First pregnancy, Gender, Gender disadvantage, Gender disadvantage factors, Genital discharge, Gynaecological, Gynaecological complaints, Gynaecological examination, Higher risk, India, India factor, Infection, Keppel street, Laboratory diagnostics, Likelihood ratio test, Little association, London school, Marital status, NG, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Oral contraceptives, PCR, polymerase chain reaction, Participant, Past year, Patel, Polymerase chain reaction, Population registers, Prevalence, Quality assurance, Quality control, RTI, reproductive tract infections, Reproductive, Reproductive health, Reproductive health factors, Reproductive tract infections, Risk factors, Rtis, Rural women, STI, sexually transmitted infections, Sexual health, Sexual risk, Similar study, Social integration, Social integration score, Socioeconomic, Socioeconomic factors, Spousal violence, Stis, Syndromic management, TV, Trichomonas vaginalis, Transm, Trichomonas vaginalis, Tropical medicine, Vaginal discharge, Vaginal swabs, Vaginosis, West africa, reproductive tract infections.
- Teeft :
- Bacterial vaginosis, Candida, Catchment area, Cervical infections, Chlamydia trachomatis, Clinical gynaecological aspects, Cohort study, Community sample, Condom, Contraceptive, Control women, Diagnostic tests, Disadvantage, Disadvantaged women, Eligibility criteria, Eligible women, Endogenous, Endogenous infections, Extramarital, Extramarital relationships, Family support, First pregnancy, Gender, Gender disadvantage, Gender disadvantage factors, Genital discharge, Gynaecological, Gynaecological complaints, Gynaecological examination, Higher risk, India factor, Infection, Keppel street, Laboratory diagnostics, Likelihood ratio test, Little association, London school, Marital status, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Oral contraceptives, Participant, Past year, Patel, Polymerase chain reaction, Population registers, Prevalence, Quality assurance, Quality control, Reproductive, Reproductive health, Reproductive health factors, Reproductive tract infections, Risk factors, Rtis, Rural women, Sexual health, Sexual risk, Similar study, Social integration, Social integration score, Socioeconomic, Socioeconomic factors, Spousal violence, Stis, Syndromic management, Transm, Trichomonas vaginalis, Tropical medicine, Vaginal discharge, Vaginal swabs, Vaginosis, West africa.
Abstract
Background/objective: Reproductive tract infections (RTI) present major health, social, and economic problems in developing countries. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and risk factors of RTIs in a population based sample of women aged 18–45 years. Method: 2494 women of 3000 randomly selected from the population defined by a primary health centre catchment area consented to participate. Participants were interviewed regarding complaints and risk factors. Laboratory specimens were collected for the diagnosis of RTIs. Analyses of risk factors were carried out separately for the outcomes of sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis; and endogenous infections: bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candida. Results: Endogenous infections were relatively common (BV 17.8%; candida 8.5%), and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were infrequent (4.2%). Factors indicative of poverty and marginalisation were associated with STIs and BV. Gender disadvantage, particularly spousal violence, was associated with BV, while concern about a husband’s extramarital relationships, an indicator of sexual risk, was associated with STI. Husband’s discharge was strongly associated with STI, and a non-white vaginal discharge was associated with both STI and BV. Condom use and oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduced risk of BV. Conclusions: Most of the population burden of RTIs is attributed to endogenous infections. Socioeconomic deprivation and gender disadvantage are associated with raised risk for BV, while the risk factors for STIs indicated that disadvantaged women were likely to be infected by their husbands.
