The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India
Identifieur interne : 001B80 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001B79; suivant : 001B81The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India
Auteurs : V. Patel ; H A Weiss ; D. Mabey ; B. West ; S. D Ouza ; V. Patil ; P. Nevrekar ; S. Gupte ; B R KirkwoodSource :
- Sexually Transmitted Infections [ 1368-4973 ] ; 2006-06.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- BV, bacterial vaginosis, Bacterial vaginosis, CT, Chlamydia trachomatis, Candida, Catchment area, Cervical infections, Chlamydia trachomatis, Clinical gynaecological aspects, Cohort study, Community sample, Condom, Contraceptive, Control women, Diagnostic tests, Disadvantage, Disadvantaged women, Eligibility criteria, Eligible women, Endogenous, Endogenous infections, Extramarital, Extramarital relationships, Family support, First pregnancy, Gender, Gender disadvantage, Gender disadvantage factors, Genital discharge, Gynaecological, Gynaecological complaints, Gynaecological examination, Higher risk, India, India factor, Infection, Keppel street, Laboratory diagnostics, Likelihood ratio test, Little association, London school, Marital status, NG, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Oral contraceptives, PCR, polymerase chain reaction, Participant, Past year, Patel, Polymerase chain reaction, Population registers, Prevalence, Quality assurance, Quality control, RTI, reproductive tract infections, Reproductive, Reproductive health, Reproductive health factors, Reproductive tract infections, Risk factors, Rtis, Rural women, STI, sexually transmitted infections, Sexual health, Sexual risk, Similar study, Social integration, Social integration score, Socioeconomic, Socioeconomic factors, Spousal violence, Stis, Syndromic management, TV, Trichomonas vaginalis, Transm, Trichomonas vaginalis, Tropical medicine, Vaginal discharge, Vaginal swabs, Vaginosis, West africa, reproductive tract infections.
- Teeft :
- Bacterial vaginosis, Candida, Catchment area, Cervical infections, Chlamydia trachomatis, Clinical gynaecological aspects, Cohort study, Community sample, Condom, Contraceptive, Control women, Diagnostic tests, Disadvantage, Disadvantaged women, Eligibility criteria, Eligible women, Endogenous, Endogenous infections, Extramarital, Extramarital relationships, Family support, First pregnancy, Gender, Gender disadvantage, Gender disadvantage factors, Genital discharge, Gynaecological, Gynaecological complaints, Gynaecological examination, Higher risk, India factor, Infection, Keppel street, Laboratory diagnostics, Likelihood ratio test, Little association, London school, Marital status, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Oral contraceptives, Participant, Past year, Patel, Polymerase chain reaction, Population registers, Prevalence, Quality assurance, Quality control, Reproductive, Reproductive health, Reproductive health factors, Reproductive tract infections, Risk factors, Rtis, Rural women, Sexual health, Sexual risk, Similar study, Social integration, Social integration score, Socioeconomic, Socioeconomic factors, Spousal violence, Stis, Syndromic management, Transm, Trichomonas vaginalis, Tropical medicine, Vaginal discharge, Vaginal swabs, Vaginosis, West africa.
Abstract
Background/objective: Reproductive tract infections (RTI) present major health, social, and economic problems in developing countries. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and risk factors of RTIs in a population based sample of women aged 18–45 years. Method: 2494 women of 3000 randomly selected from the population defined by a primary health centre catchment area consented to participate. Participants were interviewed regarding complaints and risk factors. Laboratory specimens were collected for the diagnosis of RTIs. Analyses of risk factors were carried out separately for the outcomes of sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis; and endogenous infections: bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candida. Results: Endogenous infections were relatively common (BV 17.8%; candida 8.5%), and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were infrequent (4.2%). Factors indicative of poverty and marginalisation were associated with STIs and BV. Gender disadvantage, particularly spousal violence, was associated with BV, while concern about a husband’s extramarital relationships, an indicator of sexual risk, was associated with STI. Husband’s discharge was strongly associated with STI, and a non-white vaginal discharge was associated with both STI and BV. Condom use and oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduced risk of BV. Conclusions: Most of the population burden of RTIs is attributed to endogenous infections. Socioeconomic deprivation and gender disadvantage are associated with raised risk for BV, while the risk factors for STIs indicated that disadvantaged women were likely to be infected by their husbands.
