Evaluation and enhancement of heavy metals bioremediation in aqueous solutions by Nocardiopsis sp. MORSY1948, and Nocardia sp. MORSY2014
Identifieur interne : 000032 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000031; suivant : 000033Evaluation and enhancement of heavy metals bioremediation in aqueous solutions by Nocardiopsis sp. MORSY1948, and Nocardia sp. MORSY2014
Auteurs : Mervat Morsy Abbas Ahmed El-Gendy [Arabie saoudite, Égypte] ; Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed El-Bondkly [Égypte]Source :
- Brazilian Journal of Microbiology [ 1517-8382 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
An analysis of wastewater samples collected from different industrial regions of Egypt demonstrated dangerously high levels of nickel (0.27–31.50 mg L−1), chromium (1.50–7.41 mg L−1) and zinc (1.91–9.74 mg L−1) in the effluents. Alarmingly, these heavy metals are among the most toxic knownones to humans and wildlife. Sixty-nine
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DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.029
PubMed: 27245130
PubMed Central: 4927648
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evaluation and enhancement of heavy metals bioremediation in aqueous solutions by <italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> sp. MORSY1948, and <italic>Nocardia</italic> sp. MORSY2014</title><author><name sortKey="El Gendy, Mervat Morsy Abbas Ahmed" sort="El Gendy, Mervat Morsy Abbas Ahmed" uniqKey="El Gendy M" first="Mervat Morsy Abbas Ahmed" last="El-Gendy">Mervat Morsy Abbas Ahmed El-Gendy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0010">Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Bondkly, Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed" sort="El Bondkly, Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed" uniqKey="El Bondkly A" first="Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed" last="El-Bondkly">Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed El-Bondkly</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0015">Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27245130</idno><idno type="pmc">4927648</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927648</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4927648</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.029</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000032</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000032</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000032</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000032</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evaluation and enhancement of heavy metals bioremediation in aqueous solutions by <italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> sp. MORSY1948, and <italic>Nocardia</italic> sp. MORSY2014</title><author><name sortKey="El Gendy, Mervat Morsy Abbas Ahmed" sort="El Gendy, Mervat Morsy Abbas Ahmed" uniqKey="El Gendy M" first="Mervat Morsy Abbas Ahmed" last="El-Gendy">Mervat Morsy Abbas Ahmed El-Gendy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0010">Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Bondkly, Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed" sort="El Bondkly, Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed" uniqKey="El Bondkly A" first="Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed" last="El-Bondkly">Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed El-Bondkly</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0015">Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Brazilian Journal of Microbiology</title><idno type="ISSN">1517-8382</idno><idno type="eISSN">1678-4405</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>An analysis of wastewater samples collected from different industrial regions of Egypt demonstrated dangerously high levels of nickel (0.27–31.50 mg L<sup>−1</sup>), chromium (1.50–7.41 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) and zinc (1.91–9.74 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) in the effluents. Alarmingly, these heavy metals are among the most toxic knownones to humans and wildlife. Sixty-nine <italic>Actinomycete</italic> isolates derived from contaminated sites were evaluated under single, binary, and ternary systems for their biosorption capacity for Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> from aqueous solutions. The results of the study identified isolates MORSY1948 and MORSY2014 as the most active biosorbents. Phenotypic and chemotypic characterization along with molecular phylogenetic evidence confirmed that the two strains are members of the <italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> and <italic>Nocardia</italic> genera, respectively. The results also proved that for both the strains, heavy metal reduction was more efficient with dead rather than live biomass. The affinity of the dead biomass of MORSY1948 strain for Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> under the optimized pH conditions of 7, 8 and 7, respectively at 40 °C temperature with 0.3% biosorbent dosage was found to be as follows: Ni<sup>2+</sup> (87.90%) > Zn<sup>2+</sup> (84.15%) > Cr<sup>6+</sup> (63.75%). However, the dead biomass of MORSY2014 strain under conditions of pH 8 and 50 °C temperature with 0.3% biosorbent dose exhibited the highest affinity which was as follows: Cr<sup>6+</sup> (95.22%) > Ni<sup>2+</sup> (93.53%) > Zn<sup>2+</sup> (90.37%). All heavy metals under study were found to be removed from aqueous solutions in entirety when the sorbent dosage was increased to 0.4%.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Khan, M U" uniqKey="Khan M">M.U. Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sessitsch, A" uniqKey="Sessitsch A">A. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Braz J Microbiol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Braz. J. Microbiol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Brazilian Journal of Microbiology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1517-8382</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1678-4405</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27245130</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4927648</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1517-8382(16)30310-0</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.029</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Environmental Microbiology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Evaluation and enhancement of heavy metals bioremediation in aqueous solutions by <italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> sp. MORSY1948, and <italic>Nocardia</italic> sp. MORSY2014</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>El-Gendy</surname><given-names>Mervat Morsy Abbas Ahmed</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="aff0010" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>El-Bondkly</surname><given-names>Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed</given-names></name><email>ahmed_bondkly@yahoo.com</email><xref rid="aff0015" ref-type="aff">c</xref><xref rid="cor0005" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0005"><label>a</label>Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="aff0010"><label>b</label>Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt</aff><aff id="aff0015"><label>c</label>Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor0005"><label>⁎</label><italic>Corresponding author</italic>. <email>ahmed_bondkly@yahoo.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>29</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><season>Jul-Sep</season><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>47</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>571</fpage><lpage>586</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>4</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia</copyright-holder><license license-type="CC BY-NC-ND" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="abs0005"><p>An analysis of wastewater samples collected from different industrial regions of Egypt demonstrated dangerously high levels of nickel (0.27–31.50 mg L<sup>−1</sup>), chromium (1.50–7.41 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) and zinc (1.91–9.74 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) in the effluents. Alarmingly, these heavy metals are among the most toxic knownones to humans and wildlife. Sixty-nine <italic>Actinomycete</italic> isolates derived from contaminated sites were evaluated under single, binary, and ternary systems for their biosorption capacity for Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> from aqueous solutions. The results of the study identified isolates MORSY1948 and MORSY2014 as the most active biosorbents. Phenotypic and chemotypic characterization along with molecular phylogenetic evidence confirmed that the two strains are members of the <italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> and <italic>Nocardia</italic> genera, respectively. The results also proved that for both the strains, heavy metal reduction was more efficient with dead rather than live biomass. The affinity of the dead biomass of MORSY1948 strain for Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> under the optimized pH conditions of 7, 8 and 7, respectively at 40 °C temperature with 0.3% biosorbent dosage was found to be as follows: Ni<sup>2+</sup> (87.90%) > Zn<sup>2+</sup> (84.15%) > Cr<sup>6+</sup> (63.75%). However, the dead biomass of MORSY2014 strain under conditions of pH 8 and 50 °C temperature with 0.3% biosorbent dose exhibited the highest affinity which was as follows: Cr<sup>6+</sup> (95.22%) > Ni<sup>2+</sup> (93.53%) > Zn<sup>2+</sup> (90.37%). All heavy metals under study were found to be removed from aqueous solutions in entirety when the sorbent dosage was increased to 0.4%.