Url:
DOI: 10.1136/sti.2005.016451
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:554C7E5D1D2ADE4BA4EAE7D3049622D5FDF11591Le document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India</title><author><name sortKey="Patel, V" sort="Patel, V" uniqKey="Patel V" first="V" last="Patel">V. Patel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weiss, H A" sort="Weiss, H A" uniqKey="Weiss H" first="H A" last="Weiss">H A Weiss</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mabey, D" sort="Mabey, D" uniqKey="Mabey D" first="D" last="Mabey">D. 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Gupte</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirkwood, B R" sort="Kirkwood, B R" uniqKey="Kirkwood B" first="B R" last="Kirkwood">B R Kirkwood</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:554C7E5D1D2ADE4BA4EAE7D3049622D5FDF11591</idno><date when="2006" year="2006">2006</date><idno type="doi">10.1136/sti.2005.016451</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/554C7E5D1D2ADE4BA4EAE7D3049622D5FDF11591/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001B80</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001B80</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India</title><author><name sortKey="Patel, V" sort="Patel, V" uniqKey="Patel V" first="V" last="Patel">V. Patel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weiss, H A" sort="Weiss, H A" uniqKey="Weiss H" first="H A" last="Weiss">H A Weiss</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mabey, D" sort="Mabey, D" uniqKey="Mabey D" first="D" last="Mabey">D. Mabey</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="West, B" sort="West, B" uniqKey="West B" first="B" last="West">B. West</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Ouza, S" sort="D Ouza, S" uniqKey="D Ouza S" first="S" last="D Ouza">S. D Ouza</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patil, V" sort="Patil, V" uniqKey="Patil V" first="V" last="Patil">V. Patil</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nevrekar, P" sort="Nevrekar, P" uniqKey="Nevrekar P" first="P" last="Nevrekar">P. Nevrekar</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupte, S" sort="Gupte, S" uniqKey="Gupte S" first="S" last="Gupte">S. Gupte</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirkwood, B R" sort="Kirkwood, B R" uniqKey="Kirkwood B" first="B R" last="Kirkwood">B R Kirkwood</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Sexually Transmitted Infections</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Sex Transm Infect</title><idno type="ISSN">1368-4973</idno><idno type="eISSN">1472-3263</idno><imprint><publisher>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2006-06">2006-06</date><biblScope unit="volume">82</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="243">243</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1368-4973</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1368-4973</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>BV, bacterial vaginosis</term><term>Bacterial vaginosis</term><term>CT, Chlamydia trachomatis</term><term>Candida</term><term>Catchment area</term><term>Cervical infections</term><term>Chlamydia trachomatis</term><term>Clinical gynaecological aspects</term><term>Cohort study</term><term>Community sample</term><term>Condom</term><term>Contraceptive</term><term>Control women</term><term>Diagnostic tests</term><term>Disadvantage</term><term>Disadvantaged women</term><term>Eligibility criteria</term><term>Eligible women</term><term>Endogenous</term><term>Endogenous infections</term><term>Extramarital</term><term>Extramarital relationships</term><term>Family support</term><term>First pregnancy</term><term>Gender</term><term>Gender disadvantage</term><term>Gender disadvantage factors</term><term>Genital discharge</term><term>Gynaecological</term><term>Gynaecological complaints</term><term>Gynaecological examination</term><term>Higher risk</term><term>India</term><term>India factor</term><term>Infection</term><term>Keppel street</term><term>Laboratory diagnostics</term><term>Likelihood ratio test</term><term>Little association</term><term>London school</term><term>Marital status</term><term>NG, Neisseria gonorrhoeae</term><term>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</term><term>Oral contraceptives</term><term>PCR, polymerase chain reaction</term><term>Participant</term><term>Past year</term><term>Patel</term><term>Polymerase chain reaction</term><term>Population registers</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>Quality assurance</term><term>Quality control</term><term>RTI, reproductive tract infections</term><term>Reproductive</term><term>Reproductive health</term><term>Reproductive health factors</term><term>Reproductive tract infections</term><term>Risk factors</term><term>Rtis</term><term>Rural women</term><term>STI, sexually transmitted infections</term><term>Sexual health</term><term>Sexual risk</term><term>Similar study</term><term>Social integration</term><term>Social integration score</term><term>Socioeconomic</term><term>Socioeconomic factors</term><term>Spousal violence</term><term>Stis</term><term>Syndromic management</term><term>TV, Trichomonas vaginalis</term><term>Transm</term><term>Trichomonas vaginalis</term><term>Tropical medicine</term><term>Vaginal discharge</term><term>Vaginal swabs</term><term>Vaginosis</term><term>West africa</term><term>reproductive tract infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial vaginosis</term><term>Candida</term><term>Catchment area</term><term>Cervical infections</term><term>Chlamydia trachomatis</term><term>Clinical gynaecological aspects</term><term>Cohort study</term><term>Community sample</term><term>Condom</term><term>Contraceptive</term><term>Control women</term><term>Diagnostic tests</term><term>Disadvantage</term><term>Disadvantaged women</term><term>Eligibility criteria</term><term>Eligible women</term><term>Endogenous</term><term>Endogenous infections</term><term>Extramarital</term><term>Extramarital relationships</term><term>Family support</term><term>First