Url:
DOI: 10.1136/sti.2005.016451
Links to Exploration step
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<term>Bacterial vaginosis</term>
<term>CT, Chlamydia trachomatis</term>
<term>Candida</term>
<term>Catchment area</term>
<term>Cervical infections</term>
<term>Chlamydia trachomatis</term>
<term>Clinical gynaecological aspects</term>
<term>Cohort study</term>
<term>Community sample</term>
<term>Condom</term>
<term>Contraceptive</term>
<term>Control women</term>
<term>Diagnostic tests</term>
<term>Disadvantage</term>
<term>Disadvantaged women</term>
<term>Eligibility criteria</term>
<term>Eligible women</term>
<term>Endogenous</term>
<term>Endogenous infections</term>
<term>Extramarital</term>
<term>Extramarital relationships</term>
<term>Family support</term>
<term>First pregnancy</term>
<term>Gender</term>
<term>Gender disadvantage</term>
<term>Gender disadvantage factors</term>
<term>Genital discharge</term>
<term>Gynaecological</term>
<term>Gynaecological complaints</term>
<term>Gynaecological examination</term>
<term>Higher risk</term>
<term>India</term>
<term>India factor</term>
<term>Infection</term>
<term>Keppel street</term>
<term>Laboratory diagnostics</term>
<term>Likelihood ratio test</term>
<term>Little association</term>
<term>London school</term>
<term>Marital status</term>
<term>NG, Neisseria gonorrhoeae</term>
<term>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</term>
<term>Oral contraceptives</term>
<term>PCR, polymerase chain reaction</term>
<term>Participant</term>
<term>Past year</term>
<term>Patel</term>
<term>Polymerase chain reaction</term>
<term>Population registers</term>
<term>Prevalence</term>
<term>Quality assurance</term>
<term>Quality control</term>
<term>RTI, reproductive tract infections</term>
<term>Reproductive</term>
<term>Reproductive health</term>
<term>Reproductive health factors</term>
<term>Reproductive tract infections</term>
<term>Risk factors</term>
<term>Rtis</term>
<term>Rural women</term>
<term>STI, sexually transmitted infections</term>
<term>Sexual health</term>
<term>Sexual risk</term>
<term>Similar study</term>
<term>Social integration</term>
<term>Social integration score</term>
<term>Socioeconomic</term>
<term>Socioeconomic factors</term>
<term>Spousal violence</term>
<term>Stis</term>
<term>Syndromic management</term>
<term>TV, Trichomonas vaginalis</term>
<term>Transm</term>
<term>Trichomonas vaginalis</term>
<term>Tropical medicine</term>
<term>Vaginal discharge</term>
<term>Vaginal swabs</term>
<term>Vaginosis</term>
<term>West africa</term>
<term>reproductive tract infections</term>
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<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial vaginosis</term>
<term>Candida</term>
<term>Catchment area</term>
<term>Cervical infections</term>
<term>Chlamydia trachomatis</term>
<term>Clinical gynaecological aspects</term>
<term>Cohort study</term>
<term>Community sample</term>
<term>Condom</term>
<term>Contraceptive</term>
<term>Control women</term>
<term>Diagnostic tests</term>
<term>Disadvantage</term>
<term>Disadvantaged women</term>
<term>Eligibility criteria</term>
<term>Eligible women</term>
<term>Endogenous</term>
<term>Endogenous infections</term>
<term>Extramarital</term>
<term>Extramarital relationships</term>
<term>Family support</term>
<term>First pregnancy</term>
<term>Gender</term>
<term>Gender disadvantage</term>
<term>Gender disadvantage factors</term>
<term>Genital discharge</term>
<term>Gynaecological</term>
<term>Gynaecological complaints</term>
<term>Gynaecological examination</term>
<term>Higher risk</term>
<term>India factor</term>
<term>Infection</term>
<term>Keppel street</term>
<term>Laboratory diagnostics</term>
<term>Likelihood ratio test</term>
<term>Little association</term>
<term>London school</term>
<term>Marital status</term>
<term>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</term>
<term>Oral contraceptives</term>
<term>Participant</term>
<term>Past year</term>
<term>Patel</term>
<term>Polymerase chain reaction</term>
<term>Population registers</term>
<term>Prevalence</term>
<term>Quality assurance</term>
<term>Quality control</term>
<term>Reproductive</term>
<term>Reproductive health</term>
<term>Reproductive health factors</term>
<term>Reproductive tract infections</term>
<term>Risk factors</term>
<term>Rtis</term>
<term>Rural women</term>
<term>Sexual health</term>
<term>Sexual risk</term>
<term>Similar study</term>
<term>Social integration</term>
<term>Social integration score</term>
<term>Socioeconomic</term>
<term>Socioeconomic factors</term>
<term>Spousal violence</term>
<term>Stis</term>