</p></abstract><kwd-group id="kwd0005"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Biosorption</kwd><kwd>Heavy metals</kwd><kwd>Dead and live biomass</kwd><kwd><italic>Nocardiopsis</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Nocardia</italic></kwd><kwd>Wastewater</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta><notes><p id="misc0005">Associate Editor: Cynthia Canêdo da Silva</p></notes></front><floats-group><fig id="fig0005"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic dendrogram, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, constructed using the neighbor-joining method, showing the phylogenetic position of strains MORSY1948 and MORSY2014 within the genus <italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> and <italic>Nocardia</italic>, respectively.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr1"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig0010"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>(a) Effect of different temperatures on the biosorption capacity of Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> (%) from aquous solution by the live and dead cells of <italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> sp. MORSY1948. (b) Effect of different temperatures on the biosorption capacity of Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> (%) from aquous solution by the live and dead cells of <italic>Nocardia</italic> sp. MORSY2014.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr2"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig0015"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p>Adsorption of Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> (%) from real industrial wastewater by the dead biomass of <italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> sp. MORSY1948 and <italic>Nocardia</italic> sp. MORSY2014.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr3"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tbl0005" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Analysis of industrial wastewater collected from different industrial regions of Egypt.</p></caption><alt-text id="at1">Table 1</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Industry</th><th align="center">Region</th><th colspan="3" align="center">Metal analysis (mg L<sup>−1</sup>)<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th></th><th></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Steel Wool</td><td align="left">10th of Ramadan</td><td align="char">25.16</td><td align="char">3.1</td><td align="char">5.84</td></tr><tr><td align="left">High voltage</td><td align="left">10th of Ramadan</td><td align="char">31.50</td><td align="char">2.0</td><td align="char">6.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Electric</td><td align="left">10th of Ramadan</td><td align="char">18.22</td><td align="char">3.15</td><td align="char">3.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Painting</td><td align="left">10th of Ramadan</td><td align="char">2.09</td><td align="char">7.25</td><td align="char">9.74</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Food</td><td align="left">10th of Ramadan</td><td align="char">0.85</td><td align="char">1.80</td><td align="char">1.91</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Steel</td><td align="left">Gesr El Suez</td><td align="char">20.25</td><td align="char">4.2</td><td align="char">6.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Precise industries</td><td align="left">Gesr El Suez</td><td align="char">11.38</td><td align="char">3.0</td><td align="char">4.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Printing</td><td align="left">Gesr El Suez</td><td align="char">6.82</td><td align="char">2.90</td><td align="char">4.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Chemical and medical</td><td align="left">Badr City</td><td align="char">4.59</td><td align="char">4.13</td><td align="char">6.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Electromechanical engineering</td><td align="left">6th of October</td><td align="char">29.16</td><td align="char">5.06</td><td align="char">3.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Electric</td><td align="left">Shubra El-Kheima</td><td align="char">18.41</td><td align="char">7.41</td><td align="char">4.83</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Electric</td><td align="left">Sadat City</td><td align="char">24.36</td><td align="char">3.98</td><td align="char">2.77</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Electric</td><td align="left">Borg El-Arab</td><td align="char">17.91</td><td align="char">4.25</td><td align="char">5.47</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Chloride</td><td align="left">Abu Rawash</td><td align="char">8.15</td><td align="char">4.99</td><td align="char">5.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Medical supplies</td><td align="left">free zone, Nasr city</td><td align="char">2.90</td><td align="char">2.80</td><td align="char">6.10</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Food</td><td align="left">El-Amerya</td><td align="char">0.27</td><td align="char">1.50</td><td align="char">2.00</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left"><italic>Threshold limit values of discharge heavy metals into:</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Underground reservoir, Nile and canals (Law 48/82)</td><td></td><td align="char">0.1</td><td align="char">0.05</td><td align="char">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Sewage system (Law 44/2000)</td><td></td><td align="char">1.0</td><td align="char">0.05</td><td align="char">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Coastal environment (Law 4/94)</td><td></td><td align="char">0.1</td><td align="char">0.05</td><td align="char">2</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl0010" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Comparative representation of biosorption efficiency (%) of various Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup> heavy metals under different metal systems by <italic>Actinomycete</italic> biosorbent isolates (biosorption conditions are 100 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of such heavy metal, 0.3% of biosorbent, pH 6.0 at 30 °C and 150 rpm for 3 h).</p></caption><alt-text id="at2">Table 2</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Biosorbents</th><th colspan="12" align="center">Metal system/biosorption (%)<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Single metal system<hr></hr></th><th colspan="6" align="center">Binary metal system<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">Ternary metal system<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th colspan="2" align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup> + Cr<sup>6+</sup><hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup> + Zn<sup>2+</sup><hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup> + Zn<sup>2+</sup><hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup> + Cr<sup>6+</sup> + Zn<sup>2+</sup><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1948</td><td align="char">60.1</td><td align="char">47.4</td><td align="char">67.4</td><td align="char">79.5</td><td align="char">51.0</td><td align="char">72.48</td><td align="char">71.28</td><td align="char">54.94</td><td align="char">75.62</td><td align="char">74.0</td><td align="char">58.4</td><td align="char">81.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1949</td><td align="char">35.4</td><td align="char">20.0</td><td align="char">38.0</td><td align="char">32.0</td><td align="char">16.4</td><td align="char">30.2</td><td align="char">27.3</td><td align="char">19.0</td><td align="char">35.1</td><td align="char">28.1</td><td align="char">16.0</td><td align="char">42.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1950</td><td align="char">19.0</td><td align="char">18.7</td><td align="char">55.0</td><td align="char">17.0</td><td align="char">15.0</td><td align="char">19.0</td><td align="char">42.7</td><td align="char">16.5</td><td align="char">41.0</td><td align="char">16.4</td><td align="char">13.9</td><td align="char">58.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1951</td><td align="char">56.2</td><td align="char">20.0</td><td align="char">41.2</td><td align="char">54.5</td><td align="char">14.5</td><td align="char">30.1</td><td align="char">59.0</td><td align="char">17.0</td><td align="char">57.6</td><td align="char">47.5</td><td align="char">12.7</td><td align="char">42.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1952</td><td align="char">31.9</td><td align="char">24.6</td><td align="char">60.0</td><td align="char">38.2</td><td align="char">19.4</td><td align="char">40.0</td><td align="char">59.5</td><td align="char">21.8</td><td align="char">56.9</td><td align="char">43.0</td><td align="char">15.8</td><td align="char">50.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1953</td><td align="char">60.0</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">49.4</td><td align="char">59.0</td><td align="char">22.1</td><td align="char">55.3</td><td align="char">48.0</td><td align="char">26.5</td><td align="char">45.0</td><td align="char">54.1</td><td align="char">20.2</td><td align="char">43.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1954</td><td align="char">29.5</td><td align="char">20.8</td><td align="char">55.0</td><td align="char">29.0</td><td align="char">15.9</td><td align="char">26.7</td><td align="char">53.6</td><td align="char">17.5</td><td align="char">51.5</td><td align="char">21.7</td><td align="char">10.2</td><td align="char">50.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1955</td><td align="char">58.1</td><td align="char">9.1</td><td align="char">49.7</td><td align="char">55.1</td><td align="char">2.0</td><td align="char">52.8</td><td align="char">46.0</td><td align="char">6.1</td><td align="char">45.4</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">1.9</td><td align="char">39.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1956</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">13.5</td><td align="char">67.0</td><td align="char">44.2</td><td align="char">9.3</td><td align="char">45.1</td><td align="char">67.0</td><td align="char">12.2</td><td align="char">46.0</td><td align="char">41.0</td><td align="char">7.0</td><td align="char">66.