pregnancy</term><term>Gender</term><term>Gender disadvantage</term><term>Gender disadvantage factors</term><term>Genital discharge</term><term>Gynaecological</term><term>Gynaecological complaints</term><term>Gynaecological examination</term><term>Higher risk</term><term>India factor</term><term>Infection</term><term>Keppel street</term><term>Laboratory diagnostics</term><term>Likelihood ratio test</term><term>Little association</term><term>London school</term><term>Marital status</term><term>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</term><term>Oral contraceptives</term><term>Participant</term><term>Past year</term><term>Patel</term><term>Polymerase chain reaction</term><term>Population registers</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>Quality assurance</term><term>Quality control</term><term>Reproductive</term><term>Reproductive health</term><term>Reproductive health factors</term><term>Reproductive tract infections</term><term>Risk factors</term><term>Rtis</term><term>Rural women</term><term>Sexual health</term><term>Sexual risk</term><term>Similar study</term><term>Social integration</term><term>Social integration score</term><term>Socioeconomic</term><term>Socioeconomic factors</term><term>Spousal violence</term><term>Stis</term><term>Syndromic management</term><term>Transm</term><term>Trichomonas vaginalis</term><term>Tropical medicine</term><term>Vaginal discharge</term><term>Vaginal swabs</term><term>Vaginosis</term><term>West africa</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Background/objective: Reproductive tract infections (RTI) present major health, social, and economic problems in developing countries. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and risk factors of RTIs in a population based sample of women aged 18–45 years. Method: 2494 women of 3000 randomly selected from the population defined by a primary health centre catchment area consented to participate. Participants were interviewed regarding complaints and risk factors. Laboratory specimens were collected for the diagnosis of RTIs. Analyses of risk factors were carried out separately for the outcomes of sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis; and endogenous infections: bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candida. Results: Endogenous infections were relatively common (BV 17.8%; candida 8.5%), and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were infrequent (4.2%). Factors indicative of poverty and marginalisation were associated with STIs and BV. Gender disadvantage, particularly spousal violence, was associated with BV, while concern about a husband’s extramarital relationships, an indicator of sexual risk, was associated with STI. Husband’s discharge was strongly associated with STI, and a non-white vaginal discharge was associated with both STI and BV. Condom use and oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduced risk of BV. Conclusions: Most of the population burden of RTIs is attributed to endogenous infections. Socioeconomic deprivation and gender disadvantage are associated with raised risk for BV, while the risk factors for STIs indicated that disadvantaged women were likely to be infected by their husbands.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>bmj</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>rtis</json:string><json:string>candida</json:string><json:string>stis</json:string><json:string>reproductive tract infections</json:string><json:string>gender disadvantage</json:string><json:string>reproductive</json:string><json:string>risk factors</json:string><json:string>gynaecological</json:string><json:string>patel</json:string><json:string>vaginosis</json:string><json:string>transm</json:string><json:string>bacterial vaginosis</json:string><json:string>socioeconomic factors</json:string><json:string>condom</json:string><json:string>vaginal discharge</json:string><json:string>extramarital relationships</json:string><json:string>endogenous infections</json:string><json:string>gender</json:string><json:string>marital status</json:string><json:string>quality assurance</json:string><json:string>community sample</json:string><json:string>endogenous</json:string><json:string>contraceptive</json:string><json:string>extramarital</json:string><json:string>sexual risk</json:string><json:string>oral contraceptives</json:string><json:string>syndromic management</json:string><json:string>little association</json:string><json:string>london school</json:string><json:string>india factor</json:string><json:string>tropical medicine</json:string><json:string>cervical infections</json:string><json:string>trichomonas vaginalis</json:string><json:string>chlamydia trachomatis</json:string><json:string>vaginal swabs</json:string><json:string>polymerase chain reaction</json:string><json:string>infection</json:string><json:string>prevalence</json:string><json:string>disadvantage</json:string><json:string>population registers</json:string><json:string>neisseria gonorrhoeae</json:string><json:string>catchment area</json:string><json:string>cohort study</json:string><json:string>diagnostic tests</json:string><json:string>social integration score</json:string><json:string>past year</json:string><json:string>disadvantaged women</json:string><json:string>genital discharge</json:string><json:string>quality control</json:string><json:string>west africa</json:string><json:string>sexual health</json:string><json:string>likelihood ratio test</json:string><json:string>spousal violence</json:string><json:string>gender disadvantage factors</json:string><json:string>eligible women</json:string><json:string>family support</json:string><json:string>reproductive health factors</json:string><json:string>first pregnancy</json:string><json:string>gynaecological complaints</json:string><json:string>gynaecological examination</json:string><json:string>rural women</json:string><json:string>higher risk</json:string><json:string>eligibility criteria</json:string><json:string>similar study</json:string><json:string>control women</json:string><json:string>keppel street</json:string><json:string>laboratory