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<term>Transm</term>
<term>Trichomonas vaginalis</term>
<term>Tropical medicine</term>
<term>Vaginal discharge</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Background/objective: Reproductive tract infections (RTI) present major health, social, and economic problems in developing countries. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and risk factors of RTIs in a population based sample of women aged 18–45 years. Method: 2494 women of 3000 randomly selected from the population defined by a primary health centre catchment area consented to participate. Participants were interviewed regarding complaints and risk factors. Laboratory specimens were collected for the diagnosis of RTIs. Analyses of risk factors were carried out separately for the outcomes of sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis; and endogenous infections: bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candida. Results: Endogenous infections were relatively common (BV 17.8%; candida 8.5%), and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were infrequent (4.2%). Factors indicative of poverty and marginalisation were associated with STIs and BV. Gender disadvantage, particularly spousal violence, was associated with BV, while concern about a husband’s extramarital relationships, an indicator of sexual risk, was associated with STI. Husband’s discharge was strongly associated with STI, and a non-white vaginal discharge was associated with both STI and BV. Condom use and oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduced risk of BV. Conclusions: Most of the population burden of RTIs is attributed to endogenous infections. Socioeconomic deprivation and gender disadvantage are associated with raised risk for BV, while the risk factors for STIs indicated that disadvantaged women were likely to be infected by their husbands.</div>
</front>
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<json:item><name>D Mabey</name>
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<json:item><name>S D’Souza</name>
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<note>Correspondence to:
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London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; vikram.patel@lshtm.ac.uk</note>
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London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK</aff>
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Sangath, 831/1 Alto-Porvorim, Goa, India</aff>
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Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India</aff>
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<author-notes><corresp>Correspondence to:
Dr Vikram Patel
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; <ext-link xlink:href="vikram.patel@lshtm.ac.uk" ext-link-type="email" xlink:type="simple">vikram.patel@lshtm.ac.uk</ext-link>
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<abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background/objective:</bold>
Reproductive tract infections (RTI) present major health, social, and economic problems in developing countries. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and risk factors of RTIs in a population based sample of women aged 18–45 years.</p>
<p><bold>Method:</bold>
2494 women of 3000 randomly selected from the population defined by a primary health centre catchment area consented to participate. Participants were interviewed regarding complaints and risk factors. Laboratory specimens were collected for the diagnosis of RTIs. Analyses of risk factors were carried out separately for the outcomes of sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis; and endogenous infections: bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candida.</p>
<p><bold>Results:</bold>
Endogenous infections were relatively common (BV 17.8%; candida 8.5%), and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were infrequent (4.2%). Factors indicative of poverty and marginalisation were associated with STIs and BV. Gender disadvantage, particularly spousal violence, was associated with BV, while concern about a husband’s extramarital relationships, an indicator of sexual risk, was associated with STI. Husband’s discharge was strongly associated with STI, and a non-white vaginal discharge was associated with both STI and BV. Condom use and oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduced risk of BV.</p>
<p><bold>Conclusions:</bold>