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1957</td><td align="char">22.9</td><td align="char">46.0</td><td align="char">61.5</td><td align="char">19.7</td><td align="char">43.2</td><td align="char">18.0</td><td align="char">59.9</td><td align="char">48.8</td><td align="char">59.2</td><td align="char">13.5</td><td align="char">42.5</td><td align="char">56.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1958</td><td align="char">20.8</td><td align="char">18.5</td><td align="char">49.6</td><td align="char">17.0</td><td align="char">14.9</td><td align="char">15.4</td><td align="char">48.0</td><td align="char">16.0</td><td align="char">47.0</td><td align="char">13.0</td><td align="char">11.6</td><td align="char">34.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1959</td><td align="char">55.2</td><td align="char">10.0</td><td align="char">50.8</td><td align="char">51.9</td><td align="char">31.0</td><td align="char">51.6</td><td align="char">46.9</td><td align="char">37.3</td><td align="char">46.4</td><td align="char">50.6</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">45.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1960</td><td align="char">47.0</td><td align="char">40.7</td><td align="char">30.2</td><td align="char">45.0</td><td align="char">34.8</td><td align="char">40.9</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">37.2</td><td align="char">26.8</td><td align="char">37.4</td><td align="char">31.7</td><td align="char">25.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1961</td><td align="char">21.6</td><td align="char">21.0</td><td align="char">19.0</td><td align="char">18.0</td><td align="char">35.7</td><td align="char">16.2</td><td align="char">17.5</td><td align="char">40.0</td><td align="char">15.0</td><td align="char">13.8</td><td align="char">34.1</td><td align="char">19.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1962</td><td align="char">47.3</td><td align="char">39.0</td><td align="char">60.0</td><td align="char">44.5</td><td align="char">30.8</td><td align="char">40.9</td><td align="char">66.8</td><td align="char">35.4</td><td align="char">54.3</td><td align="char">38.6</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">54.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1963</td><td align="char">50.8</td><td align="char">40.2</td><td align="char">58.5</td><td align="char">47.9</td><td align="char">35.6</td><td align="char">43.5</td><td align="char">55.0</td><td align="char">39.0</td><td align="char">56.4</td><td align="char">40.0</td><td align="char">33.5</td><td align="char">52.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1964</td><td align="char">41.2</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">60.0</td><td align="char">46.3</td><td align="char">44.5</td><td align="char">37.3</td><td align="char">45.9</td><td align="char">48.5</td><td align="char">60.0</td><td align="char">36.1</td><td align="char">43.0</td><td align="char">60.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1965</td><td align="char">25.0</td><td align="char">20.1</td><td align="char">61.5</td><td align="char">23.4</td><td align="char">15.0</td><td align="char">20.1</td><td align="char">59.4</td><td align="char">19.0</td><td align="char">54.1</td><td align="char">17.5</td><td align="char">11.7</td><td align="char">51.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1966</td><td align="char">42.7</td><td align="char">40.0</td><td align="char">56.0</td><td align="char">41.0</td><td align="char">36.2</td><td align="char">37.0</td><td align="char">55.0</td><td align="char">37.1</td><td align="char">652.5</td><td align="char">35.3</td><td align="char">35.8</td><td align="char">50.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1967</td><td align="char">50.3</td><td align="char">40.6</td><td align="char">57.4</td><td align="char">48.5</td><td align="char">34.9</td><td align="char">45.7</td><td align="char">54.0</td><td align="char">40.0</td><td align="char">54.0</td><td align="char">40.8</td><td align="char">30.3</td><td align="char">51.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1968</td><td align="char">58.0</td><td align="char">41.8</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">56.0</td><td align="char">37.0</td><td align="char">51.0</td><td align="char">37.1</td><td align="char">38.5</td><td align="char">33.2</td><td align="char">47.4</td><td align="char">36.0</td><td align="char">32.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1969</td><td align="char">50.2</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">49.0</td><td align="char">49.1</td><td align="char">46.1</td><td align="char">43.6</td><td align="char">45.7</td><td align="char">48.0</td><td align="char">41.6</td><td align="char">40.6</td><td align="char">42.8</td><td align="char">35.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1970</td><td align="char">38.5</td><td align="char">39.4</td><td align="char">62.8</td><td align="char">36.2</td><td align="char">33.5</td><td align="char">30.3</td><td align="char">66.5</td><td align="char">35.8</td><td align="char">61.0</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">32.0</td><td align="char">58.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1971</td><td align="char">47.4</td><td align="char">40.0</td><td align="char">53.4</td><td align="char">45.0</td><td align="char">36.4</td><td align="char">44.0</td><td align="char">49.9</td><td align="char">36.9</td><td align="char">47.5</td><td align="char">43.2</td><td align="char">35.4</td><td align="char">47.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1972</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">45.8</td><td align="char">28.1</td><td align="char">33.0</td><td align="char">37.8</td><td align="char">25.0</td><td align="char">87.2</td><td align="char">41.9</td><td align="char">84.0</td><td align="char">22.0</td><td align="char">35.9</td><td align="char">20.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1973</td><td align="char">22.8</td><td align="char">44.0</td><td align="char">60.2</td><td align="char">18.0</td><td align="char">40.0</td><td align="char">16.6</td><td align="char">66.0</td><td align="char">41.7</td><td align="char">65.3</td><td align="char">13.9</td><td align="char">38.6</td><td align="char">60.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1974</td><td align="char">53.5</td><td align="char">38.2</td><td align="char">20.0</td><td align="char">46.7</td><td align="char">31.9</td><td align="char">48.5</td><td align="char">14.9</td><td align="char">35.2</td><td align="char">12.7</td><td align="char">44.0</td><td align="char">28.7</td><td align="char">10.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1975</td><td align="char">49.8</td><td align="char">53.0</td><td align="char">65.0</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">43.9</td><td align="char">65.3</td><td align="char">52.0</td><td align="char">50.4</td><td align="char">42.0</td><td align="char">49.4</td><td align="char">55.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1976</td><td align="char">38.4</td><td align="char">42.0</td><td align="char">58.3</td><td align="char">33.5</td><td align="char">36.8</td><td align="char">30.4</td><td align="char">54.1</td><td align="char">39.5</td><td align="char">51.6</td><td align="char">26.3</td><td align="char">35.0</td><td align="char">47.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1977</td><td align="char">51.5</td><td align="char">53.0</td><td align="char">25.0</td><td align="char">47.4</td><td align="char">48.0</td><td align="char">46.6</td><td align="char">22.5</td><td align="char">50.6</td><td align="char">15.9</td><td align="char">43.4</td><td align="char">44.5</td><td align="char">12.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1978</td><td align="char">20.0</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">60.4</td><td align="char">18.9</td><td align="char">24.2</td><td align="char">14.8</td><td align="char">66.0</td><td align="char">28.0</td><td align="char">52.1</td><td align="char">14.0</td><td align="char">21.2</td><td align="char">45.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1979</td><td align="char">54.5</td><td align="char">20.8</td><td align="char">49.0</td><td align="char">54.1</td><td align="char">15.3</td><td align="char">47.1</td><td align="char">47.3</td><td align="char">17.2</td><td align="char">44.0</td><td align="char">42.5</td><td align="char">15.0</td><td align="char">38.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1980</td><td align="char">20.3</td><td align="char">19.0</td><td align="char">44.0</td><td align="char">17.1</td><td align="char">15.0</td><td align="char">16.5</td><td align="char">41.6</td><td align="char">18.0</td><td align="char">38.7</td><td align="char">13.8</td><td align="char">13.7</td><td align="char">36.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1981</td><td align="char">33.9</td><td align="char">22.7</td><td align="char">60.5</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">18.4</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">56.0</td><td align="char">19.9</td><td align="char">52.0</td><td align="char">27.5</td><td align="char">16.6</td><td align="char">50.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1982</td><td align="char">54.2</td><td align="char">40.4</td><td align="char">34.0</td><td align="char">50.7</td><td align="char">34.9</td><td align="char">46.1</td><td align="char">31.2</td><td align="char">37.5</td><td align="char">30.3</td><td align="char">45.2</td><td align="char">34.0</td><td align="char">30.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1983</td><td align="char">19.1</td><td align="char">14.0</td><td align="char">67.1</td><td align="char">16.8</td><td align="char">10.2</td><td align="char">14.3</td><td align="char">64.0</td><td align="char">11.8</td><td align="char">64.5</td><td align="char">11.2</td><td align="char">9.1</td><td align="char">60.