diagnostics</json:string><json:string>clinical gynaecological aspects</json:string><json:string>reproductive health</json:string><json:string>social integration</json:string><json:string>participant</json:string><json:string>socioeconomic</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>V Patel</name><affiliations><json:string>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</json:string><json:string>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>H A Weiss</name><affiliations><json:string>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>D Mabey</name><affiliations><json:string>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>B West</name><affiliations><json:string>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S D’Souza</name><affiliations><json:string>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>V Patil</name><affiliations><json:string>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>P Nevrekar</name><affiliations><json:string>Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S Gupte</name><affiliations><json:string>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>B R Kirkwood</name><affiliations><json:string>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Drugs: infectious diseases</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Contraception</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Drugs: obstetrics and gynaecology</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Reproductive medicine</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Condoms</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Gonorrhoea</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Vulvovaginal disorders</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>BV, bacterial vaginosis</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>CT, Chlamydia trachomatis</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>NG, Neisseria gonorrhoeae</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>PCR, polymerase chain reaction</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>RTI, reproductive tract infections</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>STI, sexually transmitted infections</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>TV, Trichomonas vaginalis</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>reproductive tract infections</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>India</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>other</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Background/objective: Reproductive tract infections (RTI) present major health, social, and economic problems in developing countries. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and risk factors of RTIs in a population based sample of women aged 18–45 years. Method: 2494 women of 3000 randomly selected from the population defined by a primary health centre catchment area consented to participate. Participants were interviewed regarding complaints and risk factors. Laboratory specimens were collected for the diagnosis of RTIs. Analyses of risk factors were carried out separately for the outcomes of sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis; and endogenous infections: bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candida. Results: Endogenous infections were relatively common (BV 17.8%; candida 8.5%), and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were infrequent (4.2%). Factors indicative of poverty and marginalisation were associated with STIs and BV. Gender disadvantage, particularly spousal violence, was associated with BV, while concern about a husband’s extramarital relationships, an indicator of sexual risk, was associated with STI. Husband’s discharge was strongly associated with STI, and a non-white vaginal discharge was associated with both STI and BV. Condom use and oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduced risk of BV. Conclusions: Most of the population burden of RTIs is attributed to endogenous infections. Socioeconomic deprivation and gender disadvantage are associated with raised risk for BV, while the risk factors for STIs indicated that disadvantaged women were likely to be infected by their husbands.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.784</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>612 x 792 pts (letter)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>false</refBibsNative><keywordCount>16</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1663</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>5453</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>34987</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>7</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>232</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India</title><pmid><json:string>16731678</json:string></pmid><pii><json:string>1472-3263</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>other</json:string></genre><host><title>Sexually Transmitted Infections</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><issn><json:string>1368-4973</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1472-3263</json:string></eissn><volume>82</volume><issue>3</issue><pages><first>243</first></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>infectious diseases</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>health sciences</json:string><json:string>public health & health services</json:string><json:string>public health</json:string></scienceMetrix><inist><json:string>sciences appliquees, technologies et medecines</json:string><json:string>sciences biologiques et medicales</json:string><json:string>sciences medicales</json:string><json:string>psychopathologie. psychiatrie</json:string></inist></categories><publicationDate>2006</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2006</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1136/sti.2005.016451</json:string></doi><id>554C7E5D1D2ADE4BA4EAE7D3049622D5FDF11591</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/554C7E5D1D2ADE4BA4EAE7D3049622D5FDF11591/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/554C7E5D1D2ADE4BA4EAE7D3049622D5FDF11591/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/554C7E5D1D2ADE4BA4EAE7D3049622D5FDF11591/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher scheme="https://publisher-list.data.istex.fr">BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><availability><licence><p>Copyright 2006 Sexually Transmitted Infections</p></licence><p scheme="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-7M42M2QJ-2">bmj</p></availability><date>2006-05-26</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="other" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-7474895G-0">other</note><note type="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note><note>Correspondence to:
Dr Vikram Patel
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; vikram.patel@lshtm.ac.uk</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">V</forename><surname>Patel</surname></persName><affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</affiliation><affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">H A</forename><surname>Weiss</surname></persName><affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">D</forename><surname>Mabey</surname></persName><affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">B</forename><surname>West</surname></persName><affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">S</forename><surname>D’Souza</surname></persName><affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">V</forename><surname>Patil</surname></persName><affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">P</forename><surname>Nevrekar</surname></persName><affiliation>Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">S</forename><surname>Gupte</surname></persName><affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0008"><persName><forename type="first">B R</forename><surname>Kirkwood</surname></persName><affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</affiliation></author><idno type="istex">554C7E5D1D2ADE4BA4EAE7D3049622D5FDF11591</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/NVC-70J8KM5V-H</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1136/sti.2005.016451</idno><idno type="href">sextrans-82-243.pdf</idno><idno type="PMID">16731678</idno><idno type="local">0820243</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Sexually Transmitted Infections</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Sex Transm Infect</title><idno type="pISSN">1368-4973</idno><idno type="eISSN">1472-3263</idno><idno type="PublisherID-hwp">sextrans</idno><idno type="PublisherID-nlm-ta">Sex Transm Infect</idno><imprint><publisher>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2006-06"></date><biblScope unit="volume">82</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="243">243</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2006-05-26</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background/objective: Reproductive tract infections (RTI) present major health, social, and economic problems in developing countries. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and risk factors of RTIs in a population based sample of women aged 18–45 years. Method: 2494 women of 3000 randomly selected from the population defined by a primary health centre catchment area consented to participate. Participants were interviewed regarding complaints and risk factors. Laboratory specimens were collected for the diagnosis of RTIs. Analyses of risk factors were carried out separately for the outcomes of sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis; and endogenous infections: bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candida. Results: Endogenous infections were relatively common (BV 17.8%; candida 8.5%), and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were infrequent (4.2%). Factors indicative of poverty and marginalisation were associated with STIs and BV. Gender disadvantage, particularly spousal violence, was associated with BV, while concern about a husband’s extramarital relationships, an indicator of sexual risk, was associated with STI. Husband’s discharge was strongly associated with STI, and a non-white vaginal discharge was associated with both STI and BV. Condom use and oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduced risk of BV. Conclusions: Most of the population burden of RTIs is attributed to endogenous infections. Socioeconomic deprivation and gender disadvantage are associated with raised risk for BV, while the risk factors for STIs indicated that disadvantaged women were likely to be infected by their husbands.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>ABR</head><item><term>BV, bacterial vaginosis</term></item><item><term>CT, Chlamydia trachomatis</term></item><item><term>NG, Neisseria gonorrhoeae</term></item><item><term>PCR, polymerase chain reaction</term></item><item><term>RTI, reproductive tract infections</term></item><item><term>STI, sexually transmitted infections</term></item><item><term>TV, Trichomonas vaginalis</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>KWD</head><item><term>reproductive tract infections</term></item><item><term>India</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>hwp-journal-coll</head><item><term>Drugs: infectious diseases</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>hwp-journal-coll</head><item><term>Contraception</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>hwp-journal-coll</head><item><term>Drugs: obstetrics and gynaecology</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>hwp-journal-coll</head><item><term>Reproductive medicine</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>hwp-journal-coll</head><item><term>Condoms</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>hwp-journal-coll</head><item><term>Gonorrhoea</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>hwp-journal-coll</head><item><term>Vulvovaginal disorders</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2006-05-26">Created</change><change when="2006-06">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/554C7E5D1D2ADE4BA4EAE7D3049622D5FDF11591/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus bmj" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" URI="archivearticle.