Most of the population burden of RTIs is attributed to endogenous infections. Socioeconomic deprivation and gender disadvantage are associated with raised risk for BV, while the risk factors for STIs indicated that disadvantaged women were likely to be infected by their husbands.</p>
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<abstract lang="en">Background/objective: Reproductive tract infections (RTI) present major health, social, and economic problems in developing countries. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and risk factors of RTIs in a population based sample of women aged 18–45 years. Method: 2494 women of 3000 randomly selected from the population defined by a primary health centre catchment area consented to participate. Participants were interviewed regarding complaints and risk factors. Laboratory specimens were collected for the diagnosis of RTIs. Analyses of risk factors were carried out separately for the outcomes of sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis; and endogenous infections: bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candida. Results: Endogenous infections were relatively common (BV 17.8%; candida 8.5%), and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were infrequent (4.2%). Factors indicative of poverty and marginalisation were associated with STIs and BV. Gender disadvantage, particularly spousal violence, was associated with BV, while concern about a husband’s extramarital relationships, an indicator of sexual risk, was associated with STI. Husband’s discharge was strongly associated with STI, and a non-white vaginal discharge was associated with both STI and BV. Condom use and oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduced risk of BV. Conclusions: Most of the population burden of RTIs is attributed to endogenous infections. Socioeconomic deprivation and gender disadvantage are associated with raised risk for BV, while the risk factors for STIs indicated that disadvantaged women were likely to be infected by their husbands.</abstract>
<note type="author-notes">Correspondence to:
Dr Vikram Patel
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; vikram.patel@lshtm.ac.uk</note>
<subject lang="en"><genre>ABR</genre>
<topic>BV, bacterial vaginosis</topic>
<topic>CT, Chlamydia trachomatis</topic>
<topic>NG, Neisseria gonorrhoeae</topic>
<topic>PCR, polymerase chain reaction</topic>
<topic>RTI, reproductive tract infections</topic>
<topic>STI, sexually transmitted infections</topic>
<topic>TV, Trichomonas vaginalis</topic>
</subject>
<subject lang="en"><genre>KWD</genre>
<topic>reproductive tract infections</topic>
<topic>India</topic>
</subject>
<relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Sexually Transmitted Infections</title>
</titleInfo>
<titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Sex Transm Infect</title>
</titleInfo>
<genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre>
<subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre>
<topic>Drugs: infectious diseases</topic>
</subject>
<subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre>
<topic>Contraception</topic>
</subject>
<subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre>
<topic>Drugs: obstetrics and gynaecology</topic>
</subject>
<subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre>
<topic>Reproductive medicine</topic>
</subject>
<subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre>
<topic>Condoms</topic>
</subject>
<subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre>
<topic>Gonorrhoea</topic>
</subject>
<subject><genre>hwp-journal-coll</genre>
<topic>Vulvovaginal disorders</topic>
</subject>
<identifier type="ISSN">1368-4973</identifier>
<identifier type="eISSN">1472-3263</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">sextrans</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID-nlm-ta">Sex Transm Infect</identifier>
<part><date>2006</date>
<detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption>
<number>82</number>
</detail>
<detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption>
<number>3</number>
</detail>
<extent unit="pages"><start>243</start>
</extent>
</part>
</relatedItem>
<identifier type="istex">554C7E5D1D2ADE4BA4EAE7D3049622D5FDF11591</identifier>
<identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/NVC-70J8KM5V-H</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1136/sti.2005.016451</identifier>
<identifier type="href">sextrans-82-243.pdf</identifier>
<identifier type="PMID">16731678</identifier>
<identifier type="local">0820243</identifier>
<accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright 2006 Sexually Transmitted Infections</accessCondition>
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