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1984</td><td align="char">47.6</td><td align="char">39.1</td><td align="char">14.0</td><td align="char">46.4</td><td align="char">32.8</td><td align="char">40.5</td><td align="char">11.1</td><td align="char">35.4</td><td align="char">10.3</td><td align="char">38.1</td><td align="char">29.5</td><td align="char">9.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1985</td><td align="char">50.8</td><td align="char">40.5</td><td align="char">50.2</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">32.9</td><td align="char">64.9</td><td align="char">48.0</td><td align="char">37.5</td><td align="char">44.0</td><td align="char">45.4</td><td align="char">29.0</td><td align="char">41.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1986</td><td align="char">50.5</td><td align="char">10.7</td><td align="char">61.3</td><td align="char">47.9</td><td align="char">5.1</td><td align="char">44.2</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">10.0</td><td align="char">37.2</td><td align="char">20.7</td><td align="char">1.8</td><td align="char">25.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1987</td><td align="char">37.0</td><td align="char">19.0</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">35.5</td><td align="char">16.5</td><td align="char">34.0</td><td align="char">41.9</td><td align="char">19.0</td><td align="char">40.5</td><td align="char">33.0</td><td align="char">17.2</td><td align="char">32.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1988</td><td align="char">53.5</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">56.3</td><td align="char">51.0</td><td align="char">23.0</td><td align="char">49.6</td><td align="char">52.4</td><td align="char">26.0</td><td align="char">42.7</td><td align="char">45.3</td><td align="char">21.6</td><td align="char">39.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1989</td><td align="char">49.6</td><td align="char">9.9</td><td align="char">60.0</td><td align="char">45.9</td><td align="char">5.0</td><td align="char">40.4</td><td align="char">59.1</td><td align="char">7.3</td><td align="char">65.9</td><td align="char">40.0</td><td align="char">2.5</td><td align="char">65.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1990</td><td align="char">32.4</td><td align="char">35.0</td><td align="char">60.6</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">29.0</td><td align="char">28.0</td><td align="char">66.7</td><td align="char">33.5</td><td align="char">66.3</td><td align="char">25.8</td><td align="char">27.4</td><td align="char">60.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1991</td><td align="char">36.0</td><td align="char">20.2</td><td align="char">60.5</td><td align="char">32.7</td><td align="char">12.0</td><td align="char">31.5</td><td align="char">57.5</td><td align="char">17.8</td><td align="char">53.0</td><td align="char">29.0</td><td align="char">10.5</td><td align="char">50.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1992</td><td align="char">51.9</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">49.0</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">40.9</td><td align="char">44.7</td><td align="char">45.0</td><td align="char">45.0</td><td align="char">41.7</td><td align="char">54.0</td><td align="char">39.7</td><td align="char">39.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1993</td><td align="char">54.5</td><td align="char">44.5</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">52.7</td><td align="char">39.5</td><td align="char">52.0</td><td align="char">26.2</td><td align="char">43.1</td><td align="char">23.1</td><td align="char">50.1</td><td align="char">38.0</td><td align="char">20.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1994</td><td align="char">13.0</td><td align="char">40.4</td><td align="char">57.7</td><td align="char">11.6</td><td align="char">40.0</td><td align="char">8.9</td><td align="char">52.3</td><td align="char">40.2</td><td align="char">50.4</td><td align="char">7.9</td><td align="char">39.1</td><td align="char">50.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1995</td><td align="char">55.0</td><td align="char">38.9</td><td align="char">60.0</td><td align="char">41.8</td><td align="char">32.7</td><td align="char">40.8</td><td align="char">57.0</td><td align="char">36.2</td><td align="char">57.0</td><td align="char">39.3</td><td align="char">31.0</td><td align="char">55.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1996</td><td align="char">44.6</td><td align="char">22.0</td><td align="char">61.3</td><td align="char">44.0</td><td align="char">20.0</td><td align="char">42.1</td><td align="char">68.4</td><td align="char">21.3</td><td align="char">65.6</td><td align="char">39.5</td><td align="char">19.3</td><td align="char">58.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1997</td><td align="char">60.0</td><td align="char">50.3</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">55.9</td><td align="char">44.6</td><td align="char">50.2</td><td align="char">30.0</td><td align="char">47.1</td><td align="char">41.0</td><td align="char">47.8</td><td align="char">42.8</td><td align="char">35.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1998</td><td align="char">19.1</td><td align="char">20.7</td><td align="char">65.3</td><td align="char">16.3</td><td align="char">13.5</td><td align="char">15.0</td><td align="char">71.5</td><td align="char">16.5</td><td align="char">59.5</td><td align="char">14.6</td><td align="char">12.8</td><td align="char">59.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-1999</td><td align="char">44.9</td><td align="char">10.0</td><td align="char">19.4</td><td align="char">43.0</td><td align="char">7.8</td><td align="char">46.9</td><td align="char">25.8</td><td align="char">18.0</td><td align="char">15.2</td><td align="char">46.5</td><td align="char">16.5</td><td align="char">22.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2000</td><td align="char">47.1</td><td align="char">40.6</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">47.0</td><td align="char">35.7</td><td align="char">46.3</td><td align="char">44.5</td><td align="char">37.4</td><td align="char">42.8</td><td align="char">45.0</td><td align="char">33.2</td><td align="char">41.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2001</td><td align="char">59.5</td><td align="char">47.0</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">55.0</td><td align="char">40.3</td><td align="char">53.0</td><td align="char">39.0</td><td align="char">45.0</td><td align="char">41.0</td><td align="char">52.2</td><td align="char">39.5</td><td align="char">37.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2002</td><td align="char">45.0</td><td align="char">30.3</td><td align="char">41.0</td><td align="char">44.0</td><td align="char">22.0</td><td align="char">40.8</td><td align="char">33.0</td><td align="char">25.5</td><td align="char">35.6</td><td align="char">40.0</td><td align="char">20.9</td><td align="char">32.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2003</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">22.6</td><td align="char">50.4</td><td align="char">47.3</td><td align="char">18.5</td><td align="char">45.6</td><td align="char">47.1</td><td align="char">20.3</td><td align="char">39.3</td><td align="char">43.6</td><td align="char">18.0</td><td align="char">38.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2004</td><td align="char">90.0</td><td align="char">20.0</td><td align="char">28.5</td><td align="char">88.1</td><td align="char">15.0</td><td align="char">80.2</td><td align="char">25.5</td><td align="char">27.2</td><td align="char">25.4</td><td align="char">80.0</td><td align="char">12.6</td><td align="char">80.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2005</td><td align="char">25.4</td><td align="char">45.3</td><td align="char">40.6</td><td align="char">24.0</td><td align="char">40.1</td><td align="char">27.9</td><td align="char">37.9</td><td align="char">43.0</td><td align="char">32.0</td><td align="char">25.9</td><td align="char">39.4</td><td align="char">27.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2006</td><td align="char">60.0</td><td align="char">48.0</td><td align="char">35.2</td><td align="char">58.0</td><td align="char">44.5</td><td align="char">55.5</td><td align="char">33.0</td><td align="char">46.1</td><td align="char">32.5</td><td align="char">50.6</td><td align="char">43.1</td><td align="char">30.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2007</td><td align="char">15.3</td><td align="char">39.6</td><td align="char">57.0</td><td align="char">11.9</td><td align="char">36.0</td><td align="char">11.0</td><td align="char">53.2</td><td align="char">39.0</td><td align="char">62.4</td><td align="char">10.3</td><td align="char">37.8</td><td align="char">55.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2008</td><td align="char">18.0</td><td align="char">14.2</td><td align="char">64.2</td><td align="char">18.0</td><td align="char">9.2</td><td align="char">16.5</td><td align="char">59.0</td><td align="char">11.5</td><td align="char">69.2</td><td align="char">16.0</td><td align="char">8.0</td><td align="char">66.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2009</td><td align="char">35.0</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">23.5</td><td align="char">32.7</td><td align="char">35.0</td><td align="char">29.9</td><td align="char">25.1</td><td align="char">37.9</td><td align="char">29.6</td><td align="char">30.5</td><td align="char">32.9</td><td align="char">24.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2010</td><td align="char">9.9</td><td align="char">20.5</td><td align="char">20.5</td><td align="char">7.9</td><td align="char">16.0</td><td align="char">4.7</td><td align="char">17.2</td><td align="char">17.6</td><td align="char">17.0</td><td align="char">10.9</td><td align="char">14.5</td><td align="char">15.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2011</td><td align="char">58.0</td><td align="char">20.0</td><td align="char">41.3</td><td align="char">56.0</td><td align="char">15.2</td><td align="char">55.4</td><td align="char">37.4</td><td align="char">17.3</td><td align="char">26.4</td><td align="char">52.6</td><td align="char">15.0</td><td align="char">29.