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article xml:lang="en" article-type="other"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">sextrans</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sex Transm Infect</journal-id><journal-title>Sexually Transmitted Infections</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Sex Transm Infect</abbrev-journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">1368-4973</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1472-3263</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="other">0820243</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/sti.2005.016451</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">1472-3263</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="other">sextrans;82/3/243</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">16731678</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="other">243</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="other">sti.2005.016451</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Public health</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>Drugs: infectious diseases</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>Contraception</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>Drugs: obstetrics and gynaecology</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>Reproductive medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>Condoms</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>Gonorrhoea</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>Vulvovaginal disorders</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Patel</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF1">1</xref><xref rid="AFF2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Weiss</surname><given-names>H A</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mabey</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>West</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>D’Souza</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Patil</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nevrekar</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gupte</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kirkwood</surname><given-names>B R</given-names></name><xref rid="AFF1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="AFF1"><label>1</label>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</aff><aff id="AFF2"><label>2</label>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</aff><aff id="AFF3"><label>3</label>Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp>Correspondence to:
Dr Vikram Patel
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; <ext-link xlink:href="vikram.patel@lshtm.ac.uk" ext-link-type="email" xlink:type="simple">vikram.patel@lshtm.ac.uk</ext-link></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month><year>2006</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>5</month><year>2006</year></pub-date><volume>82</volume><volume-id pub-id-type="other">82</volume-id><volume-id pub-id-type="other">82</volume-id><issue>3</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="other">sextrans;82/3</issue-id><issue-id pub-id-type="other">3</issue-id><issue-id pub-id-type="other">82/3</issue-id><fpage>243</fpage><history><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2005</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright 2006 Sexually Transmitted Infections</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2006</copyright-year></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:role="full-text" xlink:href="sextrans-82-243.pdf"></self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background/objective:</bold> Reproductive tract infections (RTI) present major health, social, and economic problems in developing countries. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and risk factors of RTIs in a population based sample of women aged 18–45 years.</p><p><bold>Method:</bold> 2494 women of 3000 randomly selected from the population defined by a primary health centre catchment area consented to participate. Participants were interviewed regarding complaints and risk factors. Laboratory specimens were collected for the diagnosis of RTIs. Analyses of risk factors were carried out separately for the outcomes of sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis; and endogenous infections: bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candida.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> Endogenous infections were relatively common (BV 17.8%; candida 8.5%), and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were infrequent (4.2%). Factors indicative of poverty and marginalisation were associated with STIs and BV. Gender disadvantage, particularly spousal violence, was associated with BV, while concern about a husband’s extramarital relationships, an indicator of sexual risk, was associated with STI. Husband’s discharge was strongly associated with STI, and a non-white vaginal discharge was associated with both STI and BV. Condom use and oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduced risk of BV.</p><p><bold>Conclusions:</bold> Most of the population burden of RTIs is attributed to endogenous infections. Socioeconomic deprivation and gender disadvantage are associated with raised risk for BV, while the risk factors for STIs indicated that disadvantaged women were likely to be infected by their husbands.