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2012</td><td align="char">39.6</td><td align="char">40.7</td><td align="char">64.0</td><td align="char">37.1</td><td align="char">35.8</td><td align="char">33.2</td><td align="char">60.0</td><td align="char">37.0</td><td align="char">60.0</td><td align="char">33.0</td><td align="char">33.8</td><td align="char">60.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2013</td><td align="char">52.1</td><td align="char">50.1</td><td align="char">30.5</td><td align="char">40.0</td><td align="char">42.4</td><td align="char">44.0</td><td align="char">45.0</td><td align="char">45.9</td><td align="char">38.0</td><td align="char">39.3</td><td align="char">41.7</td><td align="char">41.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2014</td><td align="char">50.5</td><td align="char">59.4</td><td align="char">62.8</td><td align="char">60.65</td><td align="char">68.19</td><td align="char">69.19</td><td align="char">51.81</td><td align="char">86.2</td><td align="char">41.6</td><td align="char">62.92</td><td align="char">77.64</td><td align="char">32.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2015</td><td align="char">50.4</td><td align="char">20.0</td><td align="char">50.5</td><td align="char">50.0</td><td align="char">17.0</td><td align="char">48.5</td><td align="char">42.9</td><td align="char">18.2</td><td align="char">46.8</td><td align="char">75.0</td><td align="char">15.6</td><td align="char">40.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Morsy-2016</td><td align="char">55.0</td><td align="char">49.3</td><td align="char">47.0</td><td align="char">49.4</td><td align="char">42.5</td><td align="char">48.0</td><td align="char">45.1</td><td align="char">47.5</td><td align="char">40.5</td><td align="char">47.2</td><td align="char">41.5</td><td align="char">40.0</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl0015" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics of MORSY1948 isolate.</p></caption><alt-text id="at3">Table 3</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Properties</th><th align="center">Characteristics of MORSY1948 isolate</th><th align="center">Properties</th><th align="center">Characteristics of MORSY1948 isolate</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><italic>Phenotypic characters</italic></td><td></td><td align="left"><italic>Decomposition of</italic></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Aerial mycelium</td><td align="left">White</td><td align="left">Xanthine</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Substrate mycelium</td><td align="left">Yellowish brown</td><td align="left">Tween-80</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Fragmentation</td><td align="left">Divided into rod shaped spores</td><td align="left">Tween-20</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Melanin production</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left">Casein</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Soluble pigment</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Alanine</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Acid fast</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left"><sc>l</sc>-Serine</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Growth occurs on</italic></td><td></td><td align="left"><sc>l</sc>-Valine</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Inorganic salts-starch agar</td><td align="left">Poor</td><td align="left"><sc>L</sc>-Threonine</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Nutrient agar</td><td align="left">Poor</td><td align="left">Tyrosine</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Rice agar</td><td align="left">Moderate</td><td align="left">Adenine</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Yeast extract asparagine glucose agar</td><td align="left">Good</td><td align="left">Growth at</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Yeast extract-malt extract agar</td><td align="left">Good</td><td align="left">30 °C</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Glycerol asparagine agar</td><td align="left">Good</td><td align="left">37 °C</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Czapek Dox agar</td><td align="left">Moderate</td><td align="left">45 °C</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Bennett's potato starch agar</td><td align="left">Good</td><td align="left">pH range</td><td align="left">5–11</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Hickey and Tresner's agar</td><td align="left">Moderate</td><td align="left">NaCl tolerance (%)</td><td align="left">0–20</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Oatmeal agar</td><td align="left">Moderate</td><td align="left">Resistant to</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Potato dextrose agar</td><td align="left">Good</td><td align="left">5-Fluorouracil</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Chemotypic characters</italic></td><td></td><td align="left">Mitomycin C</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Liquefaction of gelatin</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Rifampicin</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Nitrate reduction</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Sulfamethoxazole</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Milk coagulation</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Amoxicillin</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Milk peptonization</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Cefotaxime</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Catalase activity</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Gentamicin</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Utilization of (1.0%, w/v)</td><td></td><td align="left">Amikacin</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>d</sc>-Ribose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Ciprofloxacin</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>l</sc>-Arabinose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Imipenem</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>d</sc>-Fructose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Lysozyme</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Mannose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Cell-wall type</td><td align="left">Meso-diaminopimelic with no characteristic sugar (III)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>d</sc>-Glucose</td><td align="left">+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">D-Manitol</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Major cellular fatty acids (%)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>d</sc>-Xylose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">C 16:0</td><td align="left">2.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Glycerol</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">C 18:1</td><td align="left">10.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>d</sc>-Galactose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Iso-C16: 0</td><td align="left">29.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Trehalose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Iso-C17:0</td><td align="left">3.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Sucrose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Iso-C18:0</td><td align="left">2.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Maltose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Anteiso-C15: 0</td><td align="left">16.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Adonitol</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Anteiso-C17: 0</td><td align="left">10.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cellobiose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">C17: 1 ω 8c</td><td align="left">5.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>d</sc>-Fucose</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left">C18: 1 ω 9c</td><td align="left">7.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Melibiose</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left">10-methyl-C17:0</td><td align="left">8.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Lactose</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left">10-methyl-C18:0</td><td align="left">3.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>l</sc>-Rhamnose</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left">DNA G + C content (mol%)</td><td align="left">71.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Sorbitol</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left">Predominant menaquinones</td><td align="left">MK-9(H2) (8%), MK-9(H4) (10%), MK-10 (22%), MK-10(H2) (17%), MK-10(H4) (7%), MK-10(H6) (20), MK-10(H8) (13%), MK-11(H8) (3%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Inositol</td><td align="left">−</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cellulose</td><td align="left">−</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Raffinose</td><td align="left">−</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Decomposition of</td><td></td><td align="left">Major polar lipids</td><td align="left">Phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol (PIII)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Glutamic acid</td><td align="left">+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Propionic acid</td><td align="left">+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Urea</td><td align="left">+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Hypoxanthine</td><td align="left">+</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl0020" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>phenotypic and chemotypic characteristics of MORSY2014 isolate.</p></caption><alt-text id="at4">Table 4</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Properties</th><th align="center">Characteristics of MORSY2014 isolate</th><th align="center">Properties</th><th align="center">Characteristics of MORSY2014 isolate</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><italic>Phenotypic characters</italic></td><td></td><td align="left"><italic>Decomposition of (0.5%, w/v)</italic></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Aerial mycelium</td><td align="left">Pale white</td><td align="left">Hypoxanthine</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Substrate mycelium</td><td align="left">Yellowish orange</td><td align="left">Xanthine</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Filamentous margins</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Tween-80</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Growth into agar</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Tween-20</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Rough and waxy colony</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left"><sc>l</sc>-Valine</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Soluble pigment</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Ornithine</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Fragmentation into rods and coccoid elements</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Tyrosine</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Beaded</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Urea</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Acid fast</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Adenine</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Growth occurs on</italic></td><td></td><td align="left">Growth at (Bennett's agar)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Inorganic salts-starch agar</td><td align="left">Moderate</td><td align="left">30 °C</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Rice agar</td><td align="left">Moderate</td><td align="left">37 °C</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Yeast extract asparagine glucose agar</td><td align="left">Good</td><td align="left">45 °C</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Czapek Dox agar</td><td align="left">Moderate</td><td align="left">pH 10</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Bennett's potato starch agar</td><td align="left">Good</td><td align="left">pH 12</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Hickey and Tresner's agar</td><td align="left">Good</td><td align="left">NaCl tolerance (%)</td><td align="left">Up to 18</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Oatmeal agar</td><td align="left">Poor</td><td align="left">Resistant to</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Potato dextrose agar</td><td align="left">Good</td><td align="left">5-Fluorouracil</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Chemotypic characters</italic></td><td></td><td align="left">Mitomycin C</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Liquefaction of gelatin</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Rifampicin</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Nitrate reduction</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Sulfamethoxazole</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Catalase</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Amoxicillin</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Urease</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Cefotaxime</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left">β-Galactosidase</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Gentamicin</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Arylsulfatase</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left">Amikacin</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Utilization of (1.0%, w/v)</td><td></td><td align="left">Ciprofloxacin</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>d</sc>-Ribose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Imipenem</td><td align="left">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>l</sc>-Arabinose</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left">Lysozyme</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>d</sc>-Fucose</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left">Major fatty acids (%)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Melibiose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">C13: 0</td><td align="left">3.22</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>d</sc>-Fructose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">C14: 0</td><td align="left">10.71</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Mannose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">C15: 0</td><td align="left">1.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>d</sc>-Glucose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">C16: 0</td><td align="left">24.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left">D-Manitol</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">C16: 1</td><td align="left">16.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>d</sc>-Xylose</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left">C17: 0</td><td align="left">1.22</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Glycerol</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">C18: 1</td><td align="left">6.34</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>d</sc>-Galactose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">10-methyl C18: 0</td><td align="left">6.35</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Trehalose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">C16: 1 ω 9c</td><td align="left">1.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Lactose</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">C17: 1 ω8c</td><td align="left">1.19</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><sc>l</sc>-Rhamnose</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left">C18: 1 ω9c</td><td align="left">6.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Sucrose</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left">C16: 1 ω 7c</td><td align="left">1.73</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Maltose</td><td align="left">−</td><td align="left">C16:1cis</td><td align="left">20.28</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Sorbitol</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Cell wall type</td><td align="left">Meso-diaminopimelic with arabinose and galactose as characteristic sugars (IV)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Inositol</td><td align="left">+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Adonitol</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">G + C (mol%)</td><td align="left">63.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Salicin</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">Major quinones</td><td align="left">Cyclo MK-8(H4) (78.26), MK-8(H2) (15.47%), MK-8(H4) (5.12%) and MK-8(H6) (1.15%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Raffinose</td><td align="left">−</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Decomposition of (0.5%, w/v)</italic></td><td></td><td align="left">Major Polar lipids</td><td align="left">Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Casein</td><td align="left">+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Gluconic acid</td><td align="left">+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Propionic acid</td><td align="left">+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Uric acid</td><td align="left">+</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl0025" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Effect of pH on biosorption efficiency (%) of the heavy metals Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> by live and dead biomass of <italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> sp. MORSY1948 and <italic>Nocardia</italic> sp. MORSY2014.</p></caption><alt-text id="at5">Table 5</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Biosorbent</th><th align="center">Heavy metal</th><th colspan="8" align="center">Biosorption efficiency (%) at different pH values<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th></th><th></th><th align="center">2</th><th align="center">4</th><th align="center">6</th><th align="center">7</th><th align="center">8</th><th align="center">9</th><th align="center">10</th><th align="center">11</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> sp. MORSY1948 (live cells)</td><td align="left">Ni<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">19.23</td><td align="char">27.08</td><td align="char">39.4</td><td align="char">42.54</td><td align="char">39.59</td><td align="char">17.50</td><td align="char">11.65</td><td align="char">7.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cr<sup>6+</sup></td><td align="char">8.14</td><td align="char">20.51</td><td align="char">28.0</td><td align="char">35.72</td><td align="char">31.00</td><td align="char">26.23</td><td align="char">11.47</td><td align="char">9.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Zn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">12.06</td><td align="char">18.93</td><td align="char">37.9</td><td align="char">41.40</td><td align="char">46.91</td><td align="char">34.72</td><td align="char">20.51</td><td align="char">12.32</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> sp. MORSY1948 (dead cells)</td><td align="left">Ni<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">25.39</td><td align="char">42.17</td><td align="char">60.5</td><td align="char">87.90</td><td align="char">87.90</td><td align="char">70.04</td><td align="char">53.58</td><td align="char">50.