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="ABR" xml:lang="en"><kwd>BV, bacterial vaginosis</kwd><kwd>CT, <italic>Chlamydia trachomatis</italic></kwd><kwd>NG, <italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</italic></kwd><kwd>PCR, polymerase chain reaction</kwd><kwd>RTI, reproductive tract infections</kwd><kwd>STI, sexually transmitted infections</kwd><kwd>TV, <italic>Trichomonas vaginalis</italic></kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group kwd-group-type="KWD" xml:lang="en"><kwd>reproductive tract infections</kwd><kwd>India</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">V</namePart><namePart type="family">Patel</namePart><affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</affiliation><affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H A</namePart><namePart type="family">Weiss</namePart><affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D</namePart><namePart type="family">Mabey</namePart><affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B</namePart><namePart type="family">West</namePart><affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">D’Souza</namePart><affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">V</namePart><namePart type="family">Patil</namePart><affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P</namePart><namePart type="family">Nevrekar</namePart><affiliation>Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Gupte</namePart><affiliation>Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B R</namePart><namePart type="family">Kirkwood</namePart><affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="other" displayLabel="other" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-7474895G-0">other</genre><originInfo><publisher>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2006-06</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2006-05-26</dateCreated><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2006</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><abstract lang="en">Background/objective: Reproductive tract infections (RTI) present major health, social, and economic problems in developing countries. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and risk factors of RTIs in a population based sample of women aged 18–45 years. Method: 2494 women of 3000 randomly selected from the population defined by a primary health centre catchment area consented to participate. Participants were interviewed regarding complaints and risk factors. Laboratory specimens were collected for the diagnosis of RTIs. Analyses of risk factors were carried out separately for the outcomes of sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis; and endogenous infections: bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candida. Results: Endogenous infections were relatively common (BV 17.8%; candida 8.5%), and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were infrequent (4.2%). Factors indicative of poverty and marginalisation were associated with STIs and BV. Gender disadvantage, particularly spousal violence, was associated with BV, while concern about a husband’s extramarital relationships, an indicator of sexual risk, was associated with STI. Husband’s discharge was strongly associated with STI, and a non-white vaginal discharge was associated with both STI and BV. Condom use and oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduced risk of BV. Conclusions: Most of the population burden of RTIs is attributed to endogenous infections. Socioeconomic deprivation and gender disadvantage are associated with raised risk for BV, while the risk factors for STIs indicated that disadvantaged women were likely to be infected by their husbands.</abstract><note type="author-notes">Correspondence to:
Dr Vikram Patel
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; vikram.patel@lshtm.ac.uk</note><subject lang="en"><genre>ABR</genre><topic>BV, bacterial vaginosis</topic><topic>CT, Chlamydia trachomatis</topic><topic>NG, Neisseria gonorrhoeae</topic><topic>PCR, polymerase chain reaction</topic><topic>RTI, reproductive tract infections</topic><topic>STI, sexually transmitted infections</topic><topic>TV, Trichomonas vaginalis</topic></subject><subject lang="en"><genre>KWD</genre><topic>reproductive tract infections</topic><topic>India</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Sexually Transmitted Infections</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Sex Transm Infect</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre><topic>Drugs: infectious diseases</topic></subject><subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre><topic>Contraception</topic></subject><subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre><topic>Drugs: obstetrics and gynaecology</topic></subject><subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre><topic>Reproductive medicine</topic></subject><subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre><topic>Condoms</topic></subject><subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre><topic>Gonorrhoea</topic></subject><subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre><topic>Vulvovaginal disorders</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1368-4973</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1472-3263</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">sextrans</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-nlm-ta">Sex Transm Infect</identifier><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>82</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>243</start></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">554C7E5D1D2ADE4BA4EAE7D3049622D5FDF11591</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/NVC-70J8KM5V-H</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1136/sti.2005.016451</identifier><identifier type="href">sextrans-82-243.pdf</identifier><identifier type="PMID">16731678</identifier><identifier type="local">0820243</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright 2006 Sexually Transmitted Infections</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-7M42M2QJ-2">bmj</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Copyright 2006 Sexually Transmitted Infections</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/554C7E5D1D2ADE4BA4EAE7D3049622D5FDF11591/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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|texte= The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India
}}
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