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cr<sup>6+</sup></td><td align="char">18.50</td><td align="char">20.36</td><td align="char">47.5</td><td align="char">63.75</td><td align="char">63.75</td><td align="char">52.57</td><td align="char">38.35</td><td align="char">19.49</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Zn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">14.92</td><td align="char">29.08</td><td align="char">67.8</td><td align="char">75.15</td><td align="char">84.15</td><td align="char">68.31</td><td align="char">40.01</td><td align="char">32.28</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Nocardia</italic> sp. MORSY2014 (live cells)</td><td align="left">Ni<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">5.08</td><td align="char">18.40</td><td align="char">49.32</td><td align="char">59.65</td><td align="char">61.46</td><td align="char">42.70</td><td align="char">38.24</td><td align="char">22.70</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cr<sup>6+</sup></td><td align="char">11.54</td><td align="char">22.00</td><td align="char">38.47</td><td align="char">60.85</td><td align="char">62.52</td><td align="char">60.38</td><td align="char">31.90</td><td align="char">12.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Zn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">18.72</td><td align="char">35.09</td><td align="char">50.32</td><td align="char">64.30</td><td align="char">67.91</td><td align="char">54.02</td><td align="char">40.85</td><td align="char">26.16</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Nocardia</italic> sp. MORSY2014 (dead cells)</td><td align="left">Ni<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">14.85</td><td align="char">47.95</td><td align="char">80.30</td><td align="char">88.71</td><td align="char">93.53</td><td align="char">80.81</td><td align="char">51.93</td><td align="char">30.78</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cr<sup>6+</sup></td><td align="char">20.04</td><td align="char">34.78</td><td align="char">75.52</td><td align="char">84.57</td><td align="char">95.22</td><td align="char">77.10</td><td align="char">70.07</td><td align="char">42.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Zn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">25.37</td><td align="char">50.03</td><td align="char">76.87</td><td align="char">87.95</td><td align="char">90.37</td><td align="char">85.20</td><td align="char">61.44</td><td align="char">50.00</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl0030" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Effect of biosorbet dosage (%) on biosorption efficiency (%) of the heavy metals Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> by the dead biomass of <italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> sp. MORSY1948 and <italic>Nocardia</italic> sp. MORSY2014.</p></caption><alt-text id="at6">Table 6</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Biosorbent</th><th align="center">Heavy metal</th><th colspan="6" align="center">Biosorption efficiency (%) at different biosorbent dosage (%)<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th></th><th></th><th align="center">0.05</th><th align="center">0.1</th><th align="center">0.2</th><th align="center">0.3</th><th align="center">0.4</th><th align="center">0.5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> sp. MORSY1948 (dead cells)</td><td align="char">Ni<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">13.77</td><td align="char">41.90</td><td align="char">60.19</td><td align="char">87.90</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">Cr<sup>6+</sup></td><td align="char">9.52</td><td align="char">23.37</td><td align="char">54.48</td><td align="char">63.75</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">Zn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">16.05</td><td align="char">41.52</td><td align="char">72.57</td><td align="char">84.15</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Nocardia</italic> sp. MORSY2014 (dead cells)</td><td align="char">Ni<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">15.80</td><td align="char">53.20</td><td align="char">67.50</td><td align="char">93.53</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">Cr<sup>6+</sup></td><td align="char">19.27</td><td align="char">34.81</td><td align="char">70.29</td><td align="char">89.22</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">Zn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">11.91</td><td align="char">40.32</td><td align="char">66.12</td><td align="char">90.37</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl0035" position="float"><label>Table 7a</label><caption><p>Effect of different initial concentrations of metal ions on its removal by the dead biomass of <italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> sp. MORSY1948 at different contact times.</p></caption><alt-text id="at7">Table 7a</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Time (min)</th><th colspan="18" align="center">Metal concentration (mg L<sup>−1</sup>)<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">50<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">100<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">200<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">300<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">400<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">500<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="18" align="center">Removal (%)<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="char">10</td><td align="char">77.2</td><td align="char">35.2</td><td align="char">65.1</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">51.2</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">64.6</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">87.9</td><td align="char">70.8</td><td align="char">90.2</td><td align="char">83.32</td><td align="char">88.4</td><td align="char">89.8</td><td align="char">75.1</td><td align="char">75.8</td><td align="char">85.5</td></tr><tr><td align="char">30</td><td align="char">82.9</td><td align="char">48.4</td><td align="char">73.5</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">67.4</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">70.9</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">82.0</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">94.7</td><td align="char">96.2</td><td align="char">97.4</td><td align="char">84.9</td><td align="char">86.9</td><td align="char">89.2</td></tr><tr><td align="char">60</td><td align="char">92.5</td><td align="char">69.7</td><td align="char">85.9</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">79.0</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">83.0</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">90.5</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">90.0</td><td align="char">94.6</td></tr><tr><td align="char">120</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">76.1</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">87.2</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">92.5</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">98.3</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">95.5</td><td align="char">99.0</td></tr><tr><td align="char">180</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">89.3</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">95.8</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">99.0</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">240</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">97.5</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">300</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">360</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">420</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">1440</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl0040" position="float"><label>Table 7b</label><caption><p>Effect of different initial concentrations of metal ions on its removal by the dead biomass of <italic>Nocardia</italic> sp. MORSY2014 at different contact times.</p></caption><alt-text id="at8">Table 7b</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Time (min)</th><th colspan="18" align="center">Metal concentration (mg L<sup>−1</sup>)<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">50<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">100<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">200<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">300<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">400<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">500<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="18" align="center">Removal (%)<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="char">10</td><td align="char">43.51</td><td align="char">74.3</td><td align="char">49.6</td><td align="char">66.7</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">51.9</td><td align="char">75.8</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">63.75</td><td align="char">83.6</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">71.4</td><td align="char">80.7</td><td align="char">85.0</td><td align="char">55.3</td><td align="char">71.0</td><td align="char">81.3</td><td align="char">52.0</td></tr><tr><td align="char">30</td><td align="char">60.47</td><td align="char">89.5</td><td align="char">68.3</td><td align="char">74.4</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">55.0</td><td align="char">83.1</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">76.3</td><td align="char">93.5</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">74.0</td><td align="char">87.3</td><td align="char">92.8</td><td align="char">70.1</td><td align="char">79.5</td><td align="char">88.5</td><td align="char">66.8</td></tr><tr><td align="char">60</td><td align="char">76.8</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">83.5</td><td align="char">88.2</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">70.3</td><td align="char">92.4</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">91.27</td><td align="char">96.5</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">90.2</td><td align="char">99.0</td><td align="char">84.0</td><td align="char">83.0</td><td align="char">97.4</td><td align="char">80.5</td></tr><tr><td align="char">120</td><td align="char">82.1</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">93.1</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">94.1</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">97.3</td><td align="char">89.2</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">94.3</td></tr><tr><td align="char">180</td><td align="char">95.5</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">98.9</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">96.8</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">92.6</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">240</td><td align="char">99.3</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">97.9</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">94.9</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">300</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">360</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">420</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td align="char">1440</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl0045" position="float"><label>Table 8</label><caption><p>Desorption of Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup>and Zn<sup>2+</sup> from the biomass of <italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> sp. MORSY1948 and <italic>Nocardia</italic> sp. MORSY2014.</p></caption><alt-text id="at9">Table 8</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">No. of cycles</th><th colspan="6" align="center">Sorption efficiency (%)<hr></hr></th><th colspan="6" align="center">Desorption efficiency (%)<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th></th><th colspan="3" align="center">MORSY1948<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">MORSY2014<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">MORSY1948<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">MORSY2014<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Ni<sup>2+</sup></th><th align="center">Cr<sup>6+</sup></th><th align="center">Zn<sup>2+</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="char">1</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">99.12</td><td align="char">91.18</td><td align="char">99.29</td><td align="char">98.53</td><td align="char">99.70</td><td align="char">98.1</td></tr><tr><td align="char">2</td><td align="char">98.63</td><td align="char">99.06</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">94.57</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">97.75</td><td align="char">98.28</td><td align="char">88.27</td><td align="char">99.04</td><td align="char">92.18</td><td align="char">99.01</td><td align="char">96.3</td></tr><tr><td align="char">3</td><td align="char">96.51</td><td align="char">98.20</td><td align="char">99.45</td><td align="char">90.85</td><td align="char">99.4</td><td align="char">96.22</td><td align="char">97.53</td><td align="char">87.50</td><td align="char">98.02</td><td align="char">89.26</td><td align="char">98.65</td><td align="char">94.18</td></tr><tr><td align="char">4</td><td align="char">95.96</td><td align="char">98.20</td><td align="char">97.09</td><td align="char">88.71</td><td align="char">99.0</td><td align="char">95.08</td><td align="char">95.70</td><td align="char">85.74</td><td align="char">95.90</td><td align="char">85.95</td><td align="char">98.00</td><td align="char">92.16</td></tr><tr><td align="char">5</td><td align="char">94.32</td><td align="char">97.14</td><td align="char">96.81</td><td align="char">88.05</td><td align="char">99.0</td><td align="char">93.14</td><td align="char">94.98</td><td align="char">84.92</td><td align="char">94.73</td><td align="char">82.64</td><td align="char">97.23</td><td align="char">89.8</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl0050" position="float"><label>Table 9</label><caption><p>Evaluation of IC50 (μg mL<sup>−1</sup>) and MIC (μg mL<sup>−1</sup>) of different heavy metals toward <italic>Nocardiopsis</italic> sp. MORSY1948 and <italic>Nocardia</italic> sp. MORSY2014 during fermentation course.</p></caption><alt-text id="at10">Table 9</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Metal</th><th colspan="24" align="center">Fermentation media<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="6" align="center">Starch casein medium<hr></hr></th><th colspan="6" align="center">St 1 medium<hr></hr></th><th colspan="6" align="center">Tryptic soy broth medium<hr></hr></th><th colspan="6" align="center">Kuster's medium<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">MORSY1948<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">MORSY2014<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">MORSY1948<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">MORSY2014<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">MORSY1948<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">MORSY2014<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">MORSY-1948<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center">MORSY-2014<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center">IC<sub>50</sub></th><th align="center">MIC</th><th align="center"><italic>R</italic></th><th align="center">IC<sub>50</sub></th><th align="center">MIC</th><th align="center"><italic>R</italic></th><th align="center">IC<sub>50</sub></th><th align="center">MIC</th><th align="center"><italic>R</italic></th><th align="center">IC<sub>50</sub></th><th align="center">MIC</th><th align="center"><italic>R</italic></th><th align="center">IC<sub>50</sub></th><th align="center">MIC</th><th align="center"><italic>R</italic></th><th align="center">IC<sub>50</sub></th><th align="center">MIC</th><th align="center"><italic>R</italic></th><th align="center">IC<sub>50</sub></th><th align="center">MIC</th><th align="center"><italic>R</italic></th><th align="center">IC<sub>50</sub></th><th align="center">MIC</th><th align="center"><italic>R</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Ni<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">500</td><td align="char">900</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">600</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cr<sup>6+</sup></td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">325</td><td align="char">800</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Zn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">375</td><td align="char">900</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Fe<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">300</td><td align="char">500</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">300</td><td align="char">500</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">250</td><td align="char">750</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">350</td><td align="char">750</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cu<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">250</td><td align="char">600</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">350</td><td align="char">900</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cd<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">350</td><td align="char">600</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">300</td><td align="char">700</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">200</td><td align="char">500</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">200</td><td align="char">600</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">250</td><td align="char">500</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">300</td><td align="char">500</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">200</td><td align="char">550</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">650</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">375</td><td align="char">850</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">300</td><td align="char">700</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">250</td><td align="char">600</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">300</td><td align="char">700</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Co<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">600</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">350</td><td align="char">600</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">350</td><td align="char">600</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">700</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">75</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">150</td><td align="char">300</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">150</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">300</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">150</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">250</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">250</td><td align="char">500</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Mn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">700</td><td align="char">1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">250</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">600</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">300</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">250</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Ar<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="char">250</td><td align="char">500</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">250</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">450</td><td align="char">800</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">375</td><td align="char">700</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="char">>1000</td><td align="left">+</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Terre/explor/NickelMaghrebV1/Data/Pmc/Curation
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000032 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd -nk 000032 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Terre
|area= NickelMaghrebV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Curation
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4927648
|texte= Evaluation and enhancement of heavy metals bioremediation in aqueous solutions by Nocardiopsis sp. MORSY1948, and Nocardia sp. MORSY2014
}}
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HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:27245130" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a NickelMaghrebV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.27. |  |